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Hospital English: the Brilliant learning workbook for international nurses Catharine Arakelian Mark Bartram Alison Magnall Radcliffe Medical Press Radcliffe Medical Press Ltd 18 Marcham Road Abingdon Oxon OX14 1AA United Kingdom www.radcliffe-oxford.com The Radcliffe Medical Press electronic catalogue and online ordering facility. Direct sales to anywhere in the world. Hospital English: the brilliant learning workbook for international nurses © 2003 Catharine Arakelian, Mark Bartram and Alison Magnall The right of Catharine Arakelian, Mark Bartram and Alison Magnall to be identified as the authors of this Work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 1 857758641 Typeset by Meg Richardson Printed and bound by T J International, Padstow, Cornwall Contents Foreword by Maura Buchanan 7 Before you start Welcome 9 How to use this book 10 How this book is organised 10 Your new professional identity 12 Stages on the journey of cultural adaptation 13 Getting ready 15 Unit 1 1.1 Noticing ‘real’ English 16 1.2 Words words words 18 1.3 Cultural map of chatting 21 1.4 If you don’t know, ask 24 1.5 Where I work 27 1.6 The National Health Service 28 1.7 The pluses and minuses of working in the UK 30 Assignment Make a detailed plan of your clinical area 32 Unit 2 2.1 Hello Goodbye 34 2.2 Words that stand out 37 2.3 Taking phone calls 39 2.4 Who do you know? 47 2.5 Organisation of care 48 Assignment Make an organisation chart of all the people who work 50 in your clinical area Unit 3 3.1 Intonation’s important, innit? 52 3.2 What use is a dictionary? 53 3.3 Sub-technical language 55 3.4 Admitting your patient 56 3.5 Maria’s story - Asking your supervisor for feedback 60 3.6 Kolb and reflective learning 62 Assignment Create a user guide for a piece of equipment 66 Unit 4 4.1 Short forms 68 4.2 Linking sounds together 69 4.3 Telling an anecdote 70 4.4 Confidentiality 72 4.5 How’s your bridging? 74 4.6 Acknowledging your limitations 76 4.7 Review 79 Assignment Make a profile of one patient’s experience of hospital 80 Unit 5 5.1 Health promotion 82 5.2 Handover 87 5.3 Hospital diet lexicon 94 5.4 Making suggestions 98 5.5 Rhythm of English 100 5.6 Interpreting graphs 102 Assignment Prepare a short talk on a clinical subject 108 Unit 6 6.1 Moving and handling 110 6.2 Communication while moving a patient 113 6.3 Maria’s story - Assertiveness 116 6.4 Moving and handling lexicon 120 6.5 Word families 122 6.6 Being part of a team 126 6.7 The ward round 128 Assignment Interview two members of your team. Make a questionnaire 132 Unit 7 7.1 Transferring your patient 134 7.2 Making phone calls 137 7.3 Record keeping 140 7.4 The legal framework 143 Assignment Transfer of care in your hospital 146 Unit 8 8.1 Infection control 148 8.2 Communication while giving personal care 151 8.3 Did you get a sample? 154 8.4 Slang on the loo 156 8.5 Your competency framework 160 8.6 Present your talk 162 Assignment Assess your language and communication skills 163 and make an action plan Brilliant resources Building my Brilliant portfolio 166 Working with a Brilliant buddy 167 Making and taking a Brilliant call 170 Pilot’s alphabet 172 Self-assessment 174 Strategies for learning by yourself 176 Keys to exercises 178 Notes to trainers A note about the cultural perspective 186 How this book is Hospital technology Complete power supply solutions for medical locations with the regulation and control system HospEC ® Overview catalogue Our sales offices in your vicinity HEADQUARTERS ESA Elektroschaltanlagen Grimma GmbH Broner Ring 30 D-04668 Grimma Tel.: +49 (0) 3437 92 11-0 Fax: +49 (0) 3437 92 11-26 E-mail: info@esa-grimma.com Internet: www.esa-grimma.com Rostock Hamburg ARNSBERG SALES OFFICE ESA Elektroschaltanlagen Grimma GmbH Asternwinkel D-59755 Arnsberg Tel: +49 (0) 2932 89 11 87 Fax: +49 (0) 3437 92 11 20 310 RAUENBERG SALES OFFICE ESA Elektroschaltanlagen Grimma GmbH Römerstr 2a D-69231 Rauenberg Tel.: +49 (0) 7253 93 49 42 Fax: +49 (0) 7253 93 49 48 Berlin Hannover Köln Arnsberg Leipzig Grimma Bonn Frankfurt Rauenberg NEUFAHRN SALES OFFICE ESA Elektroschaltanlagen Grimma GmbH Carl-Diem-Straße 12 D-85375 Neufahrn Tel: +49 (0) 8165 40 94 660 Fax: +49 (0) 3437 92 11 20 300 Neufahrn München Grimma location: Manufacture and administration on an area of 7000 m² – modern switch cabinet construction, CNC machining centre, electronics production, research and development The corporation: ESA Elektroschaltanlagen Grimma GmbH Expertise in low-voltage switch cabinets ESA Elektroschaltanlagen Grimma GmbH is an expanding mid-sized