Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture Bởi: OpenStaxCollege It is easy to see how biotechnology can be used for medicinal purposes Knowledge of the genetic makeup of our species, the genetic basis of heritable diseases, and the invention of technology to manipulate and fix mutant genes provides methods to treat diseases Biotechnology in agriculture can enhance resistance to disease, pests, and environmental stress to improve both crop yield and quality Genetic Diagnosis and Gene Therapy The process of testing for suspected genetic defects before administering treatment is called genetic diagnosis by genetic testing In some cases in which a genetic disease is present in an individual’s family, family members may be advised to undergo genetic testing For example, mutations in the BRCA genes may increase the likelihood of developing breast and ovarian cancers in women and some other cancers in women and men A woman with breast cancer can be screened for these mutations If one of the high-risk mutations is found, her female relatives may also wish to be screened for that particular mutation, or simply be more vigilant for the occurrence of cancers Genetic testing is also offered for fetuses (or embryos with in vitro fertilization) to determine the presence or absence of disease-causing genes in families with specific debilitating diseases Concept in Action See how human DNA is extracted for uses such as genetic testing 1/6 Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture Gene therapy is a genetic engineering technique that may one day be used to cure certain genetic diseases In its simplest form, it involves the introduction of a non-mutated gene at a random location in the genome to cure a disease by replacing a protein that may be absent in these individuals because of a genetic mutation The non-mutated gene is usually introduced into diseased cells as part of a vector transmitted by a virus, such as an adenovirus, that can infect the host cell and deliver the foreign DNA into the genome of the targeted cell ([link]) To date, gene therapies have been primarily experimental procedures in humans A few of these experimental treatments have been successful, but the methods may be important in the future as the factors limiting its success are resolved This diagram shows the steps involved in curing disease with gene therapy using an adenovirus vector (credit: modification of work by NIH) Production of Vaccines, Antibiotics, and Hormones Traditional vaccination strategies use weakened or inactive forms of microorganisms or viruses to stimulate the immune system Modern techniques use specific genes of microorganisms cloned into vectors and mass-produced in bacteria to make large quantities of specific substances to stimulate the immune system The substance is then used as a vaccine In some cases, such as the H1N1 flu vaccine, genes cloned from the virus have been used to combat the constantly changing strains of this virus Antibiotics kill bacteria and are naturally produced by microorganisms such as fungi; penicillin is perhaps the most well-known example Antibiotics are produced on a large scale by cultivating and manipulating fungal cells The fungal cells have typically been genetically modified to improve the yields of the antibiotic compound 2/6 Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture Recombinant DNA technology was used to produce large-scale quantities of the human hormone insulin in E coli as early as 1978 Previously, it was only possible to treat diabetes with pig insulin, which caused allergic reactions in many humans because of differences in the insulin molecule In addition, human growth hormone (HGH) is used to treat growth disorders in children The HGH gene was cloned from a cDNA (complementary DNA) library and inserted into E coli cells by cloning it into a bacterial vector Transgenic Animals Although several recombinant proteins used in medicine are successfully produced in bacteria, some proteins need a eukaryotic animal host for proper processing For this reason, genes have been cloned and expressed in animals such as sheep, goats, chickens, and mice Animals that have been modified to express recombinant DNA are called transgenic animals ([link]) It can be seen that two of these mice are transgenic because they have a gene that causes them to fluoresce under a UV light The non-transgenic mouse does not have the gene that causes fluorescence (credit: Ingrid Moen et al.) Several human proteins are expressed in the milk of transgenic sheep and goats In one commercial example, the FDA has approved a blood anticoagulant protein that is produced in the milk of transgenic goats for use in humans Mice have been used extensively for expressing and studying the effects of recombinant genes and mutations Transgenic Plants Manipulating the DNA of plants (creating genetically modified organisms, or GMOs) has helped to create desirable traits such as disease resistance, ...MOLECULAR CLONING – SELECTED APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY Edited by Gregory G. Brown Molecular Cloning – Selected Applications in Medicine and Biology Edited by Gregory G. Brown Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Romina Krebel Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Ellerslie, 2011. