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Trang 1ễN THI QUỐC GIA - CHUYấN ĐỀ 2: SO SÁNH
(COMPARISONS)
1 Equal comparisons: (So sỏnh bằng)
(+) S 1 + be/ V + as + adj / adv + as + S 2 + aux
E.g: He is as old as my father.
He drives as carefully as I (do).
Mai is as beautiful as her mother
(-) S 1 + be not / Aux verb+ as/so + adj/adv + as + S2 + aux
E.g: He is not as/so old as my father.
He doesn’t drive as/so carefully as I (do).
- We use equal degree when we want to emphasize how many times this object is
more than that one
E.g: Her husband is twice as old as she (is).
- í “bằng nhau, như nhau” cú thể được thay thế bằng cỏch diễn đạt khỏc:
S + V + the same + (noun) + as + noun/ pronoun
Ex: My house is as high as his = My house is the same height as his
Tom is as old as Mary = Tom and Mary are the same age
Adj noun
Heavy/ light weight
wide/ marrow width
deep/ shallow depth
long/ short length
big/ small size
old age
2 Comparatives (So sỏnh hơn)
* Short adjectives and adverbs: (Tớnh từ và trạng từ ngắn)
S 1 + be/ V + adj/ adv (short) + er + than + noun/ pronoun
E.g: You are thinner than he (is).
He runs faster than I (do).
Today is hotter than yesterday
I am three years older than you are
* Long adjectives and adverbs: (Tớnh từ và trạng từ dài)
S 1 + V + more + adj/ adv (long) + than + noun/ pronoun
E.g: He is more intelligent than I (am).
He drives more carefully than I (do).
- L u ý:
- Đằng sau trạng từ so sánh nh than và as phải là đại từ nhân xng chủ ngữ, không đợc
phép là đại từ nhân xng tân ngữ ( lỗi cơ bản)
Eg:
John’s grades are higher than his sister’s
Today is hotter than yesterday
This chair is more comfortable than the other
He speaks Spanish more fluently than I
He visits his family less frequently than she does
This year’s exhibit is less impressive than last year’s
- Để nhấn mạnh, ta cú thể thờm much, a lot, far, a bit, a little vào trước so sỏnh hơn
Eg: Let’s go by car It’s much cheaper
Her illness was far more serious than we thought at first
- So sỏnh kộm hơn: S + V + less + Adj/ Adv + than + noun/ pronoun
Eg: This book is less difficult than that one
He ran less quickly than Bill
3 Superlatives (So sỏnh nhất)
S + be/V + the + adj/ adv (short) + est + in (danh từ số ớt)
the most + long adjective/ adverb + of (danh từ số nhiều)
Trang 2the least + adjective/ adverb
E.g: Nam is the tallest student in my class.
Cheetah runs the fastest in the world
Nga is the most intelligent of all the students.
Those shoes are the least expensive of all
* Qui tắc thêm “er/ est” vào sau tính từ:
- Tính từ một âm tiết tận cùng là 1 phụ âm đơn (trừ : w, x, z) đứng trước một nguyên âm đơn thì gấp đôi phụ
âm cuối + er/ est : big – bigger- biggest
- Tính từ 2 âm tiết, tận cùng là : y, le, et, ow, er ta biến đổi như tính từ ngắn : clever – cleverer – cleverest Happy – happier – happiest quiet – quieter – quietest
- Tính từ 1 âm tiết tận cùng là « e » câm :chỉ thêm ‘r’/ ‘st’ :
- Tính từ 1 âm tiết kết thúc bằng :phụ âm +y : đổi y thành i + er/ est
Dry – drier/ driest
* Iregular adjectives/ adverbs
4 Comparions with nouns: (So sánh với danh từ)
Danh từ cũng có thể được dùng làm so sánh trong cấu trúc so sánh bằng, hưn hoặc kém
+ S 1 + V + as many/ much + N as noun/ pronoun
S 1 + negative V as/ so few/ little +
E.g He earns as much money as I do
I don’t have as/ so many friends as he does
+ S 1 + V + more/ fewer/ less + N + than noun/ pronoun
E.g He has collected more stamps than I have
I have collected fewer stamps than he has
5 So sánh gia bội (so sánh gấp nhiều lần)
Là loại so sánh gấp rười, gấp đôi gấp ba Cấu trúc này không dùng cho so sánh hơn, kém mà dùng cho so sánh bằng
Subject + verb + béi
sè + as +
much
+ noun
+ as + many
noun
pronou n
Bội số có thể bao gồm: half, twice, three times, four times ….
