[...]... within the boundaries of law, both nationally and internationally 1.2 Self-defense in Islamic and International Law This book makes a comparative analysis of the right to self-defense in Islamic and international law in order to find out whether both are compatible, whether Al-Qaeda’s declaration of Jihad is Islamic, and whether the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 meets the test of international law. .. understand Introduction • 3 the right to self-defense in Islamic law, the concept of Jihad and its two main theories—defensive and offensive Jihad—are explained and applied to the case of Al-Qaeda, testing its justification for declaring Jihad against AngloAmerican forces in the Arab Peninsula and elsewhere In order to understand the right of self-defense in international law, the right of self-defense. .. themselves and with the international community In this sense, Islamic law is not religious as the subject matter is not religious The comparison of Islamic international law is not much different from comparing European public law with international law 1.7 Scope of the Book The scope of this book is to look at the right of self-defense from the perspectives of Islamic law and international law and testing... that there is no Islamic international law It is clear from what follows that this view is erroneous The positive answer has two aspects: (a) Islamic international law always existed in its uncodified form, that is, in the form of its sources, such as the Koran; and (b) the codified and binding corpus of Islamic international law is fast growing The two prominent illustrations of codified law are the Convention... Jihad: necessary and proportionate use of force in individual and Self-defense in Islamic Law • 19 collective self-defense Allama Tabatabai (1892–1981) neatly sums up the law and its limitations: These five verses together promulgate a single law covering all its limits and details And fight in the way of Allah is the basic law; and do not exceed the limit puts disciplinary restriction on it; And kill them... Islamic law is and is not religious Islamic law is religious in the sense that it is based and derived from the Muslims’ divine text, the Koran and the Sunnah The subject matter, however, of Islamic law covers spiritual, moral, the hereafter, and secular affairs In simple terms, Islamic law covers the relation of man to God and man to man Islamic international law falls in the secular domain of worldly... force in self-defense in Islamic Trade Balances in Historical and International Context Trade Balances in Historical and International Context By: OpenStaxCollege The history of the U.S current account balance in recent decades is presented in several different ways [link] (a) shows the current account balance and the merchandise trade balance in dollar terms [link] (b) shows the current account balance and merchandise account balance yet again, this time presented as a share of the GDP for that year By dividing the trade deficit in each year by GDP in that year, [link] (b) factors out both inflation and growth in the real economy 1/5 Trade Balances in Historical and International Context Current Account Balance and Merchandise Trade Balance, 1960–2012 (a) The current account balance and the merchandise trade balance in billions of dollars from 1960 to 2012 If the lines are above zero dollars, the United States was running a positive trade balance and current account balance If the lines fall below zero dollars, the United States is running a trade deficit and a deficit in its current account balance (b) These same items—trade balance and current account balance—are shown in relationship to the size of the U.S economy, or GDP, from 1960 to 2012 2/5 Trade Balances in Historical and International Context By either measure, the general pattern of the U.S balance of trade is clear From the 1960s into the 1970s, the U.S economy had mostly small trade surpluses—that is, the graphs of [link] show positive numbers However, starting in the 1980s, the trade deficit increased rapidly, and after a tiny surplus in 1991, the current account trade deficit got even larger in the late 1990s and into the mid-2000s However, the trade deficit declined in 2009 after the recession had taken hold [link] shows the U.S trade picture in 2013 compared with some other economies from around the world While the U.S economy has consistently run trade deficits in recent years, Japan and many European nations, among them France and Germany, have consistently run trade surpluses Some of the other countries listed include Brazil, the largest economy in Latin America; Nigeria, the largest economy in Africa; and China, India, and Korea The first column offers one measure of the globalization of an economy: exports of goods and services as a percentage of GDP The second column shows the trade balance Most of the time, most countries have trade surpluses or deficits that are less than 5% of GDP As you can see, the U.S current account is negative 3.1%, while Germany’s is positive 6.2% Level and Balance of Trade in 2012 (figures as a percentage of GDP) Exports of Goods and Services Current Account Balance United States 14% –3.1% Japan 15% 2.0% Germany 50% 