Phủ định trong tiếng anh

N G N N G C & Bin S N G 64 s l (248)-2016 NGOAI NGtT vOi BANNGOI PHU D m H TRONG TIENG ANH NEGA'nON IN ENGLISH NGUY£N DANG styu (TS; D^i hgc Kinh doanh va Cong nghf Hd N$0 L D^tvande 1.1 Hifn tiing Anh la mdt ngdn ngG dugc sG dyng rOng rdi ttong giao tidp Cang ngdy cdng cd nhilu ngudi sG dyngtidngAnh ttong cdc lihh vyc chinh tri, kinh td, vdn hda, khoa hgc ki thu$t ttdn thd gidi Vift Nam, tidng Anh ngdy cang dugfc coi ttgng Nd da trd mOt mdn hgc d hiu het cdc trudng dgi hge Trong hf thdng gido due thdng, nd dugc phi cap tG lap Sd ngudi Vift Nam CO nhu cau hgc de sG dung thdnh thgo tieng Anh ngdy cdng gia tang Vi vgy vifc day cho ngudi Viet Nam hgc dd hg cd the sG dung vd giao tidp bang tidng Anh mgt cdch cd hieu qud dang dugc quan tam chu y, nhit Idttonggiai dogn hdi nhdp, cdng nghifp hda vd hifn dgi hda cua nudc ta hidn Thyc td cho thiy^ ring tidng Anh vd tieng Vift thugc hai nen vdn boa khdc nhau, ndn ttong qua trinh hgc tidng Anh, ngudi Vift sG dyng cde cdu ttong giao tidp, nhat la cdc edu d dang phu dinh, thudng gap nhilu khd khan Trong gidng day, ngudi dgy cdn phdi ed kien thGc vimg vang ve hai ngdn ngG tidng Anh va tieng Vift, ndm chic cdc ddc didm ndi bat cua hai ngdn ngG vd hai ndn vdn hda, tren ca sd dotimra dugc nhGng ndt tuong ddng vd di bift cua hai thGtieng,gidp cho ngudi hgc cd the tilp thu kiln thGc tiing Anh mdt cdch de ddng vd sG dyngtiengAnh CO hieu qua Trong s6 nhGng dgc diem iy, ngudi day vd ngudi hgc khdng thd khdng quan tdm den hidn tugng phd dinh tiing Anh vd tiing Viet 1.2, Con ngudi smh vin da cd nhGng hdnh vi, cG chi thd hifn minh khdng tdn ho^ khdng ddng tinh vd mOt vifc nao nhu lie diu hoac xua tay Khi trd em bit diu hgc ndi, m^t nhGng tG chung n6i diu tidn Id tG mang nghia phu djnh nhu 'khong, u' PhG djnh xem cd ve rit don gian, nhung thyc lgi eye ki phGc tgp v^ ndu khdng duge quan tdm diing mik thi ngudi hgc sd gdp nhilu khd khan,ttdngai Moi mgt ngdn ngG deu cd mgt hinh thiic phu dinh nhat dinh, phG hgp vdi quy tdc van phgm cua ngdn ngG ay ChGc ndng chinh eda phu dinh la chuyen nhGng mfnh dl/cdu dang khing dinh thdnh phG dinh Nd cd till dugc bieu dat d cap dg mfnh dl/cau bdng each them vao mfnh de/cau iy mOt tl nh^t dinh Trong nhilu ngdn ngG, phG dinh phd hpp vdi vdn phgm cGa nd, dugc bilu dgt bdng mgt tG ho§c hinh vj md vj tri cGa ylu tl phi dinh ndm d bg phdn vj ngG h o ^ d cym dgng tG Nd cd thd cd m§t cdc hinh thGc sau: a- Mdt ttg dgng tG phu dinh dugc thSm vdo bd phdn vi ngG va dam nhifm mft vdi d ^ diem cua dgng tG chinh cua menh de/cSu khing dinh, nhu nU ttong tieng Nenets b- Mgt h o ^ hai tiiu tG phG dinh cd vj tri dugc xac dinh cd lidn quan din cac to cua vi ngO, nhu ne .pasttongtiengPhdp c- MOt hjnh vi phu dinh cd vj tri bO ph$n vi ngG, nhu -me- ttong tiing Thd NK Sy hiln difn cua phu dinh cd thi di Uen vdi nhGng thay doi cau tnic cdu, chdng han nhu thay ddi trgt ty tdttongtiengKm, thay ddi gigng difu ttong tiing Igbo, ho5c chu cdch/tan cdch tton^ tiing Nga Doi vdi tiing Anh, hinh thGc bieu thi hifn tugng phil dinh phi biln ho§c Id hhih vi phu djnh not dugc dat sau trg dgng tG nhu cdu Jaiti is not rich, ho$c b^nh vi phG dinh nit ggn - s l (248)j0!fi NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG n 't