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CLINICAL, RESEARCH AND TREATMENT APPROACHES TO AFFECTIVE DISORDERS Edited by Mario Francisco Juruena Clinical, Research and Treatment Approaches to Affective Disorders Edited by Mario Francisco Juruena Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Anja Filipovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Clinical, Research and Treatment Approaches to Affective Disorders, Edited by Mario Francisco Juruena p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0177-2 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Clinical 1 Chapter 1 Biological Prediction of Suicidal Behavior in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder 3 Yong-Ku Kim Chapter 2 Self-Reported Symptoms Related to Depression and Suicidal Risk 19 Kouichi Yoshimasu, Shigeki Takemura, Jin Fukumoto and Kazuhisa Miyashita Chapter 3 Chronobiological Aspects of Mood Disorders 35 Rosa Levandovski, Ana Harb, Fabiana Bernardi and Maria Paz Loayza Hidalgo Chapter 4 Mood Disorders in Individuals with Genetic Syndromes and Intellectual Disability 49 Maria Cristina Triguero Veloz Teixeira, Maria Luiza Guedes de Mesquita, Marcos Vinícius de Araújo, Laís Pereira Khoury and Luiz Renato Rodrigues Carreiro Chapter 5 Mood Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease 73 Jennifer L. Gordon, Kim L. Lavoie, André Arsenault, Blaine Ditto and Simon L. Bacon Part 2 Childhood and Adolescence 103 Chapter 6 Mood Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence and Their Outcome in Adulthood 105 Ulf Engqvist Chapter 7 Different Types of Childhood Adverse Experiences and Mood Disorders 143 Alessandra Alciati VI Contents Part 3 Neurobiology 165 Chapter 8 Bipolar Disorder: Diagnosis, Neuroanatomical and Biochemical Background 167 Kristina R. Semeniken and Bertalan Dudás Chapter 9 Neurotransmission in Mood Disorders 191 Zdeněk Fišar, Jana Hroudová and Jiří Raboch Chapter 10 Depression Viewed as a GABA/Glutamate Imbalance in Approaches to Sociological Research Approaches to Sociological Research Bởi: OpenStaxCollege When sociologists apply the sociological perspective and begin to ask questions, no topic is off limits Every aspect of human behavior is a source of possible investigation Sociologists question the world that humans have created and live in They notice patterns of behavior as people move through that world Using sociological methods and systematic research within the framework of the scientific method and a scholarly interpretive perspective, sociologists have discovered workplace patterns that have transformed industries, family patterns that have enlightened parents, and education patterns that have aided structural changes in classrooms The students at that college cafeteria discussion put forth a few loosely stated opinions If the human behaviors around those claims were tested systematically, a student could write a report and offer the findings to fellow sociologists and the world in general The new perspective could help people understand themselves and their neighbors and help people make better decisions about their lives It might seem strange to use scientific practices to study social trends, but, as we shall see, it’s extremely helpful to rely on systematic approaches that research methods provide Sociologists often begin the research process by asking a question about how or why things happen in this world It might be a unique question about a new trend or an old question about a common aspect of life Once a question is formed, a sociologist proceeds through an in-depth process to answer it In deciding how to design that process, the researcher may adopt a scientific approach or an interpretive framework The following sections describe these approaches to knowledge The Scientific Method Sociologists make use of tried and true methods of research, such as experiments, surveys, and field research But humans and their social interactions are so diverse that they can seem impossible to chart or explain It might seem that science is about discoveries and chemical reactions or about proving ideas right or wrong rather than about exploring the nuances of human behavior 1/8 Approaches to Sociological Research However, this is exactly why scientific models work for studying human behavior A scientific process of research establishes parameters that help make sure results are objective and accurate Scientific methods provide limitations and boundaries that focus a study and organize its results The scientific method involves developing and testing theories about the world based on empirical evidence It is defined by its commitment to systematic observation of the empirical world and strives to be objective, critical, skeptical, and logical It involves a series of prescribed steps that have been established over centuries of scholarship The scientific method is an essential tool in research But just because sociological studies use scientific