6.2% United Kingdom 32% –1.3% Canada 30% –3.0% Sweden 50% 7.0% Korea 56% 2.3% Mexico 32% –0.8% Brazil 12% –2.1% China 31% 1.9% India 24% –3.2% Nigeria 40% 3.6% World - 0.0% 3/5 Trade Balances in Historical and International Context Key Concepts and Summary The United States developed large trade surpluses in the early 1980s, swung back to a tiny trade surplus in 1991, and then had even larger trade deficits in the late 1990s and early 2000s As we will see below, a trade deficit necessarily means a net inflow of financial capital from abroad, while a trade surplus necessarily means a net outflow of financial capital from an economy to other countries Self-Check Questions In what way does comparing a country’s exports to GDP reflect how globalized it is? GDP is a dollar value of all production of goods and services Exports are produced domestically but shipped abroad The percent ratio of exports to GDP gives us an idea of how important exports are to the national economy out of all goods and services produced For example, exports represent only 14% of U.S GDP, but 50% of Germany’s GDP Canada’s GDP is $1.736 trillion and its exports are $447 billion What is Canada’s export ratio? Divide $447 billion by $1,736 trillion The GDP for the United States is $14.7 trillion and its current account balance is –$291 billion What percent of GDP is the current account balance? Divide –291 billion by $14.7 trillion Why does the trade balance and the current account balance track so closely together over time? The trade balance is the difference between exports and imports The current account balance includes this number (whether it is a trade balance or a trade surplus), but also includes international flows of money from global investments Review Question In recent decades, has the U.S trade balance usually been in deficit, surplus, or balanced? Critical Thinking Questions If a country is a big exporter, is it more exposed to global financial crises? 4/5 Trade Balances in Historical and International Context If countries reduced trade barriers, would the international flows of money increase? 5/5 THE WORLD BANK Edited by Paul Brenton and Gözde Isik De-Fragmenting aFrica Deepening Regional Trade Integration in Goods and Services DE-FRAGMENTING AFRICA – Deepening Regional Trade Integration in Goods and Services DE-FRAGMENTING AFRICA Deepening Regional Trade Integration in Goods and Services © 2012 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/International Development Association or The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. De-Fragmenting Africa ____________________________________i List of Abbreviations _____________________________________ix Preface _____________________________________________xiii Foreword ___________________________________________ xv 1. Introduction ________________________________________ 1 Introduction ______________________________________________ 1 Regional Integration Can Play a Key Role in Export Diversification ____________ 3 There is Substantial Scope for Trade Across Borders in Africa _______________ 5 Cross-Border Trade in Africa is Limited by Thick Borders __________________ 7 Removing Non-Tariffs Barriers is Essential to Free-Up Regional Trade in Goods _________________________________________ 12 Coordinated Regulatory and Trade Reforms are Needed to Integrate Regional Markets in Services. ________________________________ 16 Conclusions _____________________________________________ 20 Part I. Facilitating Cross-border Trade in Goods and Services __________23 2. Risky Business ______________________________________25 Introduction _____________________________________________ 25 The Characteristics of Cross-border Traders in the Great Lakes Region ________ 26 Conditions at the Border _____________________________________ 28 Steps to Facilitate Cross-border Trade in the Great Lakes Region ____________ 29 3. Economic Integration in the Lower Congo Region ________________33 Introduction _____________________________________________ 33 Estimating the Effects of Removing the Bottleneck _____________________ 34 Barriers to Cross-border Integration ______________________________ 36 Policy Recommendations _____________________________________ 39 4. Enhancing the Recent Growth of Cross-border Trade between South Sudan and Uganda _________________________43 Introduction _____________________________________________ 43 Costs and Constraints at the Border and Behind the Border ________________ 46 Table of Contents iv De-Fragmenting Africa Women’s ANTENATAL AND DELIVERY CARE UTILIZATION IN URBAN AND RURAL CONTEXTS IN VIETNAM: A study in two health and demographic surveillance sites Tran Khanh Toan Doctoral thesis at the Nordic School of Public Health NHV Gothenburg, Sweden, 2012 ii Previously published papers were reprinted with permission from the publishers. Published by Nordic School of Public Health NHV, Sweden Printed by Billes Tryckeri AB, Sweden Cover picture: With permission from Binh An hospital © Tran Khanh Toan, 2012 ISBN 978-91-86739-41-6 ISSN 0283-1961 iii Women are not dying because of diseases we cannot treat. They are dying because societies have yet to make the decision that their lives are worth saving. Dr. Mahmoud Fathalla To