di lien vdi ttg d$ng tG da duge chia cdu nhu Jane isnH rich Hinh thGc bilu thi phG dinh nii bdt cua tiing Vift Id dung tiiu td khdng ddt hirdc dOng tG ttong cdu Vi dy: "Trong ddnh gid cdng chiec viin chitc ndm 2013, Bg Y ti khdng phdn logi cdng chikc ddi v&i miec 'hodn thdnh nhi^m vu nhung hgn chi vi ndng luc' Id khdng dUng quy dfnh." (Bdo Hd NOi mdi 15-72015) Dac diem cua phu djnh tieng Anh 2.1 Bgc Mim chung Khi muln bdy td mOt thyc tl Id cd mOt vife gi dd khdng ddng, mdt sy vifc hay mOt sy kidn nao dd khdng xiy ra, ngudi ta thudng dun^ cdu phu dinh Nhiing cau phG dinh bao gdm nhGng tG nhu: not (khdng), never (khdng bao gid), nowhere (khdng thiy d ddu cd) Ngudi ta ggi nhihig tG ndy Id tG phu dinh TG phG dinh dugc diing dl bilu thi sy vdng mat cGa ngudi, vgt, sy vifc, sy kifn, hifn tugng, ndo dd Trong tiing Anh cd nhGng tG phG dinh sau: not, never, neither,no, nobody, none, no one, nor, nothing, nowhere Bk phdn tich vd dii chieu phu djnh tidng Anh vdi tidng Vift, chiing ta cin phdi phan bift dugc h ^ logi phG £nh ttongtiengAnh: (1) Phu dinh cdu (Sentential negation): Id todn bO cdu hay todn bg mdnh dl diu bi phu dinh, ndi cdch khdc Id phgm vi phG dinh bao triim Idn toan bg cdu hay mfnh dl Vi dy: Ihave notfinishedwork John mightn 't have been in love (2) Phu dinh bO phdn/ PhG dinh tiianh to (Local/ Constituent negation): Id phu dinh mOt thdnh to/ mOt tG hay cym tG md khdng Idm cho cd cdu bi phu dinh Vi dy: They made some not unintelligent observations Not unnaturally, we rejected their complaint 2.2 B^c^m ve cuphdp 2.2.1 Phu dfnh cdu (Sentential negation) 65 a.Phu dfnh cdu/mfnh di bdng phu dinh ddng tir Mgt cau don gian dgng khdng dinh hay Id mdt mfnh dl biln vi dgng khdng djnh ttong cdu phGc hgp dugc phG dinh bdng cdch thdm tG phu dinh not vao sau ttg dgng tG ho&c ddng tG noi cGa cdu S + Auxiliary/Surrogate Auxiliary + NOT + verb + Complement S + Copula (be) + NOT+ Complement Vfdy: John might not have been in love Russell is not walking to work today They have notfinishedwork They not laugh Trong cdc vi dy ttdn, tG phu dinh not dugc ddt sau ttg dgng tG might, sau dgng tG noi be dd chia: (is not) vd sau have cym ddng tG have finished (have not finished) Neu cdc cdu khdng cd ttg dgng tu hodc dgng tG nil be, dugc dGng thay thd gilng nhu ttg dOng tG kit hgp vdi not, tiep dd la dgng tG nguydn thi khdng cd '/o' Vi dy: They not see you very often these days She does not walk to work every dc^ MOt dilu khd li thu Id dOng tG sd hGu have cd hai cdch bidu thi nghia phG dinh: cung giong nhu dgng tG noi be, cd thd thdm not vdo sau dOng tG have, vd cung cd the dung do+ not d trudc dOng tG fmve nhu nhGng dOng tG khdng phdi Id nhimg dOng tG noi khdc Cd hai cdch bilu tiu diu cd nghia giong Vf dy: She does not have a new car -^ She has not a new car She does not have a sore foot -^ She has not a sore foot Thdng thudng, tG phu dinh not ttong tiing Anh dugc vilt rut gon thdnh -nV Thi dy: Russell isn *t walking to work today They haven'tfinishedwork She doesn't walk to work every day She fuisn *t a sore foot 66 N G N N G C & Bin S6NG s l (248)-2016 Ndu trg dOng tG c6 hinh thGc rdt ggn that mistake again; SINot until yesterda sau chu ngG, co thi cd hai khd ndng nit did he change his mind 6/T0 no