Theories of Race and Ethnicity

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Cancer in Massachusetts by Race and Ethnicity, 2000-2004 The Massachusetts Cancer Registry, Massachusetts Department of Public Health ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Purpose 1 Methods 1 Data Sources 1 Technical Notes 2 Background 5 Race and Ethnicity in Massachusetts 5 Cancer Counts 6 Cancer Incidence Rates 7 Cancer Rates among Males 8 Cancer Rates among Females 9 Median Age at Cancer Diagnosis 10 Stage at Diagnosis 11 Tumor Size at Diagnosis…………………………………………………… 13 Cancer by Selected Ethnic Groups 14 Cancer Mortality 18 Disparities in Cancer Incidence and Mortality 20 Discussion and Implications for Prevention and Early Detection 24 Acknowledgements 29 References 30 Appendices 33 Appendix A: Race codes for the Massachusetts Cancer Registry 33 Appendix B: Hispanic ethnicity codes for the Massachusetts Cancer Registry 33 Appendix C: Invasive cancer counts and percents by primary site and racial/ethnic group, males, Massachusetts, 2000-2004 34 Appendix D: Invasive cancer counts and percents by primary site and racial/ethnic group, females, Massachusetts, 2000-2004 35 Appendix E: Population estimates by age, race/ethnicity, and sex, Massachusetts, 2000-2004 36 iii Listing of Tables and Figures Figure 1. Racial/ethnic distribution of the Massachusetts population, 2005 estimates 6 Figure 2. Racial distribution of new cancer cases by race/ethnicity and sex, Massachusetts, 2000-2004 7 Figure 3. Age-adjusted incidence rates and 95% confidence limits of all cancer sites combined by race/ethnicity and sex, Massachusetts, 2000-2004 8 Table 1. Rank and age-adjusted incidence rates of the ten leading cancers by race/ethnicity, Massachusetts males, 2000-2004 9 Table 2. Rank and age-adjusted incidence rates of the ten leading cancers by race/ethnicity, Massachusetts females, 2000-2004 10 Figure 4. Median age at diagnosis of leading cancers by race/ethnicity and sex, Massachusetts, 2000-2004 11 Figure 5. Stage at diagnosis by race/ethnicity for prostate cancer, Massachusetts males, 2000-2004 12 Figure 6. Stage at diagnosis by race/ethnicity for breast cancer, Massachusetts females, 2000-2004 13 Figure 7. Tumor size at diagnosis by race/ethnicity for breast cancer, Massachusetts females, 2000-2004 14 Figure 8. Distribution of the five leading cancers by Hispanic origin and sex, Massachusetts, 2000-2004 15 Figure 9. Distribution of the five leading cancers among Haitians, by sex, Massachusetts, 2000-2004 16 Figure 10. Distribution of the five leading cancers among persons born in a Portuguese-speaking country, by sex, Massachusetts, 2000-2004 16 Figure 11. Distribution of the five leading cancers by Asian origin and sex, Massachusetts, 2000-2004 17 Table 3. Rank and age-adjusted mortality rates for the ten leading causes of cancer deaths by race/ethnicity, Massachusetts males, 2000-2004 19 Table 4. Rank and age-adjusted mortality rates for the ten leading causes of cancer deaths by race/ethnicity, Massachusetts females, 2000-2004 20 1 Cancer in Massachusetts by Race and Ethnicity, 2000-2004 The Massachusetts Cancer Registry, Massachusetts Department of Public Health PURPOSE Cancer in Massachusetts by Race and Ethnicity, Theories of Race and Ethnicity Theories of Race and Ethnicity Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Theoretical Perspectives Issues of race and ethnicity can be observed through three major sociological perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism As you read through these theories, ask yourself which one makes the most sense, and why Is more than one theory needed to explain racism, prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination? Functionalism In the view of functionalism, racial and ethnic inequalities must have served an important function in order to exist as long as they have This concept, of course, is problematic How can racism and discrimination contribute positively to society? Sociologists who adhere to the functionalist view argue that racism and discrimination contribute positively, but only to the dominant group Historically, it has indeed served dominant groups well to discriminate against subordinate groups Slavery, of course, was beneficial to slaveholders Holding racist views can benefit those who want to deny rights and privileges to people they view as inferior to them, but over time, racism harms society Outcomes of race-based disenfranchisement—such as poverty levels, crime rates, and discrepancies in employment and education opportunities—illustrate the long-term (and clearly negative) results of slavery and racism in American society Conflict Theory Conflict theories are often applied to inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity A conflict theory perspective of U.S history would examine the numerous past and current struggles between the white ruling class and racial and ethnic minorities, noting specific conflicts that have arisen when the dominant group perceived a threat from the minority group In the late 19th century, the rising power of black Americans after the Civil War resulted in draconian Jim Crow laws that severely limited black political and social power The years since then have showed a pattern of 1/4 Theories of Race and Ethnicity attempted disenfranchisement, with gerrymandering and voter suppression efforts aimed at predominantly minority neighborhoods Feminist sociologist Patricia Hill Collins (1990) developed intersection theory, which suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes When we examine race and how it can bring us both advantages and disadvantages, it is important to acknowledge that the way we experience race is shaped, for example, by our gender and class Multiple layers of disadvantage intersect to create the way we experience race For example, if we want to understand prejudice, we must understand that the prejudice focused on a white woman because of her