my family iv ABSTRACT Background. Pregnant women need adequate antenatal care (ANC) and delivery care for their own health and for healthy children. Availability of such care has increased in Vietnam but maternal mortality remains high and variable between population groups. Aims. The general aim of this thesis is to describe and discuss the use of antenatal and delivery care in relation to demographic and socio-economic status and other factors in two health and demographic surveillance sites (HDSS), one rural and one urban. One specific aim of the thesis is to present experiences of running the urban HDSS. Methods. Between April 2008 and December 2009, 2,757 pregnant women were identified in the sites. Basic information was obtained from 2,515 of these. The use of ANC was followed to delivery for 2,132. Three indicators were used. ANC was considered overall adequate if the women started ANC within the first trimester, used three or more visits and received all the six recommended core services at least once during pregnancy. Delivery care was studied for all the 2,515 women. Main Findings. Nearly all 2,132 participants used ANC. The mean numbers of visits were 4.4 and 7.7 in the rural and urban areas. Mainly due to less than recommended use of core ANC services, overall ANC adequacy was low in some groups, particularly in the rural area (15.2%). The main risk factors for not having adequate ANC were (i) living in a rural area, (ii) low level of education, (iii) low economic status and (iv) exclusive use of private ANC providers. Rural women accessed ANC mainly at commune health centers and private clinics. Urban women accessed ANC and gave birth at central hospitals and provincial hospitals. Caesarean section (CS) was common among urban women (38.5%). Good socioeconomic condition and male babies were associated with delivery in hospitals and CS births. Almost all women had one or more antenatal ultrasound examination, the mean was about 4.5. Rural women spent 3.0% and 19.0% of the reported annual household income per capita for ANC and delivery care, respectively, compared to 6.1% and 20.6% for urban women. The relative economic burden was heaviest for poor rural women. Conclusion. The coverage of ANC was high in both contexts but with large variations between population subgroups. The major concerns are that poor women in the rural area received incomplete services according to recommendations and that many women, particularly the well-off, in the urban area appeared to overuse technology, ultrasound scanning, delivery in high-level health care and CS delivery. National maternal healthcare programs should focus on improving ANC service content in rural areas and controlling technology preference in urban. The pregnant women with relatives and friends as well as ANC providers share the responsibility for a positive development. All parties involved must be targeted to improve knowledge, attitudes and practices. v Keywords: Antenatal care, delivery care, utilization, adequacy, hospital delivery, caesarean section, health and JOBNAME: Jackson PAGE: SESS: 15 OUTPUT: Thu Sep 12:00:17 2008 CRIME, PROCEDURE AND EVIDENCE IN A COMPARATIVE AND INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT This book aims to honour the work of Professor Mirjan Damaška, Sterling Professor of Law at Yale Law School and a prominent authority for many years in the fields of comparative law, procedural law, evidence, international criminal law and Continental legal history Professor Damaška’s work is renowned for providing new frameworks for understanding different legal traditions To celebrate the depth and richness of his work and discuss its implications for the future, the editors have brought together an impressive range of leading scholars from different jurisdictions in the fields of comparative and international law, evidence and criminal law and procedure Using Professor Damaška’s work as a backdrop, the essays make a substantial contribution to the development of comparative law, procedure and evidence After an introduction by the editors and a tribute by Harold Koh, Dean of Yale Law School, the book is divided into four parts The first part considers contemporary trends in national criminal procedure, examining cross-fertilisation and the extent to which these trends are resulting in converging practices across national jurisdictions The second part explores the epistemological environment of rules of evidence and procedure The third part analyses human rights standards and the phenomenon of hybridisation in transnational and international criminal law The final part of the book assesses Professor Damaška’s contribution to comparative law and the challenges faced by comparative law in the twenty first century Columns Design Ltd / Job: Jackson / Division: Prelims /Pg Position: / Date: 4/9 JOBNAME: Jackson PAGE: SESS: 15 OUTPUT: Thu Sep 12:00:17 2008 Columns Design Ltd / Job: Jackson / Division: Prelims /Pg Position: / Date: 4/9 JOBNAME: Jackson PAGE: SESS: 14 OUTPUT: Fri Aug 29 13:43:27 2008 Crime, Procedure and Evidence in a Comparative and International Context Essays in Honour of Professor Mirjan Damaška Edited by John Jackson, Máximo Langer and Peter Tillers Columns Design