one wi ggn ttong cdu phG dinh: 1/nit ggn td phG they admit their guilt dinh; 2/nit ggn ttg dOng tG M ^ du cd hai NhGng vi dy phin trinh bdy tren khd nang ndy ddu khdng dugc dung ttong loi cho thiy chGng diu Id nhiing cdu/mfnh de vdn ttang ttgng ttong tieng Anh VI dy: a.rut phu dinh De xdc minh xem nhQng vi dy iy ggn tG phG dinh; b nit ggn ttg dOng tG cd diing Id cdu phG djnh hay khdng, chiing John isn't happy -^ John's not fiappy can thda man S dieu kifn sau: They aren't reatfy -^ They're not fiappy - Vi la nhGng cau phu djnh nfin We haven't caught her.-^ We've not chuyin chGng thdnh cdu hdi c6 dudi, chiing caught her ta cdn phdi thdm phin dudi (question tag) la Khi nghia phG dinh dugc nhin manh, tG mfnh dl khing dinh dl kilm tra IEU thdng tin phG dinh not dugc giG nguyen, khdng nit cua mfnh dl trudc dd Vi dy: She doesn' ggn Trong ill vilt van trang ttgng, ngudi ta work hard, does she? Nlu mfnh dl trade \i thudng trdnh vifc sG dyng dang nit ggn ciia mfnh dl khing dinh, thi mfnh dl dudi lii tu phu djnh.Vi dy: phu dinh: She work hard, doesn't she? They not know you Theo sau mfnh dk phG dinh Id nhdng They may not be working mfnh dl dudi d dgng phG dinh, c6 bl sung b Nhitng tit phu dfnh cd vi hinh thirc vd thdm ngG nghia Vi dy: ngir nghia: Trong phG dinh cdu hay phd dinh I haven'tfinished,and neither have you mfnh de, ngodi dgng tG bi phG dinh, mfnh She hasn't stopped working, and nor dl edn ed the bi phu dinh bdng cdch liy have I nhGng tG nhu no hodc not phG dinh mOt Tuy nhidn, cung gidng nhu cdc mfnh de thdnh td cGa mfnh dl hodc bdng cdch dimg khing djnh, sau cdc mfnh de phu dinh cung mft tG phu dinh nhu none hogc never Vi dy: cd thi cd cdc dudi khdng dinh md khdng MTfiat was no accident.; 21 He is no phdi ddo ttdt t\f tG cGa chiing VI dy: / frierui ofyours.; 3/She is no different.; 4/No haven'tfinishedwork, but you HAVE honest man would lie.; SINo dogs are -Trong ngdn bdn, sau mfnh dl phd dinh permitted here.; 6/1 will never make that Id ldi ddp bilu thj sy ding tinh vdi mfnh d^ mistake again; 7/None of us were ready dang phG dinh dd ndu d vl trudc Vi dy: Neu tu phu dinh di cGng vdi trg dgng tG A: He doesn't know Rusian B: NO.he thi nd mang nghia khdc Vi dy cdu Many people did not come to the party cd nghia Id DOESn't - Ckc mfnh de phu djnh thudng cd cac cd nhilu ngudi vdng mat ttong biia tifc Trong dd cdu Not matry people came to thdnh to khdng mang nghia khdng djnh ^ the party lgi de c^p din sy cd m|it eda mOt sl kem nhu: any, anything, anybody, anyone anytime, any more, Yi dy: it ngudi A; He won't notice any change in you Trong lli vdn trang trgng, thdnh tl phu B: she won't notice any, change in you djnh cd thi dugc chuyen len vi tri diu cau Trong trudng hgp ndy cin phdi ddo trdt ty either tG, nghia Id chuyin ttg dgng tG len ddng d vi - Cdc mfnh de phG djnh khdng di ciing tri trudc chG ngG Vi dy: vdi nhiing thdnh tl cd khuynh hudng mang i/Not a word would he say.; 2/Not a r^hia khing djnh nhu: pretty, qt^te va moment did she waste.; 3/No longer are rather VI dy: khdng ddng "It isn't pretty they staying with us.; 4/Never will I make late" md dung lt*s pretty late s l (248)-2016 N G N NGC*& Ddi S6NG 67 NhGng dOng tG, thih tG va gidi tG mang c Nhirng tit cd nghta phd dinh