The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis

The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The pelvic girdle (hip girdle) is formed by a single bone, the hip bone or coxal bone (coxal = “hip”), which serves as the attachment point for each lower limb Each hip bone, in turn, is firmly joined to the axial skeleton via its attachment to the sacrum of the vertebral column The right and left hip bones also converge anteriorly to attach to each other The bony pelvis is the entire structure formed by the two hip bones, the sacrum, and, attached inferiorly to the sacrum, the coccyx ([link]) Unlike the bones of the pectoral girdle, which are highly mobile to enhance the range of upper limb movements, the bones of the pelvis are strongly united to each other to form a largely immobile, weight-bearing structure This is important for stability because it enables the weight of the body to be easily transferred laterally from the vertebral column, through the pelvic girdle and hip joints, and into either lower limb whenever the other limb is not bearing weight Thus, the immobility of the pelvis provides a strong foundation for the upper body as it rests on top of the mobile lower limbs Pelvis 1/11 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis The pelvic girdle is formed by a single hip bone The hip bone attaches the lower limb to the axial skeleton through its articulation with the sacrum The right and left hip bones, plus the sacrum and the coccyx, together form the pelvis Hip Bone The hip bone, or coxal bone, forms the pelvic girdle portion of the pelvis The paired hip bones are the large, curved bones that form the lateral and anterior aspects of the pelvis Each adult hip bone is formed by three separate bones that fuse together during the late teenage years These bony components are the ilium, ischium, and pubis ([link]) These names are retained and used to define the three regions of the adult hip bone The Hip Bone The adult hip bone consists of three regions The ilium forms the large, fan-shaped superior portion, the ischium forms the posteroinferior portion, and the pubis forms the anteromedial portion The ilium is the fan-like, superior region that forms the largest part of the hip bone It is firmly united to the sacrum at the largely immobile sacroiliac joint (see [link]) The ischium forms the posteroinferior region of each hip bone It supports the body when sitting The pubis forms the anterior portion of the hip bone The pubis curves medially, where it joins to the pubis of the opposite hip bone at a specialized joint called the pubic symphysis 2/11 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis Ilium When you place your hands on your waist, you can feel the arching, superior margin of the ilium along your waistline (see [link]) This curved, superior margin of the ilium is the iliac crest The rounded, anterior termination of the iliac crest is the anterior superior iliac spine This important bony landmark can be felt at your anterolateral hip Inferior to the anterior superior iliac spine is a rounded protuberance called the anterior inferior iliac spine Both of these iliac spines serve as attachment points for muscles of the thigh Posteriorly, the iliac crest curves downward to terminate as the posterior superior iliac spine Muscles and ligaments surround but not cover this bony landmark, thus sometimes producing a depression seen as a “dimple” located on the lower back More inferiorly is the posterior inferior iliac spine This is located at the inferior end of a large, roughened area called the auricular surface of the ilium The auricular surface articulates with the auricular surface of the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint Both the posterior superior and posterior inferior iliac spines serve as attachment points for the muscles and very strong ligaments that support the sacroiliac joint The shallow depression located on the anteromedial (internal) surface of the upper ilium is called the iliac fossa The inferior margin of this space is formed by the arcuate line of the ilium, the ridge formed by the pronounced change in curvature between the upper and lower portions of the ilium The large, inverted U-shaped indentation located on the posterior margin of the lower ilium is called the greater sciatic notch Ischium The ischium forms the posterolateral portion of the hip bone (see [link]) The large, roughened area of the inferior ischium is the ischial tuberosity This serves as the attachment for the posterior thigh muscles