company in the electrotechnical industry We operate on the basis of a quality management system and are certified according to DIN ISO 9001:2000 At its foundation in 1992, the company began with the manufacture of low-voltage switch cabinets Today, we offer system solutions around the world for reliable power supply for railways, industry, buildings and hospitals Take advantage of our years of experience to fulfil the unique requirements for reliable power supply in hospitals and medical facilities ■ In-house technical innovations, ■ Continuous product development, Our products ■ Technical expertise and experience, ■ Quality, reliability and ■ Service establish the foundation for forward-looking technical solutions and shape the corporate philosophy of ESA Elektroschaltanlagen Grimma GmbH Always guiding our actions is the motto: Utmost human and operational safety of our products! Certified hospital quality Our products and system solutions ■ Low-voltage switch cabinets in type-tested (TTA) and partially type-tested (PTTA) versions ■ Regulation and control system for power supply of medical locations in accordance with IEC 60364-7-710:2002-11/ DIN VDE 0100-710:2002-11 ■ Annunciator and control panels in foil technology ■ Insulation, residual and operating current monitoring systems Services ■ Consultation for developing designs ■ conform with the latest standards and regulations and ■ Performing network analyses ■ are tested and certified by independent test laboratories ■ Planning and project management ■ Instruction and training of your personnel ■ Service by hotline ■ Maintenance and repair service Hospital technology – Overview catalogue Overview catalogue Complete power supply solutions for medical locations with the regulation and control system HospEC® Requirements Electric company + The patient is at the heart of a hospital or a medical institution An interruption of the power supply can lead to critical situations in the treatment and thereby endanger the health of the patients in extreme cases 1.1 GS N ZEP >I PE >I PAS Thus, medical locations require highly modern, reliable electrical supply equipment Keeping this in mind, the regulation and control system HospEC® was developed by ESA Elektroschaltanlagen Grimma GmbH for the reliable supply of hospitals We thereby fulfil the highest requirements for the reliability of power supply in medical locations according to IEC 60364-7-710:2002-11 and DIN VDE 0100-710:2002-11 2.4  I I 24V  24V ,, 1.2 Our solution HospEC® – One system GS The regulation and control system HospEC® is an integrated system solution for reliable, convenient and economic power supply of hospitals With our technology, we optimally realise all necessary regulation, monitoring and control tasks of a hospital or a medical institution  2.6 The flexibility of HospEC® allows for efficient application in the most diverse individual situations The system impresses with its complex functionality and simple planning and installation Significant cost advantages are also gained during operation and maintenance as well as during expansion or modification  24V Your advantages ■ Reliable monitoring, archiving, control and display of the operational status of the system according to standards I I 24V  1.4 "    ■ Integrated concept with open system architecture '() '()  ■ Compatibility with third-party components through links with other bus systems via digital input/output modules and bus couplers # # ■ Easy extension or adaptation by modular structure ■ All information is available outside the sterile areas  ■ Realisation of energy, capacity and cost optimisation    ■ Cost and time advantages during planning, installation and ...[...]... are bothered by what their brains are doing For example, you may get easily distracted and may have trouble getting through your day, but you can focus your attention some of the time, are able to consider the fact that your brain is causing these symptoms, and are ready, at least to some extent, to put forth effort to make changes in your life If you are already in therapy, you can work with your therapist... that you do have control over your responses to these deceptive brain messages and you can use your understanding of how the brain works to your advantage by using our Four Step approach Let’s begin! PART ONE A Sense of Self CHAPTER 1 You Are Not Your Brain Nothing is more confusing or painful than when your brain takes over your thoughts, attacks your selfworth, questions your abilities, overpowers you. .. deal with them For now, we simply want you to start becoming aware of all the times