nhung lgi cd hinh thitc khdng dinh: Cd mOt sltirgngtG nghia phG dinh cung cd till di kdm ydi vd tG han djnh (adverbs and determiners) nhGng thdnh to khdng mang nghia khing mang nghia phu djnh nhung lgi cd hlnh thGc dinh, d|ic bift Id any vd nhGng tl hgp cua nd khdng djnh nhu seldom, rarely, scarcely, Vidy: hardly, barely, little, few NhGng tG ndy cd MHe denies I ever told him; 2/1forgot to dnh hudng din phu djnh cau Chung thudng ask for any change [Cau ndy thudng cd xuit hidn ttong cdu cGtig vdi nhGng tG khdng nglua Id: / wanted some change but forgot mang nghia khdng dinh nhu any, ever, to ask for it (tdi muln cd sy thay doi nhung arcane, anywhere, anyboe^, anyplace, at tdi dd qudn dl ngW)]; ^/We are unaware of all , vd nhung cdu ndy can cd mgt phin any hostility; 41 I'm against going out dudi Id mfnh dd nghi vin dgng khdng dinh anywhere tonight; 5/They decided to leave dl kiem tra thdng tin Vi du: without telling any of their friends 2.2.2.Phu dfnh cue bg (thdnh td) I// seldom get any sleep.; 2/Hardly anyone wants the job; 3/Few changes have Constituent/Local Negation ever taken so many people by surprise.; 4/1 PhG dinh cyc bg hay phd dinh thdnh tl Id can barely speak to any of my friends; phG djnh mgt tG hay mOt cym tG md khdng SlThey hardly have any friends, they? ldm cho cd cau hay mfnh dl phu djnh Ciing nhu cdc ttang ngG phG dinh d vi tri a NOT bd nghta cho tinh tU hogc tigng diu tidn ciia cdu, cdc trang tG ndy d vi tri tit CO din td mang nghta phu dfnhtiongcum diu tien cua cdu tiu ttg ddng td phdi ddo ldn danh tit: trade chG ngG Vi dy: Subject + (Auxiliary) Verb/CopuIa+ I/Rarefy does crime pay so well as many Deteminer + NOT+ Adj + NP people think; 2/Scarcely ever has the British NOT cd till dGng trade raOt tinh tG cd nation suffered so much obloquy: ytittle tidn tl mang nghia phG djnh Idm dinh ngd did I eypect such enthusiasmfromso many cho mgt danh tG, di sau dOng tG lam tan ngG CGng nhu cdc tG hgn dinh, cdc ttgng tG ho§c sau dOng tG nii Idm bo ngG ttong cdu scarcely, hardly, va barely cd chGc nang phG Vidy: dinh ttong phgm vi chG ngG Id cym danh tG She's a NOT unattractive woman, in chung diu cd tdc ddng din phu dinh cGa ca some wc^s cdu Vi du; They made some NOT unintelligent \tScarcely any wine has yet arrived, fias observation, [1,791] b.NOT bd nghta cho tigng tu: it?; 2/Barely any arms were accumulated before the war; 3/Little help can be expected Subject+ (Auxiliary) Verb + NOT+ from Peter; 4/Hardly fifty people were in Adverb the vast hall NOT cd thi bl nghia chotirgngtG cd tiln mdt mGc dO nhit dinh, ONLY mang tl mang nghia phu dinh ldm ttgng ngG ttong nglua phG dinh Khi ONLY bl nghia cho cdu Vi dy: He writes NOT inelegantly c NOT bd nghta cho mdt tigiig tic & vj tii to dGng sdt vdi nd chG khdng phdi chG ngG, ddi (nhung khdng nhit thilt) phdi ddu tien cua cdu: ddo vi hi cGa chd ngG vd trg dgng tii VI dy: NOT + adverb + Subject + (Auxiliary) ONLY his mother will he obey verb/Copula + Complement ONLY on Sunders tk^ eat with their NOT cd thi bd nghia cho mOt ttang tG children dGng d vj tri dau cua cau Vi dy: 68 NGON N G f & Bin S N G S I (248)-2016 «, cho gidng day cau 'He is no teacher', td Not surprisingly, they mised the tiain d NOT CO thi bd nghta cho tigng