Characteristics and Traits

Characteristics and Traits tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ án, bài tập lớn về tất cả các lĩnh vực k...

3Constellation Characteristics andOrbital Parameters3.1 Satellite Motion3.1.1 Historical ContextIn 1543, the Polish Canon Nicolas Copernicus wrote a book called On the Revolutions of theHeavenly Spheres, which for the first time placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, as the centreof the Universe. According to Copernicus, the Earth and other planets rotated around the Sunin circular orbits. This was the first significant advancement in astronomy since the Alexan-drian astronomer Ptolemy in his publication Almagest put forward the geocentric universesometime during the period 100–170 AD. Ptolemy theorised that the five known planets at thetime, together with the Sun and Moon, orbited the Earth.From more than 20 years of observational data obtained by the astronomer Tycho Brahe,Johannes Kepler discovered a minor discrepancy between the observed position of the planetMars and that predicted using Copernicus’ model. Kepler went on to prove that planets orbitthe Sun in elliptical rather than circular orbits. This was summarised in Kepler’s threeplanetary laws of motion. The first two of these laws were published in his book NewAstronomy in 1609 and the third law in the book Harmony of the World a decade later in 1619.Kepler’s three laws are as follows, with their applicability to describe a satellite orbitingaround the Earth highlighted in brackets.†First law: the orbit of a planet (satellite) follows an elliptical trajectory, with the Sun(gravitational centre of the Earth) at one of its foci.†Second law: the radius vector joining the planet (satellite) and the Sun (centre of the Earth)sweeps out equal areas in equal periods of time.†Third law: the square of the orbital period of a planet (satellite) is proportional to the cubeof the semi-major axis of the ellipse.While Kepler’s laws were based on observational records, it was sometime before theselaws would be derived mathematically. In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton published his breakthroughwork Principia Mathematica in which he formulated the Three Laws of Motion:Law I: every body continues in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unlessimpressed forces act upon it.Mobile Satellite Communication Networks. Ray E. Sheriff and Y. Fun HuCopyright q 2001 John Wiley & Sons LtdISBNs: 0-471-72047-X (Hardback); 0-470-845562 (Electronic) Law II: the change of momentum per unit time is proportional to the impressed force andtakes place in the direction of the straight line along which the force acts.Law III: to every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction.Newton’s first law expresses the idea of inertia.The mathematical description of the second law is as follows:F ¼ md2rdt2¼ mr ð3:1Þwhere F is the vector sum of all forces acting on the mass m; r¨is the vector acceleration of themass.In addition to the Three Laws of Motion, Newton stated the ‘‘ two-body problem’’ andformulated the Law of Universal Gravitation:F ¼ Gm1m21r2rrð3:2Þwhere F is the vector force on mass m1due to m2in the direction from m1to m2; G ¼ 6.672 £10211Nm/kg2is the Universal Gravitational Constant; r is the distance between the twobodies; r/r is the unit vector from m1to m2.The Law of Universal Gravitation states that the force of attraction of any two bodies isproportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of thedistance between them. The solution to the two-body problem together with Newton’s ThreeLaws of Motion are used to provide a first approximation of the satellite orbital motionaround the Earth and to prove the validity of Kepler’s three laws.3.1.2 Equation of Satellite Orbit – Proof of Kepler’s First LawThe solution to the two-body problem is obtained by combining equations (3.1) and (3.2). Inthe Characteristics and Traits Characteristics and Traits Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The seven characteristics that Mendel evaluated in his pea plants were each expressed as one of two versions, or traits The physical expression of characteristics is accomplished through the expression of genes carried on chromosomes The genetic makeup of peas consists of two similar or homologous copies of each chromosome, one from each parent Each pair of homologous chromosomes has the same linear order of genes In other words, peas are diploid organisms in that they have two copies of each chromosome The same is true for many other plants and for virtually all animals Diploid organisms utilize meiosis to produce haploid gametes, which contain one copy of each homologous chromosome that unite at fertilization to create a diploid zygote For cases in which a single gene controls a single characteristic, a diploid organism has two genetic copies that may or may not encode the same version of that characteristic Gene variants that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes are called alleles Mendel examined the inheritance of genes with just two allele forms, but it is common to encounter more than two alleles for any given gene in a natural population Phenotypes and Genotypes Two alleles for a given gene in a diploid organism are expressed and interact to produce physical characteristics