during the day that your brain tries to tell you one thing, whereas your goals or intentions would guide you to do something else You Are Not Your Brain Now that you understand what deceptive brain messages are and how much damage they can cause, you likely want to know the solution: constructively focusing your attention... said, the fact that you are up against some intense brain biology does not get you off the hook or give you an excuse to give up—only you can free yourself from the tyranny of bad brain circuits Summary • Your brain sends you false messages all the time throughout your day • These messages often are destructive and can prevent you from achieving your goals • Deceptive brain messages are any thoughts,... DISORDER If biology is not destiny and the brain is constantly sending out false messages, then it follows that you are not what your brain is trying to say you are You are not a bad person just because those inaccurate and highly deceptive brain messages are present in your head Rather, you are a person who is experiencing an onslaught of brain- based communications that are not true Accepting this fact, we... that there is no way to alter how your brain functions, you are essentially powerless to live life on your terms There’s no place from which to make a change because the very thing that is generating the deceptive brain messages appears to be running the show The good news is that you have an ally that can help you sculpt your brain to work for you, rather than against you: the mind Although there are. .. impulses, or desires that take you away from your true goals and intentions in life • You are not defined by the thoughts in your head • The mind and the brain are distinct entities • The Wise Advocate can help you decide how to act and how you perceive/think about things • The mind chooses how you focus your attention • You have the ability to define your true self and align your actions with those goals... accomplishments The Wise Advocate knows what you are thinking, can see the deceptive brain messages for what they are and where they came from, understands how you feel (physically, emotionally), and is aware of how destructive and unhealthy your habitual, automatic responses have been [...]... Contents x 11 .3 11 .4 11 .5 11 .6 11 .2 .1 Permutations 11 .2.2 Combinations 11 .2.3 Binomial Probability Measures of Central Tendency 11 .3 .1 Mean 11 .3.2 Median 11 .3.3 Midrange 11 .3.4 Mode 11 .3.5 Weighted Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion 11 .4 .1 Range 11 .4.2 Variance 11 .4.3 Standard Deviation Normal Distribution 11 .5 .1 Normal Curve Standard Normal Curve 11 .5.2 Calculating f(x) 11 .5.3 Probability... Models 12 .1 Numerical Differentiation 12 .2 Numerical Integration 12 .2 .1 Integration by the Trapezoidal Rule 12 .2.2 Integration by Simpson's Rule 311 311 313 316 319 319 3 21 3 21 323 327 332 333 336 Chapter 13 — Linear Systems Chapter Summary 13 .0 Linear Equations 13 .0 .1 Systems of Linear Equations 13 .0.2 Matrix Representations of Linear Systems 13 .1 Numeric Data in Matrix Form 13 .1. 1 Matrices in C++ 13 .1. 2... 20.5 .1 Selecting a Font 20.5.2 Drawing with Text 511 515 518 518 523 Chapter 21 — Keyboard and Mouse Programming Chapter Summary 21. 0 Keyboard Input 21. 1 Input Focus 21. 1 .1 Keystroke Processing 21. 1.2 Determining the Key State 21. 1.3 Character Code Processing 21. 1.4 Keyboard Demonstration Program 21. 2 The Caret 21. 2 .1 Caret Processing 21. 2.2 Caret Demonstration Program 21. 3 Mouse Programming 21. 3 .1 Mouse... PolyBezier() 23.4 .10 Drawing with PolyBezierTo() 23.4 .11 Drawing with PolyDraw() 23.4 .12 Pixel and Line Demonstration Program 597 597 598 599 600 600 602 603 607 610 611 611 613 615 617 617 618 618 619 620 6 21 6 21 622 623 624 624 626 629 629 633 Chapter 24 — Drawing Solid Figures Chapter Summary 24.0 Closed Figures 24 .1 Closed Figure Elements 24 .1. 1 Brush Origin 24 .1. 2 Object Selection Macros 24 .1. 3 Polygon... 3 81 382 382 386 Chapter 15 — Neural Networks Chapter Summary 15 .0 Reverse-Engineering the Brain 15 .0 .1 The Biological Neuron 15 .0.2 The Artificial Neuron 15 .0.3 Artificial Neural Networks 15 .1 The Network as a Classifier 15 .1. 1 Multiple-Node Networks 15 .1. 2 Software Model for Neural Nets 15 .2 The Perceptron 15 .2 .1 Perceptron as a Classifier 15 .2.2 Perceptron Learning 15 .2.3 Training the Perceptron 15 .2.4... Files 17 .3.3 Resource Files 17 .3.4 Make Files 17 .3.5 Object Files 17 .3.6 Executable Files 17 .3.7 Dynamic Linking 4 31 4 31 432 432 434 434 434 436 436 436 436 437 437 437 438 438 439 440 440 4 41 442 444 Chapter 18 — The Window Program Components Chapter Summary 18 .0 “Hello, World” 18 .1 Naming Conventions 18 .2 Constants and Handles 18 .2 .1 Windows Handles 18 .3 Visual Elements 18 .3 .1 The Main Window 18 .3.2... Chapter 17 — Event-Driven Programming Chapter Summary 17 .0 Graphical Operating Systems 17 .1 Enter Windows 17 .1. 