tic chi hgn dinh NO da chuyin hda mOt danh tii thudng khdng c6 tinh so sanh tiidnh mft miecdg Trong Iogi phu djnh cyc bg/thdnh to, danh tG mang tinh so sdnh, md td d§c tmh NOT bd nghia cho ttgng tG chi mGc dg md cGa ngudi Hdy so sdnh mgt vdi tradng hgp nOa tiii trang tG chi mGc dO ndy lgi bo nghia cho mOt tinh tG hay mgt trang tG mang ndt nghia cd thiy rit rd cdch dung khdc bift ciia NOT vd NO: tfnh so sdnh: 'I'm not a youngster' ngMa Id I'm not Subject + (Auxiliary) Verb/Copula + Determiner + NOT +Adv (degree)+Adj+ young (Tdi khdng cdn tte); cdn 'I'm no youngster' cd nghia Id I'm qi^te old (Tdi N khd nhilu tiili) Vidu: 'She's not a fool' (She's not stupid "chj 1/They own two NOT very fierce dog (rather docile "de bdo"); 2/1 saw a NOT too ta khdng dit"); cdn 'She's no fool' c6 nghia sympathetic report about you.(rather Id 'She's very intelligent (cd ta rit thdng unsympathetic"cd phdn khongdong cdm") minh) 311 visit them NOT very often Ngogi trd mdt s6 cym tG cl dinh nhu no good, no different, trang tG NO b6 ngMa e Phu dinh eUa dgng tu chinh cho tinh tG chi nhGng tinh tG iy d dgng Subject + Auxiliary+ - 'NOT+Verb + so sdnh ban nhu: no worse, no tastier, no Complement Trong cdc cdu cd ttg dOng tG, sau trg better behaved, no more awkward, no less dOng tG CO mgt khodng ngdt vd nhin mgnh intelligent Nhu dd trinh bay d phan ttdn, NOT bo ttgng dm vdo NOT, phgm vi phG dinhttditG nghia cho tfnh tG hogc trang tG ed tiln tl NOT din hit cdu Thi dy: l/They may *not like the party (It is mang nghia phu dinh nhu ttong vi du: She's possible tfiat they not like the party); a not unattractive woman, in some ways 2lThey may not bother to come if it's wet Trong cdu ndy, NOT da phd dinh tii (It's possible that they will not bother to UNATTRACTIVE, nhung khdng phG dinh come ); 3/Don't worry You shall not lose cd cdu/mfnh dl Tdc dOng cGa NOT d ddy la your reward (I'll make sure that you don't lam ddo ngugc lai luc phu dinh cd sdn ciia lose your reward); 4/You must not keep us cym tG sau nd NhGng cym tG hai lin phu waitmg (It's essential that you don't keep us dinh nhu vdy Id nhung phuang tifn ndi waiting); 5/They might not be telling lies (It gidm Chdng hgn: is possible that they are not allowed ) 'She is a not entirely unintelligent woman' cd nghia Id 'She is a fairly 2.3, Bgc diim ngit nghta 2.3.1 Su khdc nfiau vi ngir nghta giita intelligent woman (chi ta Id mOt phy nG tuong doi thdng minh) NOvdNOT tiong tiing Anh TG phu dinh NO cd thi c6 nhGng each 'He's not a too sympathetic doctor' cd ddng khdc hon so vdi tG phu dinh NOT Vi nghia Id 'He's a rather unsympathetic doctor dy: He is not a teacher vd He is no teacher (anh ta Id mgt bdc si tucmg doi Ididng thifn Ndu nhu *//e is not a teacher' dk cap den cdm) nghl nghifp cua anh ta, khdng phdi Id Cdc cym tG hai lin phu dinh ddi hdi phdi gido viin, thi *He is no teacher' lgi cd in ^ cd ttgng tG hay tinh tG d trung tdm cym td ring cdn thilu nhihig kl ndng cin thilt mang nghia so sdnh Phu dinh d ddy chl S6 (248)-2016 NGON N G C & D d i S N G 69 I've never in all my life seen such a mOt ^dm giGa hai thdi cyc cGa mGc dg so sdnh.Dli vdi thi du (a) dilm phG dinh ndm d crowd (Chua bao gid ddi tdi lgi thay khodng giGa unattractive vd attractive Dudi mOt ddm