and also carries the weight of the body when sitting You can feel the ischial tuberosity if you wiggle your pelvis against the seat of a chair Projecting superiorly and anteriorly from the ischial tuberosity is a narrow segment of bone called the ischial ramus The slightly curved posterior margin of the ischium above the ischial tuberosity is the lesser sciatic notch The bony projection separating the lesser sciatic notch and greater sciatic notch is the ischial spine Pubis The pubis forms the anterior portion of the hip bone (see ... This page intentionally left blank The rule of the Angevins in Brittany is characterised usually asopening an isolated `Celtic' society to a wider world and imposingnew and alien institutions. This study, the ®rst on the subject ofBrittany under the Angevins, demonstrates that the opposite is true:that before the advent of Henry II in 1158, the Bretons were alreadyactive participants in Anglo-Norman and French society. Indeed thoseBretons with landholdings in England, Normandy and Anjou werealready accustomed to Angevin rule.The book examines in detail the means by which Henry II gainedsovereignty over Brittany, and how it was governed subsequently bythe Angevin kings of England from 1158 to 1203. In particular, itexamines the extent to which the Angevins ruled Brittany directly, ordelegated authority either to native dukes or royal ministers, andshows that in this respect the nature of Angevin rule changed andevolved over the period.judith everard is co-editor (with Michael Jones) of The Charters ofConstance, Duchess of Brittany, and her Family (1171±1221) (1999). Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and ThoughtBRITTANY AND THE ANGEVINS Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and ThoughtFourth SeriesGeneral Editor:d. e. luscombeLeverhulme Personal Research Professor of Medieval History, University of Shef®eldAdvisory Editors:christine carpenterReader in Medieval English History, University of Cambridge, and Fellow of New Hallrosamond mckitterickProfessor of Medieval History, University of Cambridge, and Fellow of Newnham CollegeThe series Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought wasinaugurated by G. G. Coulton in 1921; Professor D. E. Luscombe nowacts as General Editor of the Fourth Series, with Dr Christine Carpenterand Professor Rosamond McKitterick as Advisory Editors. The seriesbrings together outstanding work by medieval scholars over a widerange of human endeavour extending from political economy to thehistory of ideas.For a list of titles in the series, see end of book BRITTANY AND THEANGEVINSProvince and Empire1158±1203J. A. EVERARD          The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom  The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, AustraliaRuiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, SpainDock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africahttp://www.cambridge.orgFirst published in printed format ISBN 0-521-66071-8 hardbackISBN 0-511-03336-2 eBookJ. A. Everard 20042000(Adobe Reader)© CONTENTSListof®guresandmapspageviiiPrefaceixListofabbreviationsxiIntroduction11DucalBrittany,1066±1166172HenryIIandBrittany343ThegovernmentofBrittanyunderHenryII764DukeGeoffreyandBrittany,1166±1186935DukeGeoffrey,HenryIIandtheAngevinempire1236TheendofAngevinBrittany,1186±1203146Conclusion176Appendices1The`AssizeofCountGeoffrey'1822ThehereditaryseneschalsofRennes2043Angevinof®cersinBrittany2074Therightofwreckandducal213brefsdemerBibliography216Index237vii FIGURES AND MAPSFigure 1 Genealogy of the dukes of Brittany, 1066±1203 page xvMap 1 The principal political divisions of Brittany, c.1066 xviMap 2 Ducal domains, c. 1066±1186 xviiFigure 2 Genealogy of the Seneschals of Rennes 206viii This page intentionally left blank The Works of ArchimedesArchimedes was the greatest scientist of antiquity and one of thegreatest of all time. This book is Volume I of the first fully fledgedtranslation of his works into English. It is also the first publication ofa major ancient Greek mathematician to include a critical edition ofthe diagrams, and the first translation into English of Eutocius’ancient commentary on Archimedes. Furthermore, it is the first workto offer recent evidence based on the Archimedes Palimpsest, themajor source for Archimedes, lost between 1915 and 1998. Acommentary on the translated text studies the cognitive practiceassumed in writing and reading the work, and it is Reviel Netz’s aimto recover the original function of the text as an act ofcommunication. Particular