1 Text-based and Graphical Programs 17 .1. 2 Graphics Services 17 .2 Programming Models 17 .2 .1 Event-Driven Programs The Event Manager The Event Handler 17 .2.2 Event Types System Events Control Events Program Events 17 .2.3 Event Modeling 17 .3 File Structure of a Windows Program 17 .3 .1 Source Files 17 .3.2... 400 402 403 405 405 406 409 409 410 412 413 414 415 417 418 Table of Contents xii PART II — APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT Chapter 16 — The C++ Language on the PC Chapter Summary 16 .0 Introducing C++ 16 .0 .1 Evolution of C++ 16 .0.2 Advantages of the C++ Language 16 .0.3 Disadvantages of the C++ Language 16 .1 PC Implementations of C and C++ 16 .2 Flowcharts and Software Design 16 .3 The C++ Console Application... Function 15 .3 The Adaline 15 .3 .1 Widrow-Hoff Learning 15 .3.2 A Neuron for Adaline 15 .4 Improving the Classification Function 15 .4 .1 Calculating the Error Sum 15 .4.2 Improving Perceptron Results 15 .5 Backpropagation Networks 15 .5 .1 Nonlinear Neurons eration described above. In this opcode the right-most bit is moved into the carry flag. Figure 3.2 shows the action of the 80x86 shift instructions. The 80x86 opcodes for performing a bit shift to the left are SHL (shift logical left) and SAL (shift arithmetic left). Notice that SHL and SAL are different mne - monics for the same operation (see Figure 3.2). In SHL and SAL it is the left-most bit of the operand that is moved into the carry flag. The terms logical and arithmetic, as used in the SHL and SAL opcodes, reflect a potential problem associated with shifting bits in a signed representation. The problem is that negative numbers in two’s complement form always have the high bit set. Therefore, when the bits of a two’s complement number are shifted, the sign bit can change unpredictably. For this reason, in left-shift operations of signed operands the sign bit is moved into the carry flag. After performing the shift, software can test the carry flag and make the necessary adjustments. On the other hand, in a right-shift operation the sign bit is moved from bit num - ber 7 to bit number 6, and a zero bit is introduced into the sign bit position. This action makes all signed numbers positive. In order to make possible shift opera- tions of signed numbers the 80x86 instruction set has a separate opcode for the right-shift of signed numbers. The SAR opcode (shift arithmetic right) preserves the sign bit (bit number 7) while shifting all other bits to the right. This action can be seen in the diagram for the SAR instruction in Figure 3.2. Note that, in the SAR instruction, the left-most bit (sign bit) is both preserved and shifted. For example, the value 10000000B becomes 11000000B after executing the SAR operation. This action is sometimes called a sign extension operation. Figure 3.2 80x86 Bit Shift Instructions 64 Chapter 3 76543210 76543210 76543210 76543210 76543210 76543210 0 0 CF CF CF SHL - shift logical left SAL - shift arithmetic left SHR - shift logical right SAR - shift arithmetic right The 8-bit microprocessors that preceded the 80x86 family (such as the Intel 8080, the Zilog Z80, and the Motorola 6502) did not include multiplication and division in - structions. In these chips multiplication and division had to be performed by soft - ware. One approach to multiplication was through repeated addition. Occasionally this approach is still useful. The following code fragment illustrates multiplication by repeated addition using 80x86 code. ; Multiplication of AL * CX using repeated addition MOV AH,0 ; Clear register used to ; accumulate sum MOV AL,10 ; Load multiplicand MOV CX,6 ; Load multiplier MULTIPLY: ADD AH,AL ; Add AL to sum in AH LOOP MULTIPLY ; AH now holds product of 10 * 6 An often-used method for performing fast multiplication and division operations is by shifting the bits of the operand. This method is based on the positional proper - ties of the binary number system. In the binary number scheme the value of each digit is a successive power of 2 (see Chapter 1). Therefore, by shifting all digits to the left, the value 0001B (1 decimal) successively becomes 0010B (2 decimal), 0100B (4 decimal), and 1000B (8 decimal). A limitation of binary multiplication by means of bit shift operations is