gender is very different from the layered prejudice focused on a poor Asian woman, who is affected by stereotypes related to being poor, being a woman, and her ethnic status Interactionism For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity In fact, some interactionists propose that the symbols of race, not race itself, are what lead to racism Famed Interactionist Herbert Blumer (1958) suggested that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group: Without these interactions, individuals in the dominant group would not hold racist views These interactions contribute to an abstract picture of the subordinate group that allows the dominant group to support its view of the subordinate group, thus maintaining the status quo An example of this might be an individual whose beliefs about a particular group are based on images conveyed in popular media, and those are unquestionably believed because the individual has never personally met a member of that group Culture of Prejudice Culture of prejudice refers to the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture We grow up surrounded by images of stereotypes and casual expressions of racism and prejudice Consider the casually racist imagery on grocery store shelves or the stereotypes that fill popular movies and advertisements It is easy to see how someone living in the Northeastern United States, who may know no Mexican Americans personally, might gain a stereotyped impression from such sources as Speedy Gonzalez or Taco Bell’s talking Chihuahua Because we are all exposed to these images and thoughts, it is impossible to know to what extent they have influenced our thought processes Summary Functionalist views of race study the role dominant and subordinate groups play to create a stable social structure Conflict theorists examine power disparities and 2/4 Theories of Race and Ethnicity struggles between various racial and ethnic groups Interactionists see race and ethnicity as important sources of individual identity and social symbolism The concept of culture of prejudice recognizes that all people are subject to stereotypes that are ingrained in their culture Section Quiz As a ...Zhiming Liu Jim Woodcock Huibiao Zhu (Eds.) Theories of Programming and Formal Methods Festschrift LNCS 8051 Essays Dedicated to Jifeng He on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday 123 www.it-ebooks.info Lecture Notes in Computer Science 8051 Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors: Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen Editorial Board David Hutchison Lancaster University, UK Takeo Kanade Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Josef Kittler University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Jon M. Kleinberg Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Alfred Kobsa University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Friedemann Mattern ETH Zurich, Switzerland John C. Mitchell Stanford University, CA, USA Moni Naor Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Oscar Nierstrasz University of Bern, Switzerland C. Pandu Rangan Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Bernhard Steffen TU Dortmund University, Germany Madhu Sudan Microsoft Research, Cambridge, MA, USA Demetri Terzopoulos University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Doug Tygar University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Gerhard Weikum Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany www.it-ebooks.info Zhiming Liu JimWoodcock HuibiaoZhu (Eds.) Theories of Programming and Formal Methods Essays Dedicated to Jifeng He on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday 13 www.it-ebooks.info Volume Editors Zhiming Liu United Nations University International Institute for Software Technology P.O. Box 3058, Macau, China E-mail: z.liu@iist.unu.edu Jim Woodcock University of York, Department of Computer Science Deramore Lane, York YO10 5GH, UK E-mail: jim@cs.york.ac.uk Huibiao Zhu East China Normal University, Software Engineering Institute 3663 Zhongshan Road (North), Shanghai 200062, China E-mail: hbzhu@sei.ecnu.edu.cn ISSN 0302-9743 e-ISSN 1611-3349 ISBN 978-3-642-39697-7 e-ISBN 978-3-642-39698-4 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-39698-4 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2013943015 CR Subject Classification (1998): F.3, D.2.4, D.2, F.1, F.4, D.3, I.6 LNCS Sublibrary: SL 1 – Theoretical Computer Science and General Issues © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 This work is subject to copyright. 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ÆTHERFORCE THE author desires to record his gratitude to Mr. W. W. EOUSE BALL, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and to Professor W. McF. ORR, F.R.S., of the Royal College of Science for Ireland ; these friends have read the proof-sheets, and have made many helpful suggestions and criticisms. Thanks are also 'due to the BOARD OF TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN, for the financial assistance which made possible the publication of the work. 236360 ÆTHERFORCE CONTENTS. CHAPTEK I. y THE THEORY OF THE AETHER IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. Page Matter and aether, . . . . . . .1 The physical writings of Descartes, 2 Early history of magnetism : Petrus Peregrinus, Gilbert, Descartes, 7 Fermat attacks Descartes' theory of light : the principle of least time, 10 Hooke's undulat>ry theory : the advance of wave -fronts, . . 11 Newton overthrows Hooke's theory of colours, . . .15 Conception of the aether in the writings of Newton, . . 17 Newton's theories of the periodicity of homogeneous light, and of fits of easy transmission, . . ,20 The velocity of light : Galileo, Roemer, . . . .21 Huygens' Traite de la lumiere : his theories of the propagation of waves, and of crystalline optics, . . .22 Newton shows that rays obtained by double refraction have sides : his objections to the undulatory theory, . . .28 X CHAPTER II. ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC SCIENCE, PRIOR TO THE INTRODUCTION OF THE POTENTIALS. The electrical researches of Gilbert : the theory of emanations, . 29 State of physical science in the first half of the eighteenth century, 32 Gray discovers electric conduction : Desaguliers, . . 37 The electric fluid, 38 Du Fay distinguishes vitreous and resinous electricity, . .39 Xollet's effluent and affluent streams, . . . .40 The Leyden phial, . . 41 The one-fluid theory : ideas of Watson and Franklin, . . 42 Final overthrow by Aepinus of the doctrine of effluvia, . . 48 Priestley discovers the law of electrostatic force, . . .50 ÆTHERFORCE viii Contents. Page Cavendish, . 51 Michell discovers the law of magnetic force, . . . .54 The two-fluid theory : Coulomb, . . . . .56 Limited mobility of the magnetic fluids, . . .58 Poisson's mathematical theory of electrostatics, . . .59 The equivalent surface- and volume-distributions of magnetism : Poisson's theory of magnetic induction, . . .64 Green's Nottingham memoir, . . . . .65 CHAPTER III. GALVANISM, FROM GALVANI TO OHM. Sulzer's discovery, . .67 Galvanic phenomena, 68 Rival hypotheses regarding the galvanic fluid, , . .70 The voltaic pile, 72 Nicholson and Carlisle decompose water voltaically, . . 75 Davy's chemical theory of the pile, 76 Grothuss' chain, . . . . . . .78 De La Rive's hypothesis, . . . . . .79 Berzelius' scheme ÆTHERFORCE ÆTHERFORCE ÆTHERFORCE ÆTHERFORCE ÆTHERFORCE ÆTHERFORCE ÆTHERFORCE ÆTHERFORCE ÆTHERFORCE ÆTHERFORCE [...]... THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF THE ORCE RF McGilloway et al. BMC Psychiatry 2010, 10:33 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/10/33 Open Access RESEARCH ARTICLE BioMed Central © 2010 McGilloway et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Com- mons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduc- tion in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Research article A systematic review of personality disorder, race and ethnicity: prevalence, aetiology and treatment Angela McGilloway 1 , Ruth E Hall 1 , Tennyson Lee 4 and Kamaldeep S Bhui* 2,3,4 Abstract Background: Although psychoses and ethnicity are well researched, the importance of culture, race and ethnicity has been overlooked in Personality Disorders (PD) research. This study aimed to review the published literature on ethnic variations of prevalence, aetiology and treatment of PD. Method: A systematic review of studies of PD and race, culture and ethnicity including a narrative synthesis of observational data and meta-analyses of prevalence data with tests for heterogeneity. Results: There were few studies with original data on personality disorder and ethnicity. Studies varied in their classification of ethnic group, and few studies defined a specific type of personality disorder. Overall, meta-analyses revealed significant differences in prevalence between black and white groups (OR 0.476, CIs 0.248 - 0.915, p = 0.026) but no differences between Asian or Hispanic groups compared with white groups. Meta-regression analyses found that heterogeneity was explained by some study characteristics: a lower prevalence of PD was reported among black compared with white patients in UK studies, studies using case-note diagnoses rather than structured diagnostic interviews, studies of borderline PD compared with the other PD, studies in secure and inpatient compared with community settings, and among subjects with co-morbid disorders compared to the rest. The evidence base on aetiology and treatment was small. Conclusion: There is some evidence of ethnic variations in prevalence of personality disorder but methodological characteristics are likely to account for some of the variation. The findings may indicate neglect of PD diagnosis among ethnic groups, or a true lower prevalence amongst black patients. Further studies are required using more precise cultural and ethnic groups. Background Personality Disorder (PD) is defined by the World Health Organisation as "a severe disturbance in the charactero- logical condition and behavioural tendencies of the indi- vidual, usually involving several areas of the personality, and nearly always associated with considerable personal and social disruption"[1]. The nature, diagnosis and categorisation of PD has been widely deliberated among mental health profession- als, yet has been subjected to little empirical research [2]. Nonetheless, a good deal of information is known regard- ing PD [3]. One aspect that has been overlooked that may reveal a better understanding about the aetiology and treatment of personality disorder is the impact of culture, race and ethnicity on PD [2]. Black and minority ethnic groups are known to be over-represented in mental health services, especially in forensic and secure settings and inpatient care. Similar studies of PD are uncommon. PD research is fraught with problems. The category of PD has been criticised as culturally biased [4] and that the diagnosis is a reflection of North American and Western European concepts of personality functioning [5]. Behav- ioural norms in one culture may be considered deviant in another, however, there are insufficient studies address- ing the role of ethnicity in diagnostic practice [5]. This study aimed to systematically review all available pub- lished literature that addresses PD prevalence, aetiology and treatment in relation to ... disparities and 2/4 Theories of Race and Ethnicity struggles between various racial and ethnic groups Interactionists see race and ethnicity as important sources of individual identity and social... and her ethnic status Interactionism For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity In fact, some interactionists propose that the symbols of race, .. .Theories of Race and Ethnicity attempted disenfranchisement, with gerrymandering and voter suppression efforts aimed at predominantly minority