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published October, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Molecular Cloning – Selected Applications in Medicine and Biology, Edited by Gregory G. Brown p. cm. 978-953-307-398-9 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Technological Advances 1 Chapter 1 Screening of Bacterial Recombinants: Strategies and Preventing False Positives 3 Sriram Padmanabhan, Sampali Banerjee and Naganath Mandi Chapter 2 Non-Viral Vehicles: Principles, Applications, and Challenges in Gene Delivery 21 Abbas Padeganeh, Mohammad Khalaj-Kondori, Babak Bakhshinejad and Majid Sadeghizadeh Part 2 Cancer and Cell Biology 35 Chapter 3 Subcloning and Expression of Functional Human Cathepsin B and K in E. coli: Characterization and Inhibition by Flavonoids 37 Lisa Wen, Soe Tha, Valerie Sutton, Keegan Steel, Franklin Rahman, Matthew McConnell, Jennifer Chmielowski, Kenneth Liang, Roxana Obregon, Jessica LaFollette, Laura Berryman, Ryan Keefer, Michael Bordowitz, Alice Ye, Jessica Hunter, Jenq-Kuen Huang and Rose M. McConnell Chapter 4 Molecular Cloning and Overexpression of WAP Domain of Anosmin-1 (a-WAP) in Escherichia coli 59 Srinivas Jayanthi, Beatrice Kachel, Jacqueline Morris, Igor Prudovsky and Thallapuranam K. Suresh Kumar Chapter 5 Effects of Two Novel Peptides from Skin of Lithobates Catesbeianus on Tumor Cell Morphology and Proliferation 73 Rui-Li ZHAO, Jun-You HAN, Wen-Yu HAN, Hong-Xuan HE and Ji-Fei MA VI Contents Part 3 Immunology/Hematology 81 Chapter 6 Molecular Cloning of Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Nanomaterials for Application in Medicine and Biology NATO Science for Peace and Security Series This Series presents the results of scientifi c meetings supported under the NATO Programme: Science for Peace and Security (SPS). The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas: (1) Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3) NATO, Partner and Mediter- ranean Dialogue Country Priorities. The types of meeting supported are generally "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops". The NATO SPS Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are coorganized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO's "Partner" or "Mediterranean Dialogue" countries. The observations and recommendations made at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, refl ect those of participants and contributors only; they should not necessarily be regarded as refl ecting NATO views or policy. Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses intended to convey the latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for future action Following a transformation of the programme in 2006 the Series has been re-named and re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division. Sub-Series A. Chemistry and Biology Springer B. Physics and Biophysics Springer C. Environmental Security Springer D. Information and Communication Security IOS Press E. Human and Societal Dynamics IOS Press http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springer.com http://www.iospress.nl Series B: Physics and Biophysics Nanomaterials for Application in Medicine and Biology edited by Michael Giersig center of advanced european studies and research (caesar) Bonn, Germany and Gennady B. Khomutov Moscow State University Moscow, Russia Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Nanomaterials for Application in Medicine and Biology Bonn, Germany 4–6 October 2006 A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-4020-6828-7 (PB) ISBN 978-1-4020-6827-0 (HB) ISBN 978-1-4020-6829-4 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form-or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. CONTENTS Preface vii Contributors ix 1. Biocompatible Nanomaterials and Nanodevices Promising for Biomedical Applications 1 I. Firkowska, S. Giannona, J. A. Rojas-Chapana, K. Luecke, O. Brüstle, and M. Giersig 2. Isohelical DNA-Binding Oligomers: Antiviral Activity and Application for the Design of Nanostructured Devices 17 G. Gursky, A. Nikitin, A. Surovaya, S. [...]