methods does not make the results less human Sociological topics are not reduced to right or wrong facts In this field, results of studies tend to provide people with access to knowledge they did not have before—knowledge of other cultures, knowledge of rituals and beliefs, knowledge of trends and attitudes No matter what research approach is used, researchers want to maximize the study’s reliability (how likely research results are to be replicated if the study is reproduced) Reliability increases the likelihood that what happens to one person will happen to all people in a group Researchers also strive for validity, which refers to how well the study measures what it was designed to measure Returning to the Disney World topic, reliability of a study would reflect how well the resulting experience represents the average experience of theme park-goers Validity would ensure that the study’s design accurately examined what it was designed to study, so an exploration of adults’ interactions with costumed mascots should address that issue and not veer into other age groups’ interactions with them or into adult interactions with staff or other guests 2/8 Approaches to Sociological Research In general, sociologists tackle questions about the role of social characteristics in outcomes For example, how different communities fare in terms of psychological well-being, community cohesiveness, range of vocation, wealth, crime rates, and so on? Are communities functioning smoothly? Sociologists look between the cracks to discover obstacles to meeting basic human needs They might study environmental influences and patterns of behavior that lead to crime, substance abuse, divorce, poverty, unplanned pregnancies, or illness And, because sociological studies are not all focused on negative behaviors or challenging situations, researchers might study vacation trends, healthy eating habits, neighborhood organizations, higher education patterns, games, parks, and exercise habits Sociologists ...Hindawi Publishing Corporation Fixed Point Theory and Applications Volume 2011, Article ID 282171, 18 pages doi:10.1155/2011/282171 Research Article Iterative Approaches to Find Zeros of Maximal Monotone Operators by Hybrid Approximate Proximal Point Methods Lu Chuan Ceng, 1 Yeong Cheng Liou, 2 and Eskandar Naraghirad 3 1 Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Normal University, S hanghai 200234, China 2 Department of Information Management, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan 3 Department of Mathematics, Yasouj University, Yasouj 75914, Iran Correspondence should be addressed to Eskandar Naraghirad, eskandarrad@gmail.com Received 18 August 2010; Accepted 23 September 2010 Academic Editor: Jen Chih Yao Copyright q 2011 Lu Chuan Ceng et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The purpose of t his paper is to introduce and investigate two kinds of iterative algorithms for the problem of finding zeros of maximal monotone operators. Weak and strong convergence theorems are established in a real Hilbert space. As applications, we consider a problem of finding a minimizer of a convex function. 1. Introduction Let C be a nonempty, closed, and convex subset of a real Hilbert space H.Inthispaper,we always assume that T : C → 2 H is a maximal monotone operator. A classical method to solve the following set-valued equation: 0 ∈ Tx 1.1 is the proximal point method. To be more precise, start with any point x 0 ∈ H,andupdate x n1 iteratively conforming to the following recursion: x n ∈ x n1 λ n Tx n1 , ∀n ≥ 0 , 1.2 where {λ n }⊂λ, ∞λ>0 is a sequence of real numbers. However, as pointed out in 1,the ideal form of the method is often impractical since, in many cases, to solve the problem 1.2 2 Fixed Point Theory and Applications exactly is either impossible or has the same difficulty as the original problem 1.1. Therefore, one of t he most interesting and important problems in the theory of maximal monotone operators is to find an efficient iterative algorithm to compute approximate zeros of T. In 1976, Rockafellar 2 gave an inexact variant of the method x 0 ∈ H, x n e n1 ∈ x n1 λ n Tx n1 , ∀n ≥ 0, 1.3 where {e n } is regarded as an error sequence. This is an inexact proximal point method. It was shown that, if ∞ n0 e n < ∞, 1.4 the sequence {x n } defined by 1.3 converges weakly to a zero of T provided that T −1 0 / ∅. In 3,G ¨ uler obtained an example to show that Rockafellar’s inexact proximal point method 1.3 does not converge strongly, in general. Recently, many authors studied the problems of modifying Rockafellar’s inexact proximal point method 1.3 in order to strong convergence to be guaranteed. In 2008, Ceng et al. 4 gave new accuracy criteria to modified approximate proximal point algorithms in Hilbert spaces; that is, they established strong and weak convergence theorems for modified approximate proximal point algorithms for finding zeros of maximal monotone operators in Hilbert