ddng din nhu v$y) 3) Not: T hgp tG not one vd not a Id day la m^t vdi vi dy nGa vl cym tG hai lin nhGng t l hgp tG nhin mgnh ngbia thay the phu dinh: l/They made some NOT unintelligent cho NO nhu mOt tG han dinh dim dugc Vi observation; lIThey are paying a NOT dy: Not a word camefromher lips inconsiderable amount in rent; 3/Tfie We left not a single bottle behind announcement was followed by a NOT 4) NhOng Id hgp lit mang sdc thdi Hnh unexpected silence, 4/1 visit them NOT infrequently; 5/He writes NOT inelegantly cdm khdc: dugc dung c ^ thi d\i dudi Mdi mOt cdu tten deu tuong Gng vdi mOt day: lIHe didn 'I give me a thing, (informal); cau khdng djnh ttong dd hai lin phd djnh dugc thay bdng tG Idm gidm bdt tdc dgng 211 don 'I care a damn whether we win or vdo lyc cGa dgng tG hay bo ngu Mgt vdi lose; yShe didn't say a word about itfinj); trgng ngG hogc cd tien tl mang nghia phG AINo way -Willi accept such an offer 2.3.3 Mgt si Cfm tit mang nghta phu djnh hodc mang nghia bit ngd cung cd the hi dinh chiing kit hap vdi cdc dgng lit cu phu dinh Vi dy: lhi.Vid\f; Not unnaturally, we rejected their lIHe won't lift a finger to help you.; 2/1 complaint didn 'I sleep a wink.; 3/She didn 'I bat an eye Not surprisingly, they mised the tiain 2.3.2 Bd sung ldm tdng cuang nghta phU /eyelid.; 4/They won't budge an inch.; 5/1 won't drink a drop.; 61He didn't move a dfnh Cd nhieu cdch khdc dl bo sung ldm muscle.; llWe didn 'I see a soul 2.3.4 Phgm vi phi djnh tdng cudng sde thm tinh cdm vao nghia phu C6 thi 1h4y, thinh t6 phii dinh c6 thS co dinh Dudi ddy la nhGng thf dy vl nhGng cym tG chi mGc dg khdng mang nghia khdng anh huong den mpt t h ^ t6 khong mang dinh: at all, by any means, in any way, in the nghia kh9ng djnh chl t6 khong mang nghia khdng dinh 4y nSm pham slightest, a bit, in the least, 1) at all, whatever, whatsoever,in any vi phu dinh cua to phu dinh, nghia la way, in the least : Dgi tG vd td ban dinh nim ph^m vi chju ksih hudng ngO mang nghia phu dinh thudng dugc nhin nghia th^nh t6 phii djnh tac dpng Pham mgnh ngbla bdng cdc td at all, whatever, vi phi dinh thudng trai dM tir thinh t6 phu dinh den t$n cuoi cfiu hay cuoi m$nh ik, whatsoever Vi dy: Ifound nothing at all the matter with him nhung nfi khdng nhit thiet phai bao g6m ck trsmg nga dJt vi tri cu6i ciing Trong (Tdi thiy ching cd vin dd gi vdi cd) cau/m?nh dS c6 til phii dinh cau NOT, h o ^ You have no excuse whatever (Anh chdng tii phu dinh NEVER hay HARDLY & ciing cd mgt li ndo cd.) vi tri sau tn? dOng tit thi trjng ngtt xuat hi?n 2) Never: dugc l§p lgi hodc kit hgp vdi trudc tiianh t6 phu dinh thudng nSm ngoai cym tG tdng cudng them nghTa nhu in my p h ^ vi phu djnh Do v$y c6 s\r khdc life Vi dy: vk nghia nlu d^t trgng ngtt d hai v; tri IdiSc I'll never, never go there again (Tdi sS gitta hai cau: khdng bao gid, khdng bao gid din dd nGa) 70 N G N NGCT & D d i S N G Sfie definitely didn't speak to him: Phgm vi phu dinh kdo ddi tG -nV din het cau Nghia cua cdu id: Chde chdn rdng chi tii khdng ndi vdi (It's definite that she didn't speak to him) Sfie didn't definitely speak to him: Phgm vi phu djnh tG -n't din hdt cdu.Nghia cdu ndy id: Khdng cftdc chdn rdng chj ta dd ndi vdi anh ta/ vifc clu ta ndi vdi Id khong chde chdn (It's not definite she spoke to him) Khi cd ttang ngG dgt d culi cdu hay mfnh de, trgng ngG iy cd thi nim ttong ho$c khdng ndm ttong phgm vi phG dinh cdu Sy khdc phy thuOc vdo ttgng dm cGa cdu vd y dinh ciia ngudi phdt ngdn VI dy: I wasn't Listening all the time Cau ndy ttgng dm roi vdo LIS- nghia Id ttong suit thdi gian iy toi khong nghe (For the whole tune, / wasn 't listening) Phgm vi phu dinh tG -n't den hit listening / wasn't listening all the TIME Trgng am roi vao TfME nghia Id vifc tdi khdng nghe ttong suit thdi gian iy Id khdng diing / khdng thyc tl Pham vi phu dinh tG -n't din het cdu Khi mOt ttgng ngG mang nghia phu dinh dugc ddt d vj tri diu cdu, tilp theo Id chd ngu vd ttg dOng tG dugc dao vj tri Trong tradng hgp ndy chG ngG cd thi cd to khdng mang nghia phu dinh Vi dy: NEVER have any of them been interested in music Pham vi phd dmh cGa cdu ddi cd thi keo ddi din hit mfnh dl phy cua cdu Vf dy: She didn't know I would eome to her whenever she needed any advice Phgm vi phu dinh keo ddi tG -n'/ din advice I wouldn't like you to disturb anyone Phgm vi phG djnh tG -n 't den anyone 2.3.5 Tiiu diim phu dfnh cin thilt phdi xdc djnh khdng nhGng phgm vi phu djnh ma cdn cd tieu diem phu dinh Mgt trgng am chlnhridngbift hay neu SO (248)-2016 b$t sy tuang phdn rai vao mdt bO phgn eg till cGa cau/mfnh dl thi ttgng dm iy chl r8 ring nghia tuong phdn phd dinh ndm d dung b$ ph|n cd trgng am, ddng thdi cung chl ring phin cdn lgi cua mfnh dl cd thi dugc bilu Id mang nghia khdng djnh Dl phdn bift dugc nhihig bg ph$n mang nghia phu dinh vd nhGng bO pban mang nghia khdng djnh, cin phdi xem xdt kl khdi nifm phgm vi phfi dinh, bao gom cd nhthig phgm vi khdng lign tyc (ddt qudng) vd cung gOp cd bg phan dGng trudc thdnh tl phG dinh vdo phgm vi phG djnh Vj tri khdc cua tdm dilm dugc phdn bift ttong cdc cau sau day NhGng bf ph$n khdng ndm ttong pham vi phG djnh dugc hiiu la mang nghia khdng dinh Vi dy: I did« take Joan to swim in the P60L today -> I forgot to so I did« V take j()AN to swim m the pool today -> // was Mary tfiat I took to swim in the pool todi^ I didn YftikeJoan to SWIM in tiie pool today -> Just to see it I didwV mke Joan to swin in the PdOL today -> I took her to the seaside I didnV fake Joan to swln in the pool toDAY -^ It was last weektiiatI did so / did«V fake Joan to swin in the pool today -> It was my brother who took her Phgm vi phd djnh vd tieu diem phG dinh cd lidn quan vdi din mGcttongph?m vi phG dinh phai bao gim tidu diem phii dinh Do dd, cd m0t each bdo hifu mGc df phgm vi ciia phu dinh bdng edch xde dinh vj tii cua tdm didm phu d^nh Thyc te Id, vi phgm vi phG dinh thudng khdng dugc bdo hifu mgt cdch r5 rdng ndn chung ta cd thi chi rd phgm vi phu djnh nim d bg phgn cua cdu md chGng ta d$t tidu dilm phu djnh Mft thf dy vl hifn tugng Id, phgm vi phii djnh dugc md rgng, nd bao gdm cd mfnh de phy vd dGng ngG difu xuong gigng - ISn s l (248)-2016 NGON N G f & Ddi S6NG 71 gjgng i T d l nhin manh vao mfnh dk practice in second language teaching phu cua cdu VI dy: C.U.P.USA / didn't leave HOME because I was Collins, D & HoIlo.C (2010) afraid of my FATHER (= Because I was English grammar Macmillan London afraid of my father, I didn leave home) Dbton, R.M.W (2005), A semantic I didn leave home because was afraid approach to English grammar.O.