Thisdictionary costs twice as much as the other one
At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Barney
Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year
- Ta phải xác định danh từ số ít hay số nhiều để dùng much hay many
6 Double comparisons: (So sánh kép)
6.1 Càng ngày càng ; mỗi lúc một hơn
+ Short adjective/ adverb: adj/ adv + er and adj/ adv + er
+ Long adj/ adv: more and more + adj/ adv
• Children spend more and more time watching TV.
• She is getting fatter and fatter.
She becomes more and more beautiful/ He is more and more studious
6.2 Càng ngày càng it …; càng ngày càng kém
Với tính từ ngắn hay tính từ dài, ta theo công thức dưới đây:
Less and less + adj/ adv
Trang 3Eg: My father becomes less and less strong.
6.3 Càng …thì càng :
+ short adj/ adv:
The adj/ adv + er S – V, the adj/ adv + er S-V
Ex: The richer he gets, the weaker he is
The darker it gets, the colder it is
The sooner you take your medicine, the better you will feel.
The more you study, the smarter you will become
+ Long adj/ adv: The more + adj/ adv S-V, the more + adj/ adv S-V
Ex: The more beautiful she is, the more miserable her husband is
- Với động từ: the more……., the more ……
Ex: The more I hate him, the more he loves me
The more she sings, the more I look at her
Note: Nhiều khi 2 vế không cùng một loại tính từ ngắn hay dài mà lẫn lộn nhau
Ex: The more she smiles, the more graceful she is
6.4 Càng ít … thì càng ít ; càng kém…, thì càng kém
Với tính từ ngắn cũng như tính từ dài:
The less + adj …., the less + adj …
Ex: The less difficult the lesson is, the less hard-working students are
- Với động từ: The less …., the less…
Ex: The less I live with him, the less I like him
EXERCISES EXERCISE 1 Give the correct form of the adjectives and adverbs in brackets:
1 This chair is ……… than that one (comfortable)
2 Your flat is ……… than mine (large)
3 The weather today is ……… than it was yesterday (hot)
4 The Nile is the ……… river in the world (long)
5 Chinese bicycles are … ……… than Japanese ones (bad)
6 Mathematics is ……… … than English (difficult)
7 Ho Chi Minh is the ……… city in Viet Nam (big)
8 He drives ………than his friend (careful)
9 She sings ……… in this school (beautiful)
10 I read ……… than my sister (slow)
11 Grace is ……… girl in our class (old)
12 This exercise is …….………… than that one (easy)
13 He is twice …….………… as you (fat)
14 Nam is …….………… student of all (noisy)
15 My cold is …….………… today than it was yesterday (good)
EXERCISE 2 Choose the best option to complete the following sentences:
1 The more she smiles , she becomes
A more graceful B the most graceful C most graceful D the more graceful
2 Hotels have developed ……… restaurants
A as rapidly as B so rapidly as C as rapid as D more rapid
3 Can Tho bridge is the ……… one in the South of Viet Nam
A long B shortest C longest D longer
4 Albert Einstein’s contributions to scientific theory were those of Galileo and Newton
A important than B more important C the most important D as important as
5 Impalas cannot move as cheetahs but they are more efficient runners
6 Both are informative articles, but this one is
7 She is the ………… girl in our town
Trang 4A more beautiful B beauty C most beautiful D more beautifully
8 The harder you learn
A The better is your English B The better will be your English
C The better becomes your English D The better your English will be
9 Jim is the in his class
10 Of the two shirts, this one is
A the prettiest B the most pretty C prettier D the prettier
11 Your house is mine
A as bigger as B many times as big as C much big as D not many times big
12 Last year it wasn’t as cold as this year
A This year it is as colder than last year B This year it is colder than last year
C This year it isn’t as cold as last year D This year it isn’t colder than last year
13 She is older than me
A I’m more younger than her B I’m as younger as her
C I’m more young than her D I’m younger than her
14 The test is not ………
A as difficult as it was last month B so difficult as it was last month
C more difficult as it was last month D Both A & B are correct
15 The Nile River is ……… of all
16 we read, we know
A The most/ the most B The more/ the more C Most/ most D More/ more
17 It gets Let’s go swimming
A hot and hot B the more hot C more and more hot D hotter and hotter
18 Peter usually drives Mary