attention is paid to the aesthetic dimensionof Archimedes’ writings. Taken as a whole, the commentary offers agroundbreaking approach to the study of mathematical texts.reviel netz is Associate Professor of Classics at StanfordUniversity. His first book, The Shaping of Deduction in GreekMathematics: A Study in Cognitive History (1999), was a joint winnerof the Runciman Award for 2000. He has also published manyscholarly articles, especially in the history of ancient science, and avolume of Hebrew poetry, Adayin Bahuc (1999). He is currentlyediting The Archimedes Palimpsest and has another bookforthcoming with Cambridge University Press, From Problems toEquations: A Study in the Transformation of Early MediterraneanMathematics. the works ofARCHIMEDESTranslated into English, together withEutocius’ commentaries, with commentary,and critical edition of the diagramsREVIEL NETZAssociate Professor of Classics, Stanford UniversityVolume IThe Two Books On theSphere and the Cylinder cambridge university pressCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São PauloCambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UKFirst published in print format isbn-13 978-0-521-66160-7isbn-13 978-0-511-19430-6© Reviel Netz 20042004Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521661607This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision ofrelevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take placewithout the written permission of Cambridge University Press.isbn-10 0-511-19430-7isbn-10 0-521-66160-9Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urlsfor external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does notguarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New Yorkwww.cambridge.orghardbackeBook (EBL)eBook (EBL)hardback To Mayav CONTENTSAcknowledgments page ixIntroduction 11 Goal of the translation 12 Preliminary notes: conventions 53 Preliminary notes: Archimedes’ works 10Translation and Commentary 29On the Sphere and the Cylinder, Book I 31On the Sphere and the Cylinder, Book II 185Eutocius’ Commentary to On the Sphere andthe Cylinder I 243Eutocius’ Commentary to On the Sphere andthe Cylinder II 270Bibliography 369Index 371vii 101 IELTS Speaking Part Two tasks about the Past, Present and Future The most challenging and least likely tasks in the exam are the tasks that are mainly about the future (towards the bottom below), with the easiest and most likely being the tasks that mainly need present tenses (in the middle). Each section is also organised so that the most typical and easiest tasks are near the top of the section. IELTS Speaking Part Two tasks about the past (Past Simple, Past Continuous, Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous, “used to” and Past Perfect) Describe a gift you gave someone You should say: - Who you gave it to - What the occasion was - Why you chose that present And say if you think that person still uses that present or not, and why Describe a gift that you someone gave you You should say: - Who it was from - Why you were given a gift - How you felt when you got that gift And say why you think that person chose that gift for you Talk about a toy you had when you were a child, saying: - How old you were when you had it - How you used to play with it - How long you had it And say if you would give the same toy to your own child if he or she was the same age or not, and why Describe the town, city or village you were born in or grew up in. You should say: - What kind of place it is - How you can get there from where you are now - What things you can do there Written by Alex Case for UsingEnglish.com © 2008 And say if that is the place you would most like to be living in now or not, and why Describe a school friend you had when you were younger. You should say: - What that person looked like - What that person was like - What that person liked And say whether you are still friends with that person or not, and why Talk about the last time your whole family were together. You should mention: - Where you were - What you did - How long you were together And say if you think your family will get together again soon or not, and why Describe a friend that you haven’t met for a long time. You should say: - Why you haven’t seen that person - Where and when you last met - What you think that person has been doing since that time And say whether you think you will meet him or her again in the near future or not, and why Describe a relative you haven’t met for a long time. You should mention: - What that person’s