Ltd / Job: Jackson / Division: Prelims /Pg Position: / Date: 29/8 JOBNAME: Jackson PAGE: SESS: 14 OUTPUT: Fri Aug 29 13:46:43 2008 Published in North America (US and Canada) by Hart Publishing c/o International Specialized Book Services 920 NE 58th Avenue, Suite 300 Portland, OR 97213–3786 USA Tel: +1 503 287 3093 or toll-free: (1) 800 944 6190 Fax: +1 503 280 8832 E-mail: orders@isbs.com Website: http://www.isbs.com © The editors and contributors severally, 2008 The editors and contributors have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of Hart Publishing, or as expressly permitted by law or under the terms agreed with the appropriate reprographic rights organisation Enquiries concerning reproduction which may not be covered by the above should be addressed to Hart Publishing at the address below Hart Publishing, 16C Worcester Place, Oxford, OX1 2JW Telephone: +44 (0)1865 517530 Fax: +44 (0)1865 510710 E-mail: mail@hartpub.co.uk Website: http://www.hartpub.co.uk British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data Available ISBN: 978-1-84113-682-0 Typeset by Columns Design Ltd, Reading Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham Columns Design Ltd / Job: Jackson / Division: Prelims /Pg Position: / Date: 29/8 JOBNAME: Jackson PAGE: SESS: 13 OUTPUT: Fri Aug 29 11:26:47 2008 For my family: Kathy, Jane and Alex John Jackson For my family: Ariel and Mateo Máximo Langer For Ilga and Kurt Peter Tillers Columns Design Ltd / Job: Jackson / Division: Prelims /Pg Position: / Date: 29/8 JOBNAME: Jackson PAGE: SESS: OUTPUT: Fri Aug 29 11:26:47 2008 Columns Design Color-Terms in Social and Cultural Context in Ancient Rome Gorgias Studies in Classical and Late Antiquity Gorgias Studies in Classical and Late Antiquity contains monographs and edited volumes on the Greco-Roman world and its transition into Late Antiquity, encompassing political and social structures, knowledge and educational ideals, art, architecture and literature Color-Terms in Social and Cultural Context in Ancient Rome Rachael B Goldman 34 2013 Gorgias Press LLC, 954 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com Copyright © 2013 by Gorgias Press LLC All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC 2013 ܛ ISBN 978-1-61143-914-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Goldman, Rachael Color-terms in social and cultural context in ancient Rome / by Rachael Goldman pages cm (Gorgias studies in classical and late antiquity ; 3) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-61143-914-4 Rome Social life and customs Colors Social aspects Rome Sociolinguistics Rome Social structure Rome I Title DG78.G65 2013 306.440937 dc23 2013035963 Printed in the United States of America TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents v Acknowledgments vii Note on Texts, Translations and Abbreviations ix Introduction Different Hues, Different Views Modern Approaches to Roman Colors A Thematic Approach to the Subject Chapter One: Aulus Gellius’ Colorful Digression The Color Debate: Latin Color Terms 10 Greek Color-Terms 18 Fronto and the Roman Artistic Background 19 Favorinus and Physiognomy 23 Summary 24 Chapter Two: Ancient Dyes: Color Me Beautiful 25 Purple Dyers 27 Red Dyers 31 Other Dyers 32 Vitruvian Colors 33 Summary 37 Chapter Three: Colored Clothing: You Are What You Wear 39 Purple Colored Clothing 40 Red Colored Clothing 52 Blue and Green Colored Clothing 55 Yellow Colored Clothing 57 White, Gray, Black and Brown 62 Pullus 65 Summary 68 Chapter Four: Clothes Make the Man: Class and Color-Terms 71 Trimalchio the Freedman 71 The Freedman’s Wife 76 v vi COLOR-TERMS IN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT The Freedman’s Feast 79 Freedmen in Poetry 80 Summary 83 Chapter Five: Color Wars: Roman Chariot Teams 85 The Setting 85 The Teams 87 The Greens 90 The Blues 94 The Reds, Whites and Others 95 Epilogue 96 Chapter Six: Color Physiognomy: You Are What You Look Like 99 Descriptions of Emperors 100 Descriptions of Ordinary Men 109 Descriptions of Women .118 Descriptions of Non-Romans 125 Gauls, Germans, and Britons 126 Assyrians, Egyptians, Ethiopians, Etruscans and Indians 130 Summary .133 Chapter Seven: The Multicolored World of the Romans 135 Versicolor 135 Decolor and Decolorare 141 Discolor 146 Bicolor 151 Multicolor 152 Omnicolor 154 Unicolor and Concolor .155 Summary .160 Conclusions: Did Color-Terms Have an Ancient History? 161 Bibliography 165 Index of Latin Color-Terms .175 Index of Classical Works Cited 179 General Index 187 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book began life as a portion of the my Ph.D Dissertation written at the City .. .Trade Balances in Historical and International Context Current Account Balance and Merchandise Trade Balance, 1960–2012 (a) The current account balance and the merchandise trade balance in. .. exposed to global financial crises? 4/5 Trade Balances in Historical and International Context If countries reduced trade barriers, would the international flows of money increase? 5/5 ... –2.1% China 31% 1.9% India 24% –3.2% Nigeria 40% 3.6% World - 0.0% 3/5 Trade Balances in Historical and International Context Key Concepts and Summary The United States developed large trade surpluses