that the multiplier must be a power of 2. If not, then the software must shift by a power of 2 that is smaller than the multiplier and add the multiplier as many times as necessary to complete the product. For example, to multiply by 5 we can shift left twice and add once the value of the multiplicand. A more practical approach can be based on the same algorithm used in longhand multiplication. For example, the multiplication of 00101101B (45 decimal) by 01101101B (109 decimal) can be expressed as a series of products and shifts, in the following manner: 00101101B=45decimal times 01101101B=109decimal 00101101 00000000 00101101 00101101 00000000 00101101 00101101 00000000 001001100101001B=4905 decimal The actual RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT AND ENERGY STORAGE SOLUTION FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION SHU ZHEN A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2014 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is my original work and it has been written by me in its entirety. I have duly acknowledged all the sources of information which have been used in the thesis. This thesis has also not been submitted for any degree in any university previously. Shu Zhen April 2014 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Panida Jitutitijaroen. She introduced me into this research community and provided valuable opportunities for me to develop professional skills. Her insightful guidance and advice have helped me successfully accomplish each milestone throughout the entire process from starting Ph.D. topic to finishing this thesis. Her constant encouragement, patience and support have made my Ph.D. experience productive and stimulating. Her enthusiasm and positive attitude have benefited me a lot in both academic record and personal life. I would like to give my best wishes to Dr. Panida Jirutitijaroen and her family. I am sincerely thankful to my thesis committee members for their time and constructive comments. I am also thankful to Dr. Chanan Singh and Dr. Armando Martins Leite da Silva for enlightening discussions and suggestions on my work. I gratefully acknowledge the financial support from National Research Foundation Clean Energy Program as well as academic assistance from Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and National University of Singapore. I am grateful to my qualifying examiners Dr. Akshay Kumar Rathore and Dr. Chang Che Sau for their time and support in my work. I thank Mr. Seow Hung Cheng, Xiong Peng, Saranga, Bordin and all the other colleagues in the power systems laboratory; I also want to thank my friends Long Jian, Gu Qingyang, Gu Yisha and Cao Guopeng. I greatly cherish our friendships that have made my Ph.D. life much more enjoyable. i Most of all, I would like to thank my parents, Shu Jianrong and Wang Xuejin, as well as my grandparents. Without their unconditional love and care, I could not have made my journey this far. I also want to thank my best friend and husband, Tang Xinyi, who is always staying with me as a faithful supporter in good and bad times. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT vii LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES . x LIST OF SYMBOLS . xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . xviii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Motivation 1.2 Objectives and Contributions 1.3 Thesis Outline CHAPTER II: NON-SEQUENTIAL SIMULATION METHODS FOR RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEMS WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES . 2.1 Introduction . 2.2 Incorporating Correlations among Load and Renewable Generations 12 2.3 Monte Carlo Random Sampling Methods . 13 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.3.1 Load Duration Method 13 2.3.2 Linear Regression Method 14 2.3.3 Joint Probability Method . 16 Proposed Latin Hypercube Sampling Methods . 16 2.4.1 Latin Hypercube Sampling with Load Duration . 20 2.4.2 Latin Hypercube Sampling with Linear Regression ... 24V ,, 1.2 Our solution HospEC – One system GS The regulation and control system HospEC is an integrated system solution for reliable, convenient and economic power supply of hospitals With... world for reliable power supply for railways, industry, buildings and hospitals Take advantage of our years of experience to fulfil the unique requirements for reliable power supply in hospitals... own standard-compliant developments, also by independent test laboratories, ensures consistent, sound quality Constant contact with experienced planning and test engineers as well as members of