NANOCOMPOSITES WITH UNIQUE PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE AND INDUSTRY Edited by John Cuppoletti Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications in Medicine and Industry Edited by John Cuppoletti Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Romina Krebel Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright meirion matthias, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published July, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications in Medicine and Industry, Edited by John Cuppoletti p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-351-4 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 New Materials and Analytic Methods 1 Chapter 1 On the Prediction of the Residual Behaviour of Impacted Composite Curved Panels 3 Viot Philippe, Ballere Ludovic and Lataillade Jean-Luc Chapter 2 Fracture Toughness Determinations by Means of Indentation Fracture 21 Enrique Rocha-Rangel Chapter 3 Techniques for Identification of Bending and Extensional Elastic Stiffness Matrices on Thin Composite Material Plates Based on Virtual Field Method (VFM): Theoretical and Numerical Aspects 39 Fabiano Bianchini Batista and Éder Lima de Albuquerque Chapter 4 Analytical Research on Method for Applying Interfacial Fracture Mechanics to Evaluate Strength of Cementitious Adhesive Interfaces for Thin Structural Finish Details 67 Tsugumichi Watanabe Chapter 5 Micromechanisms Controlling the Structural Evolution of Tribosystems 83 Dmitry Lubimov and Kirill Dolgopolov Chapter 6 Damage Assessment of Short Glass Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites: A Comparative Study 113 Amar Patnaik, Sandhyarani Biswas, Ritesh Kaundal and Alok Satapathy Chapter 7 Review Fabrication of Functionally Graded Materials under a Centrifugal Force 133 Yoshimi Watanabe and Hisashi Sato VI Contents Chapter 8 Synthesis and Properties of Discontinouosly Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites 151 Dusan Bozic and Biljana Dimcic Chapter 9 Modelling Reaction-to-fire of Polymer-based Composite Laminate 175 Damien M. Marquis and Éric Guillaume Chapter 10 Production, Characterization, and Mechanical Evaluation of Dissimilar Metal/Ceramic Joints 205 José Lemus-Ruiz, Leonel Ceja-Cárdenas, Egberto Bedolla-Becerril and Víctor H. López-Morelos Chapter 11 Measurement of Strain Distribution of Composite Materials by Electron Moiré Method 225 Satoshi Kishimoto, Yoshihisa Tanaka, Kimiyoshi Naito and Yutaka Kagawa Part 2 New Materials with Unique Properties 237 Chapter 12 Joining of C f /C and C f /SiC Composites to Metals 239 K. Mergia Chapter 13 Optical and Structural Studies of Binary Compounds by Explosive Laser Irradiation and Heat Treatment 267 S. Kar Part 3 Applications of New Materials 281 Chapter 14 Development Liquid Rocket Engine of Small Thrust With Combustion Chamber from Carbon - Ceramic Composite Material 283 Alexander A. Kozlov, Aleksey G. Vorobiev, Igor N. Borovik, Ivan S. Kazennov, Anton V. Lahin, Eugenie A. Bogachev and Anatoly N.Timofeev Chapter 15 New Routes to Recycle Scrap Tyres 293 Xavier Colom, Xavier Cañavate, Pilar Casas and Fernando Carrillo Chapter 16 A Review of Thermoplastic Composites for Bipolar Plate Materials in PEM Fuel Cells 317 Rungsima Yeetsorn, Michael W. Fowler and Costas Tzoganakis Chapter 17 High Voltage Electric Discharge Consolidation of Tungsten Carbide - Cobalt Powder 345 Evgeny Grigoryev Preface This book contains chapters on nanocomposites for engineering hard materials for high performance aircraft, rocket and automobile use, using laser pulses to form metal coatings on glass and quartz, and also tungsten carbide-cobalt nanoparticles using high voltage discharges. A major section of this book is largely devoted to chapters outlining and applying analytic methods needed for studies of nanocomposites. As such, this book will serve as good resource for such analytic methods. Scrap tires nanocomposite particles for strengthening composites is one promising approach to recycling tires and preserving resources, and investgations into the use of electric fields to reduce friction can also help protect resouces including hydrocarbon lubricants. Some of these new composites and developments could, therefore, have a positive impact on the environment. This book contains 17 chapters which have been grouped into three main parts: 1. New materials and analytic methods: This section is rich in analytic methods suitable for nanocomposites. Analytic methods include assessment of impact, studies of bending, damage assessment, models of reaction to fire, measurement of erosion wear and measurement of strain distribution. 2. New materials with unique properties: Studies on vibrations of composite plates and detailed analysis of methods of joining Cf/C and Cf/SiC to metals are presented. 