The observable traits expressed by an organism are referred to as its phenotype An organism’s underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both physically visible and non-expressed alleles, is called its genotype Mendel’s hybridization experiments demonstrate the difference between phenotype and genotype When true-breeding plants in which one parent had yellow pods and one had green pods were cross-fertilized, all of the F1 hybrid offspring had yellow pods That is, the hybrid offspring were phenotypically identical to the true-breeding parent with yellow pods However, we know that the allele donated by the parent with green pods was not simply lost because it reappeared in some of the F2 offspring Therefore, the F1 plants must have been genotypically different from the parent with yellow pods The P1 plants that Mendel used in his experiments were each homozygous for the trait he was studying Diploid organisms that are homozygous at a given gene, or locus, have 1/20 Characteristics and Traits two identical alleles for that gene on their homologous chromosomes Mendel’s parental pea plants always bred true because both of the gametes produced carried the same trait When P1 plants with contrasting traits were cross-fertilized, all of the offspring were heterozygous for the contrasting trait, meaning that their genotype reflected that they had different alleles for the gene being examined Dominant and Recessive Alleles Our discussion of homozygous and heterozygous organisms brings us to why the F1 heterozygous offspring were identical to one of the parents, rather than expressing both alleles In all seven pea-plant characteristics, one of the two contrasting alleles was dominant, and the other was recessive Mendel called the dominant allele the expressed unit factor; the recessive allele was referred to as the latent unit factor We now know that these so-called unit factors are actually genes on homologous chromosome pairs For a gene that is expressed in a dominant and recessive pattern, homozygous dominant and heterozygous organisms will look identical (that is, they will have different genotypes but the same phenotype) The recessive allele will only be observed in homozygous recessive individuals ([link]) Human Inheritance in Dominant and Recessive Patterns Dominant Traits Recessive Traits Achondroplasia Albinism Brachydactyly Cystic fibrosis Huntington’s disease Duchenne muscular dystrophy Marfan syndrome Galactosemia Neurofibromatosis Phenylketonuria Widow’s peak Sickle-cell anemia Wooly hair Tay-Sachs disease Several conventions exist for referring to genes and alleles For the purposes of this chapter, we will abbreviate genes using the first letter of the gene’s corresponding dominant trait For example, violet is the dominant trait for a pea plant’s flower color, so the flower-color gene would be abbreviated as V (note that it is customary to italicize gene designations) Furthermore, we will use uppercase and lowercase letters to represent dominant and recessive alleles, respectively Therefore, we would refer to the genotype of a homozygous dominant pea plant with violet flowers as VV, a homozygous 2/20 Characteristics and Traits recessive pea plant with white flowers as vv, and a heterozygous pea plant with violet flowers as Vv The Punnett Square Approach for a Monohybrid Cross When fertilization occurs between two true-breeding parents that differ in only one characteristic, the process is called a monohybrid cross, and the resulting offspring are monohybrids Mendel performed seven monohybrid crosses involving ... A DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR THE FISHERIES INDUSTRY IN VIETNAM by Lai Huy Hung A research submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Business Administration Examination Committee Dr. Fredric William Swierczek (Chairman) Dr. Hans Stoessel Dr. Do Ba Khang Nationality Vietnamese Previous Degree Bachelor of Business Administration University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Scholarship Donor Government of Switzerland/SDC (SAV) Asian Institute of Technology School of Management Bangkok, Thailand April 2000 i Acknowledgement I would like to express my sincere thankfulness and indebtedness to my research advisor Dr. Fredric William Swierczek for his guidance, advice and encouragement through out the research work. My sincere thanks are also due to Dr. Do Ba Khang and Dr. Hans Stoessel for examining the research work and giving valuable comments as the members of examination committee. I would like to express thanks and appreciation to Prof. Hoang Xuan Thong – Director of Institute of Fisheries Economics and Planning, Dr. Tran Huu Chinh – General director of FIDICO, Miss. Nguyen Thi Nga – Planning vice director of Science, Technology and Environment Department, Dr. Nguyen Thanh Hung – vice dean of fisheries faculty of HCMC University of Agriculture and Forest, for providing information and interview. Without their helping, this research would not have been possible. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all of my teachers and others at AIT and Swiss Vietnam AIT Management Development Program for their teaching and supporting during my course. I would like to express my deeply appreciation to The Government of Switzerland who gave me a great chance to participate in MBA study by providing financial support. Special word of appreciation goes to my parents and family for their support, endurance and encouragement throughout my study. Last but not least, special thanks to my close friend and classmates for their friendship that made my study more memorable with enjoyable and excitement. ii Abstract Due to the resources lacking and to survive in the competitive world of Vietnamese fisheries industry, it is necessitated to analyze the fisheries industry distinctly and explore factors. The main objective of this research is to formulate a development strategy for Vietnamese fisheries industry. A number of strategic formulation techniques are employed to analyze the internal strengths and weaknesses, external opportunities and threats as well as the internal linkages of the industry. In general, Vietnamese fisheries industry has potential competitive advantages for development. To exploit these potential advantages, it necessary to rationally manage and control the balance development between sub-sectors as well exploiting the strengths of these sectors. It is suggested arrays of policies and regulations for strengthen competition of fisheries industry, which are mainly focused on industry internal linkages and the rational exploitation of natural resources. iii TITLE PAGE I - 67 - CHARACTERISTICS AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF NITROUS OXIDE-PRODUCING DENITRI- FYING FUNGI IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS K. Oishi and T. Kusuda Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan Abstract Tea field soils, and sediments of an irrigation pond and a tidal river, in which a variety of organic matter was supplied as energy sources, were collected. The activities of bacterial and fungal denitrifications in these samples were determined. Denitrifying fungi in all of these samples produced N 2 O from nitrate and nitrite as a final product, whereas denitrifying bacteria produced N 2 . Nitrous oxide produced by fungi was reduced to N 2 by bacteria. The fungal denitrification potentials were the highest in the submerged litter on the pond sediment, followed by the farmyard manure-amended soil, the inorganic fertilizer-amended soil, the litter-free pond sediment, and the tidal river sediment. The enrichments of denitrifying fungi in natural envi- ronments were related with the distributions of the organic material such as straws and litter. The contributions of fungal denitrification to total denitrification were large in soil environments, especially in the farmyard manure-amended soil, and were small in aquatic environments such as the sediments of pond and river. The pH in situ was not related with the fungal denitrification potentials. Keywords fungal denitrification; bacterial denitrification; nitrous oxide; organic matter; sediments; soils Introduction Fungi generally are found in lakes, ponds, rivers, estuaries, marine, wastewater, and soils. Despite their wide occurrence, little attention has been given to the presence and ecological significance of fungi. Especially, characteristics and contributions of fungal denitrification in natural environments are poorly understood. Deni- trification is a process in which nitrite and/or nitrate are reduced to N 2 gas through N 2 O. The process has been considered to be mainly caused by bacteria. However, pure culture experiments have shown that fungi such as Fusarium sp., Trichoderma hamatum, Chaetomium sp., Gibberella fujikuroi etc., can reduce nitrite and several strains can reduce nitrate as well, but the final product is mainly N 2 O rather than N 2 ( Bleakley and Tiedje, 1982; Burth and Ottow, 1983; Shoun and Tanimoto, 1991; Shoun et al., 1992). The distributions of denitrifying fungi, which produce N 2 O as a final product, would be ecologically important to understand the contribution of natural systems to the atmospheric concentration of N 2 O. Previous studies have been con- ducted with pure cultures of fungi. However, the characteristics and distributions of denitrifying fungi in natural environments are unknown. In this study, tea soils, and the sediments of an irrigation pond and a tidal river, to which different types of organic matter were supplied, were collected. The final products of fungal denitrification in these soils and sediments were determined, and the distribution of denitrifying fungi in natural system was estimated. Materials Tea field soils Soils were collected at the surface (0-10cm) in two tea fields. One was mainly amended with a farmyard manure (organic soil), and the other with inorganic fertilizer I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF E NERGY AND E NVIRONMENT Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013 pp.231-242 Journal homepage: www.IJEE.IEEFoundation.org ISSN 2076-2895 (Print), ISSN 2076-2909 (Online) ©2013 International Energy & Environment Foundation. All rights reserved. Theoretical modeling of combustion characteristics and performance parameters of biodiesel in DI diesel engine with variable compression ratio Mohamed F. Al-Dawody, S. K. Bhatti Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andhra University, India. Abstract Increasing of costly and depleting fossil fuels are prompting researchers to use edible as well as non- edible