spaces. In the meantime, Cho et al. 5 proved the following strong convergence result. Theorem CKZ 1. Let H be a real Hilbert space, Ω a n onempty closed convex subset of H,and T : Ω → 2 H a maximal monotone operator with T −1 0 Hindawi Publishing Corporation EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking Volume 2010, Article ID 926275, 11 pages doi:10.1155/2010/926275 Research Article Novel Approaches to Enhance Mobile WiMAX Security Taeshik Shon, 1 Bonhyun Koo, 1 Jong Hyuk Park, 2 and Hangbae Chang 3 1 Convergence S/W Laboratory, DMC R&D Center, Samsung Electronics, Dong Suwon P.O. Box 105, Maetan-3dong, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 442-600, Republic of Korea 2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University of Technology, 172, Gongreung 2-dong, Nowon, Seoul 139-743, Republic of Korea 3 Department of Business Administration, Daejin University, San 11-1, Sundan-Dong, Pocheon-Si, Gyunggi-Do 487-711, Republic of Korea Correspondence should be addressed to Hangbae Chang, hbchang@daejin.ac.kr Received 26 February 2010; Accepted 5 July 2010 Academic Editor: Liang Zhou Copyright © 2010 Taeshik Shon et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The IEEE 802.16 Working Group on Broadband Wireless Access Standards released IEEE 802.16-2004 which is a standardized technology for supporting broadband and wireless communication with fixed and nomadic access. After the IEEE 802.16-2004 standard, a new advanced and revised standard was released as the IEEE 802.16e-2005 amendment which is foundation of Mobile WiMAX network supporting handover and roaming capabilities. In the area of security aspects, compared to IEEE 802.16-2004, IEEE 802.16e, called Mobile WiMAX, adopts improved security architecture—PKMv2 which includes EAP authentication, AES- based authenticated encryption, and CMAC or HMAC message protection. However, there is no guarantee that PKMv2-based Mobile WiMAX network will not have security flaws. In this paper, we investigate the current Mobile WiMAX security architecture focusing mainly on pointing out new security vulnerabilities such as a disclosure of security context in network entry, a lack of secure communication in network domain, and a necessity of efficient handover supporting mutual authentication. Based on the investigation results, we propose a novel Mobile WiMAX security architecture, called RObust and Secure MobilE WiMAX (ROSMEX), to prevent the new security vulnerabilities. 1. Introduction More and more, our life is closely related to a variety of networking environments for using Internet-based services and applications. The ever-changing trends of our lifestyle require faster speed, lower cost, more broadband capacity, as well as nomadic and mobility support. Due to these reasons and demands, IEEE 802.16 working group has created new standards with mobility access called the IEEE 802.16e-2005 amendment. It has also been developed by many working groups of the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Forum, similar to Wi- Fi in IEEE 802.11 standards. The WiMAX Forum tries to coordinate the interoperability and compatibility of various company products as a field standard. Specifically, Mobile WiMAX technology is considered as one of the best next-generation wireless technologies because it can support high-speed, broadband data transmission, fully- supported mobility, and wide coverage and high capacity [1–4]. From a security viewpoint, the Mobile WiMAX system based on the IEEE 802.16e-2005 amendment has more enhanced security features than the existing IEEE 802.16- based WiMAX network system. The improved core part of the security architecture in Mobile WiMAX, called PKM v2, is operated as a security sublayer in a MAC layer like PKMv1 in IEEE 802.16-2004. The PKMv2 Hindawi Publishing Corporation EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking Volume 2008, Article ID 160307, 10 pages doi:10.1155/2008/160307 Research Article Practical Approaches to Adaptive Resource Allocation in OFDM Systems N. Y. Ermolova and B. Makarevitch Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, P.O. Box 3000, 02015 TKK, Finland Correspondence should be addressed to N. Y. Ermolova, natalia.ermolova@tkk.fi Received 30 April 2007; Revised 6 September 2007; Accepted 28 September 2007 Recommended by Luc Vandendorpe Whenever a communication system operates in a time-frequency dispersive radio channel, the link adaptation provides a benefit in terms of any system performance metric by employing time, frequency, and, in case of multiple users, multiuser diversities. With respect to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system, link adaptation includes bit, power, and subcarrier allocations. While the well-known water-filling principle provides the optimal solution for both margin-maximization and rate- maximization problems, implementation complexity often makes difficult its application in practical systems. This paper presents a few suboptimal (low-complexity) adaptive loading algorithms for both single- and multiuser OFDM systems. We show that the single-user system performance can be improved by suitable power loading and an algorithm based on the incomplete channel state information is derived. At the same time, the power loading in a multiuser system only slightly affects performance while the initial subcarrier allocation has a rather big impact. A number of subcarrier allocation algorithms are discussed and the best one is derived on the basis of the order statistics theory. Copyright © 2008 N. Y. Ermolova and B. Makarevitch. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1. INTRODUCTION For a few last decades, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has gained a lot of practical and re- search interest because of the number of advantages that this technique exhibits compared with the single carrier modu- lation formats. These are primarily provisions of a high bi- trate in a fading environment and relatively simple equalizer structure. In OFDM, a high bitrate is provided by frequency multiplexing where data is conveyed by a number of subcar- riers. High spectral efficiency results from spectral overlap- ping of the data conveyed by the different subcarriers and its separation at the receiver is possible due to special assign- ment of frequency spacing between the subcarriers. OFDM is accepted as the standard in many current communication systems (e.g., [1–3]) and is considered as a strong candidate for next generation systems. ButwhenanOFDMsystemoperatesinatime-dispersive radio channel, the subcarriers with deep fading significantly deteriorate reliability of the data transmission, that is, en- hance the error probability. A way to support reliable data transmission through spectrally shaped radio channels is to load each subcarrier according to the channel state in- formation (CSI). Under a constrained transmit power, the well-known water-filling principle [4] gives the optimal so- lution of the problems of maximizing the bitrate under a constrained bit-error rate (BER) or BER minimizing under providing a given bitrate. The former problem is called rate maximization and the latter one is margin maximization [5]. Margin maximization is often formulated in the literature as the problem of power minimization under fixed bit and bit- CLINICAL, RESEARCH AND TREATMENT APPROACHES TO AFFECTIVE DISORDERS Edited by Mario Francisco Juruena Clinical, Research and Treatment Approaches to Affective Disorders Edited by Mario Francisco Juruena Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Anja Filipovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Clinical, Research and Treatment Approaches to Affective Disorders, Edited by Mario Francisco Juruena p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0177-2 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Clinical 1 Chapter 1 Biological Prediction of Suicidal Behavior in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder 3 Yong-Ku Kim Chapter 2 Self-Reported Symptoms Related to Depression and Suicidal Risk 19 Kouichi Yoshimasu, Shigeki Takemura, Jin Fukumoto and Kazuhisa Miyashita Chapter 3 Chronobiological Aspects of Mood Disorders 35 Rosa Levandovski, Ana Harb, Fabiana Bernardi and Maria Paz Loayza Hidalgo Chapter 4 Mood Disorders in Individuals with Genetic Syndromes and Intellectual Disability 49 Maria Cristina Triguero Veloz Teixeira, Maria Luiza Guedes de Mesquita, Marcos Vinícius de Araújo, Laís Pereira Khoury and Luiz Renato Rodrigues Carreiro Chapter 5 Mood Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease 73 Jennifer L. Gordon, Kim L. Lavoie, André Arsenault, Blaine Ditto and Simon L. Bacon Part 2 Childhood and Adolescence 103 Chapter 6 Mood Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence and Their Outcome in Adulthood 105 Ulf Engqvist Chapter 7 Different Types of Childhood Adverse Experiences and Mood Disorders 143 Alessandra Alciati VI Contents Part 3 Neurobiology 165 Chapter 8 Bipolar Disorder: Diagnosis, Neuroanatomical and Biochemical Background 167 Kristina R. Semeniken and Bertalan Dudás Chapter 9 Neurotransmission in Mood Disorders 191 Zdeněk Fišar, Jana Hroudová and Jiří Raboch Chapter 10 Depression Viewed as a GABA/Glutamate Imbalance in the Central Nervous System 235 Joanna M. ... Prior to conducting a study, researchers are careful to apply operational definitions to their terms and to establish dependent and independent variables 6/8 Approaches to Sociological Research. .. will happen to all people in a group Researchers also strive for validity, which refers to how well the study measures what it was designed to measure Returning to the Disney World topic, reliability... hygiene are worthy topics to study Sociologists not rule out any topic, but would strive to frame these questions in better research terms That is why sociologists are careful to define their terms