3. Applications of new materials: Studies are presented on the development of new ceramic materials for rocket thrusters, new methods for preparation of tungsten carbide-cobalt nanoparticles and for the use of nanocomposites containing scrap tire particles. I am pleased to have had the opportunity to work with the authors and to have served as editor of this book which expands composite materials research into so many exciting areas of development of materials, engineering, medicine and dental restoration. X Preface The book contains a wide variety of studies from authors from all around the world. I would like to thank all the authors for their efforts in sending their best papers to the attention of audiences including students, scientists and engineers throughout the world. The world will benefit from their studies and insights. The new possibilities of the open access press bringing together such a diverse group and to disseminate widely on the web is revolutionary, and without the contributions of the group and the mechanism of InTech Open Access Publisher, this Book titled "Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications in Medicine and Industry" would not be possible. I also wish to acknowledge the help given by InTech Open Access Publisher, in particular Ms. Romina Krebel, for her assistance, guidance, patience and support. John Cuppoletti, Ph.D. Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA [...]... horizontal line corresponds to the mean ultimate stress determined during experimental tests Obviously, the two curves are similar in the first part of the loading, but 10 Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications in Medicine and Industry a plateau occurs for them close to the experimental failure value and then, after this plateau, the main difference appears For mesh A, the loading increases... low values of KIC in brittle materials, achieving in them a stable crack growth is complicated and sometimes it is necessary sophisticated 22 Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications in Medicine and Industry measurement equipments and complex sample geometries (Wessel, 2004) The problem with applying these methods to evaluate KIC is that required laborious procedures and only get one result... energy (figure 12a) Concerning an undamaged specimen, it was shown that an increase in mesh fineness leads to a global failure located at the stress plateau level Thus, 12 Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications in Medicine and Industry for this curve, the ultimate stress chosen was equal to this plateau value These numerical predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results... Kaddour, A S.; Hinton, M J &a S P D A comparison of the predictive capabilities of current failure theories for composite laminates: additional contributions Composites Science and Technology, 2004, 64, 449 - 476 20 Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications in Medicine and Industry Laurin, F.; Carrère, N & Maire, J.-F A multiscale progressive failure approach for composite laminates based... to fine tune and match with KIC determination; those equations are based in the lineal mechanical fracture theory (Wang, 1996) The indentation fracture method and its application procedure are described in this chapter, whereas typical problems involved in the test are shown Al2O3-based composites with different reinforced metals fabricated by both; liquid and solid pressureless sintering of an intensive... energy (i.e., the initial damage state) from experimental and numerical analyses Stress (MPa) Damage A Damage B Non impacted Damage 1 Damage 2 Model Experimental Prediction Damage 4 Damage 3 Impact Energy (J) Fig 15 Comparison between model predictions for two new damages (A and B) 18 Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications in Medicine and Industry The ultimate stress obtained in the case... that existing similitude laws can be used to evaluate the elastic response of the two scales of composite structure but these models do not allow simulating the behaviour of the different scales when one of them is damaged ; it is due to non linearities 4 Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications in Medicine and Industry For composite structures of large dimensions, an alternative and new... scale - is used to validate the numerical modelling The second- half the size of the first - is employed to highlight the mechanisms which have to be taken into account for the high-scale reduction of curved composite structures 6 Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications in Medicine and Industry 2 Numerical simulation The modelling proposed in this study is based on a progressive failure... research, an element denoted C3D20 (quadratic brick element) in ZeBuLoN (Carrère et al., 2009) has been chosen to model, through the thickness, each layer of a different orientation making it possible to detect the non-linearity of the displacement field 8 Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications in Medicine and Industry Fig 5 Geometry and boundary conditions 2.2.2 Damaged curved panel φ 600... (damage variables d13 and d23) also appear in all the layers of the laminate The main difference between the behaviour obtained using these two meshes is in the detection of in- plane shear failures The criterion is activated (i.e., d12=1) in many elements with mesh B (Figure 9, left) but not in any element of the mesh A The increase in the mesh fineness allows the detection of in- plane shear failures . NANOCOMPOSITES WITH UNIQUE PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE AND INDUSTRY Edited by John Cuppoletti Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications. orientation making it possible to detect the non-linearity of the displacement field. Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications in Medicine and Industry 8 Fig. 5. Geometry and boundary. is due to non linearities. Nanocomposites with Unique Properties and Applications in Medicine and Industry 4 For composite structures of large dimensions, an alternative and new approach