A more fast B more fast than C more fast D faster
19 The problem seems to be
A more serious B more serious than C more serious as D more and more serious
20 Peter can not earn his wife
A as many money as B as much money as C as many money than D as much money than
21 Prices get
A high and high B highest and highest C more and more high D higher and higher
22 The more manufacturers advise, they sell
A the most products B the products more C the more products D most products
23 a car is it is
A The more expensive/ the comfortabler B The most expensive/ the most comfortable
C The more expensive/ the more comfortable D The less expensive/ the more comfortable
24 Of the five students Mary is
A more intelligent B the more intelligent C most intelligent D the most intelligent
25 Steel is than wood
26 A super market is ……… a shopping center
C not so convenient than D the most convenient as
27 Viet Nam becomes ……… to foreign tourists
A more and most attractive B the more attractive
C much and more attractive D more and more attractive
28 This car is ……… than mine
A less expensive B as expensive C expensive D not so expensive
29 Tim’s grades are ……… than John
30 The ……… we start, the sooner we will be back
EXERCISE 3: Complete the sentences using “Double” Comparatives
1 It’s becoming ……… ……… to find a job (hard)
2 The hole in your pullover is getting ……… ……… (big)
Trang 53 My bags seemed to get ……… ………as I carried them (heavy)
4 As I waited for my interview, I became ……… ………(nervous)
5 As the day went on the weather got ……… ……… (bad)
6 Travelling is becoming ……… ………(expensive)
7 As the conversation went on, he became ……… ………… (talkative)
8 Since she has been in England, her English has got ……….(good)
EXERCISE 4 Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it has the same meaning as the sentence printed before it.
1 My kitchen is smaller than yours
Your kitchen………
2 No one in the class is taller than Dave
Dave is………
3 Mum doesn’t speak English as well as Dad
Dad ………
4 Lan is better cook than Hoa
Hoa can’t ………
5 No restaurant in the city is better than that one
That restaurant is ………
6 This watch is worse than that one
That watch ………
7 My sister writes more carefully than she did
My sister ………
8 This story is more interesting than any other story that I have ever read
This is the ………
9 She is the most beautiful girl I have ever known
I’ve never
10 Peter does not drive so carefully as Tom
Tom ………
11 This is the most delicious cake I have ever tasted
I have
12 I have never met any more dependable person than Gorge
Gorge is
13 There isn’t anybody as kind-hearted as your mother
Your mother
14 There is no better teacher in this school than Mr John
Mr John
15 Have you got any bigger than that one?
It this
16 No one I know is taller than he is
He is
17 Summer nights in Cairo are much warmer than in London
In London
18 Fewer people die from flu than 50 years ago
Not as
19 There is less rain in Tokyo than in Athens in January
More rain
20 There are fewer people in Taiwan than in Korea
The population of Korea
EXERCISE 5 Identify the mistake in each sentence by choosing a suitable option.
1 Mr Mender learned English rapidly and easy
A B C D
2 The maid was careful to keep the room cleanly
A B C D
3 His knowledge of English grammar is quite well
A B C D
4 The last story was as interested as the other ones
Trang 6A B C D
5 Mr Slater’s house is biger than ours
A B C D
6 That brown chair is most comfortable than this one
A B C D
7 Lan is the most pretty of all the girls
A B C D
8 That lesson is a most difficult of all the lessons
A B C D
9 Does your country have worse weather as this?
A B C D
10 This girl is the most beautiful of the two daughters that he has
A B C D
11 Frank plays tennis worse of all the players
A B C D
12 The most he tries, the more he succeeds
A B C D
13 She can pronounce English words more correct than she could last term
A B C D
14 In this class, the students are talking more loudlier than the teacher
A B C D
15 This summer is hotter and winder than last summer
A B C D
16 You should practise English oftener to be a better speaker of English
A B C D
17 Ha Anh can now speak English more well than the last time I met him
A B C D
18 She is much more intelligent than Nam does
A B C D
19 The more rich he is, the more miserable he gets
A B C D
20 The harder we studied, the most confused we got
A B C D