vegetable oils as a promising alternative to petro-diesel fuels. A comprehensive computer code using ”Quick basic” language was developed for the diesel engine cycle to study the combustion and performance characteristics of a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection diesel engine with variable compression ratio. The engine operates on diesel fuel and 20% (mass basis) of biodiesel (derived from soybean oil) blended with diesel. Combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure, heat release fraction, heat transfer and performance characteristics such as brake power; and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were analyzed. On the basis of the first law of thermodynamics the properties at each degree crank angle was calculated. Wiebe function is used to calculate the instantaneous heat release rate. The computed results are validated through the results obtained in the simulation Diesel-rk software. Copyright © 2013 International Energy and Environment Foundation - All rights reserved. Keywords: Biodiesel; Combustion parameters; Engine performance; Soybean methyl ester. 1. Introduction The petroleum fuels fulfill our energy needs in industrial development, transportation, agriculture sector and many other basic requirements. These fuel reserves are fast depleting due to excessive usage. Besides combating the limited availability of crude oil, researchers are also dealing with other associated serious problems with petroleum fuel such as increase in pollutant emissions like: CO2, HC, NOx, and SOx [1]. In recent times, biodiesel has received significant attention both as a possible renewable alternative fuel and as an additive to the existing petroleum-based fuels [2]. Biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable alternative fuel that can be used with no engine modifications. It can be produced from various vegetable oils, waste cooking oils or animal fats. The properties of Biodiesel may change when different feed stocks are used. In general, if the fuel properties of Biodiesel are compared to petroleum diesel fuel, it can be seen that Biodiesel has a higher viscosity, density, and cetane number. But the energy content or net calorific value of Biodiesel is about 10-12 % less than that of conventional diesel fuel on the mass,[3]. The rapid development of computer technology narrows down the time consumption for engine test through the simulation techniques. The insight of the combustion process is analyzed thoroughly, which enhance the engine power output and consider as the heart of the engine process [4-6]. International Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp.231-242 ISSN 2076-2895 (Print), ISSN 2076-2909 (Online) ©2013 International Energy & Environment 1 - 2 CCNA 1: Networking Basics v 3.0 - Lab 2.3.7 Copyright  2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. Lab 2.3.7 OSI Model Characteristics and Devices Objective • Name the seven layers of the OSI model, in order. Use a mnemonic. • Describe the characteristics, functions and keywords relating to each layer. • Describe the packaging units used to encapsulate each layer. • Name the physical devices or components that operate at each layer. Background This lab will help to develop a better understanding of the seven layers of the OSI model. Specifically as they relate to the most popular functioning networking model in existence, the TCP/IP model. The Internet is based on TCP/IP. TCP/IP has become the standard language of networking. However, the seven layers of the OSI model are the ones most commonly used to describe and compare networking software and hardware from various vendors. It is very important to know both models and be able to relate or map the layers of one to the other. An understanding of the TCP/IP model and the protocols and utilities that operate at each layer is essential when troubleshooting. Steps 1. List the seven layers of the OSI model from the top to the bottom. Give a mnemonic word for each layer that can help you remember it. Then list the keywords and phrases that describe the characteristics and function of each. Layer # Name Mnemonic Key Words and Description of Function 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 - 2 CCNA 1: Networking Basics v 3.0 - Lab 2.3.7 Copyright  2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2. List the seven layers of the OSI model and the encapsulation unit used to describe the data grouping at each layer. Also list the networking devices that operate at each layer, if applicable. Layer # Name Encapsulation Unit or Logical Grouping Devices or Components that Operate at this Layer 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ... population In humans, as in many animals and some plants, females have two X chromosomes and males have one X and one Y chromosome Genes that 17/20 Characteristics and Traits are present on the X but... from crosses for individual traits 4/20 Characteristics and Traits Mendel validated these results by performing an F3 cross in which he self-crossed the dominant- and recessive-expressing F2... (homozygous recessive) and a tall pea plant (heterozygous) What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? The Punnett square would be × and will have T and T along the top, and T and t along the left