\J.P New of my FATHER (= I left home, but it wasn York Hinkel, E (1999), Cultiire in second because I was afraid of my father) Phgm vi phu djnh cd thi thay ddi ciing language teaching arui learning C U P UK dugc dp dyng d i i vdi mfnh d l chi thdi gian Kral,T (1994), Teacher development (when- clause) ttong hai vi dy sau: She didn't come to SEE him when he - making tfie right moves Uiuted States ASK (= When he asked, she didn't come to Information Agency Washington DC Malley, A.(2002) Learner-based see him) teaching O.U.P New York She didn't come to see him when he ASK Quyrk, R., Greenbaum,S., Leech ,G., (= She came to see him, but not at the time & Svartvik, J (1985), i comprehensive he asked her to see him) of the English language NgG difu cung quan trgng ttong vifc grammar ddnh diu xem chu ngG cd phdi la tdm dilm Longman London and New York Richards, J C , & Rodgers,T.S cua phu dinh hay khdng, cdn phdi phdn bift and methods in cdc chG ngG cd chua mOt ttong nhirng tG all (2001), Approaches language teaching C.U.P UK hodc every Vi dy: 10 Thombury, S (2001), About All the children didn't SLEEP (All tiie language-tasks for teachers of English children failed to sleep.) ALL tfie children didn sleep (Not all C.U.P UK the children slept) Abstract: At present, English has become a widely-used language in the world In Viemam, 3.Kltlu$n English has been an ever- more important Trdn day chung tdi dd trinh bay hifn tugng phu djnh ttong tiing Anh md ngudi subject in education system.It lies in the fact that Vift Nam hgc cin phdi ndm vung de cd English and Vietoamese belong to two different cultures That's why Vietoamese sometimes thi sG dyng thdnh thgo tiing Anh giao have difficulty in communicating, majorly in tiep hdng ngdy Hi vgng rang bdi viet ndy using negation in English In the teaching of phin nao giGp cho vifc dgy vd hgc hifn English, teachers should have good command of tugng phu djnh ndi ridng vd tiing Anh ndi both English and Vietoamese, even of English dhung d Viet Nam dugc tiiuan lgi hon frong and Vietoamese cultures On that basis, giai dogn hOi nhgp hifn similarities and differences ofthe two languages, particularly of English and Vietnamese T A I L I ^ U T H A M KHAO Bright, W (1992), Intemational negations will be found out, which will, to some encyclopedia of linguistics Volume 3.0UP extent, help Vietoamese learners make effective use of English in commimication New York Key words: education; culture; negation; Bums, A & Richards, J.C.(2012), The Cambridge guide to pedagogy and similarity; difference; effective  ... cho tigng tic chi hgn dinh NO da chuyin hda mOt danh tii thudng khdng c6 tinh so sanh tiidnh mft miecdg Trong Iogi phu djnh cyc bg/thdnh to, danh tG mang tinh so sdnh, md td d§c tmh NOT bd nghia... kifn, hifn tugng, ndo dd Trong tiing Anh cd nhGng tG phG dinh sau: not, never, neither,no, nobody, none, no one, nor, nothing, nowhere Bk phdn tich vd dii chieu phu djnh tidng Anh vdi tidng Vift,... He won't notice any change in you Trong lli vdn trang trgng, thdnh tl phu B: she won't notice any, change in you djnh cd thi dugc chuyen len vi tri diu cau Trong trudng hgp ndy cin phdi ddo trdt