... activities that are a kind of binding and involve binding of tRNA Formation of ternary complex, formation of initiation complex, formation of termination complex, binding to A site, normal reading, misreading, halting, frame shifting Activities inhibited by tobramycin and mupirocin What processes might be affected in a given disorder? Amino acid acylation Inhibiting “normal reading” (no supply of normal... biochemical interactions xi xii PREFACE System-level understanding of biology is derived using mathematical and engineering methods to understand complex biological processes It exposes readers with biology background to the latest developments in proteomics and genomics engineering It also addresses the needs of both students and postdoctoral fellows in computer science and mathematics who are interested in. .. body The integration and application of mathematics, engineering, physics and computer science have been recently used to better understand the complex biological systems by examining the structure and dynamics of cell and organ functions This emerging field called Genomics and Proteomics Engineering has gained tremendous interest among molecular and cellular researchers since it provides a continuous... described in the methods and tools section Our resulting framework possesses the following properties: (1) it allows qualitative modeling of structural and functional aspects of a biological system, (2) it includes biological and medical concept models to allow for querying biomedical information using biomedical abstractions, (3) it allows Genomics and Proteomics Engineering in Medicine and Biology. .. biological and biomedical challenges The main objective of this edited book is to provide information for biological science and biomedical engineering students and researchers in genomics and proteomics sciences and systems biology Although an understanding of genes and proteins are important, the focus is on understanding a system’s structure and dynamics of several gene regulatory networks and their... interested in doing research in biology and bioengineering since the book provides exceptional insights into the fundamental challenges in biology I am grateful to Jeanne Audino of the IEEE Press and Lisa Van Horn of Wiley for their help during the editing of this book Working in concert with them and the contributors really helped me with content development and to manage the peer-review process Finally,... Nianhua Li NANOCOMPOSITES WITH UNIQUE PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE AND INDUSTRY Edited by John Cuppoletti Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications in Medicine and Industry Edited by John Cuppoletti Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Romina Krebel Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright meirion matthias, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published July, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications in Medicine and Industry, Edited by John Cuppoletti p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-351-4 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 New Materials and Analytic Methods 1 Chapter 1 On the Prediction of the Residual Behaviour of Impacted Composite Curved Panels 3 Viot Philippe, Ballere Ludovic and Lataillade Jean-Luc Chapter 2 Fracture Toughness Determinations by Means of Indentation Fracture 21 Enrique Rocha-Rangel Chapter 3 Techniques for Identification of Bending and Extensional Elastic Stiffness Matrices on Thin Composite Material Plates Based on Virtual Field Method (VFM): Theoretical and Numerical Aspects 39 Fabiano Bianchini Batista and Éder Lima de Albuquerque Chapter 4 Analytical Research on Method for Applying Interfacial Fracture Mechanics to Evaluate Strength of Cementitious Adhesive Interfaces for Thin Structural Finish Details 67 Tsugumichi Watanabe Chapter 5 Micromechanisms Controlling the Structural Evolution of Tribosystems 83 Dmitry Lubimov and Kirill Dolgopolov Chapter 6 Damage Assessment of Short Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites: A Comparative Study 113 Amar Patnaik, Sandhyarani Biswas, Ritesh Kaundal and Alok Satapathy Chapter 7 Review Fabrication of Functionally Graded Materials under a Centrifugal Force 133 Yoshimi Watanabe and Hisashi Sato VI Contents Chapter 8 Synthesis and Properties of Discontinouosly Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites 151 Dusan Bozic and Biljana Dimcic Chapter 9 Modelling Reaction-to-fire of Polymer-based Composite Laminate 175 Damien M. Marquis and Éric Guillaume Chapter 10 Production, Characterization, and Mechanical Evaluation of Dissimilar Metal/Ceramic Joints 205 José Lemus-Ruiz, Leonel Ceja-Cárdenas, Egberto Bedolla-Becerril .. .Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture Gene therapy is a genetic engineering technique that may one day be used to cure certain genetic diseases In its simplest form, it involves the introduction... the desired DNA fragment and insert it into the plant genome 4/6 Biotechnology in Medicine and Agriculture The Organic Insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacterium... DNA) library and inserted into E coli cells by cloning it into a bacterial vector Transgenic Animals Although several recombinant proteins used in medicine are successfully produced in bacteria,