relationship to you is - Why you haven’t met that person - Where and when you last met them And say whether you think you will meet them again soon or not, and why Describe a friend who has played an important part in your life. You should say: - How you met this person - How long you have known them - How you spend or used to spend time together And explain why they have been an important part of your life Written by Alex Case for UsingEnglish.com © 2008 Describe a friend you have had or had for a long time You should say: - How you first met - What things you do or did together - What things you have or had in common And say why you think your friendship lasted a long time Talk about a pet you or someone you know used to have. You should mention: -What it looked like -What it liked doing - How it needed to be looked after And say if you This Provisional PDF corresponds to the article as it appeared upon acceptance. Fully formatted PDF and full text (HTML) versions will be made available soon. Incidence of seed migration to the chest, abdomen, and pelvis after transperineal interstitial prostate brachytherapy with loose 125I seeds Radiation Oncology 2011, 6:130 doi:10.1186/1748-717X-6-130 Akitomo Sugawara (h4411@wave.plala.or.jp) Jun Nakashima (njun@tokyo-med.ac.jp) Etsuo Kunieda (kunieda@tokai-u.jp) Hirohiko Nagata (hironagata@a3.keio.jp) Ryuichi Mizuno (mizunor@z7.keio.jp) Satoshi Seki (seki777@triton.ocn.ne.jp) Yutaka Shiraishi (siraisi.yutaka@camel.plala.or.jp) Ryuichi Kouta (t1n0m0@gmail.com) Mototsugu Oya (moto-oya@sc.itc.keio.ac.jp) Naoyuki Shigematsu (shige@rad.med.keio.ac.jp) ISSN 1748-717X Article type Short report Submission date 12 June 2011 Acceptance date 5 October 2011 Publication date 5 October 2011 Article URL http://www.ro-journal.com/content/6/1/130 This peer-reviewed article was published immediately upon acceptance. It can be downloaded, printed and distributed freely for any purposes (see copyright notice below). Articles in Radiation Oncology are listed in PubMed and archived at PubMed Central. For information about publishing your research in Radiation Oncology or any BioMed Central journal, go to http://www.ro-journal.com/authors/instructions/ For information about other BioMed Central publications go to Radiation Oncology © 2011 Sugawara et al. ; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. http://www.biomedcentral.com/ Radiation Oncology © 2011 Sugawara et al. ; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 Incidence of seed migration to the chest, abdomen, and pelvis after transperineal interstitial prostate brachytherapy with loose 125 I seeds Akitomo Sugawara 1 , Jun Nakashima 2 , Etsuo Kunieda 3 , Hirohiko Nagata 4 , Ryuichi Mizuno 4 , Satoshi Seki 1 , Yutaka Shiraishi 1 , Ryuichi Kouta 1 , Mototsugu Oya 4 , Naoyuki Shigematsu 1 1 Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan 2 Department of Urology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan 4 Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to: Akitomo Sugawara, M.D. Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan Phone: +81-3-5363-3835 FAX: +81-3-3359-7425 E-mail: Akitomo Sugawara: h4411@wave.plala.or.jp Jun Nakashima: njun@tokyo-med.ac.jp Etsuo Kunieda: kunieda@tokai-u.jp Hirohiko Nagata: hironagata@a3.keio.jp Ryuichi Mizuno: mizunor@z7.keio.jp 2 Satoshi Seki: seki777@triton.ocn.ne.jp Yutaka Shiraishi: siraisi.yutaka@camel.plala.or.jp Ryuichi Kouta: t1n0m0@gmail.com Mototsugu Oya: moto-oya@sc.itc.keio.ac.jp Naoyuki Shigematsu: shige@rad.med.keio.ac.jp 3 Abstract Background The aim was to determine the incidence of seed migration not only to the chest, but also to the abdomen and pelvis after transperineal interstitial prostate brachytherapy with loose 125 I seeds. Methods We reviewed the records of 267 patients who underwent prostate brachytherapy with loose 125 I seeds. After seed implantation, orthogonal chest ... to as the false pelvis More inferiorly, the narrow, rounded space of the lesser pelvis (lesser pelvic cavity; true pelvis) contains 5/11 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis the bladder and other pelvic. .. hip bones, plus the sacrum and the coccyx, together form the pelvis Hip Bone The hip bone, or coxal bone, forms the pelvic girdle portion of the pelvis The paired hip bones are the large, curved.. .The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis The pelvic girdle is formed by a single hip bone The hip bone attaches the lower limb to the axial skeleton through its articulation with the sacrum The right and