Các trang trong thể loại “kiến trúc”

các loại kiến trúc thương hiệu×

Cỏc trang th loi Kin trỳc Mc lc Ch :Kin trỳc 1.1 Ch chn lc 1.2 Gng mt ni ting 1.3 H ó núi 1.4 Kin trỳc 1.5 Lch s kin trỳc 1.6 Lý thuyt v lch s kin trỳc 1.7 y hoch ụ th 1.8 Kin trỳc cnh quan 1.9 Cỏc th loi cụng trỡnh 1.10 Kt cu v vt liu 1.11 Kin trỳc s 1.12 Cỏc gii thng kin trỳc 1.13 am gia phỏt trin 1.14 Ch cn m rng 1.15 Ch cn vit mi 1.16 Liờn kt ngoi Kin trỳc 2.1 Lch s kin trỳc 2.2 Kin trỳc v Xõy dng 2.3 Cỏc phong cỏch kin trỳc phng Tõy ni ting 2.4 Kin trỳc Vit Nam 2.4.1 Kin trỳc c Vit Nam 2.4.2 Kin trỳc thuc a 2.4.3 Kin trỳc mi 2.4.4 Kin trỳc ng i 2.5 Xem thờm 2.6 Liờn kt ngoi m hc kin trỳc 3.1 am kho i ii MC LC Cu g sỳc 4.1 Di sn kin trỳc 10 5.1 10 am kho Di tớ 11 6.1 Cỏc loi di tớch 11 6.2 Mt s di tớch ni ting 11 6.3 Xem thờm 12 6.4 Chỳ thớch 12 i snh 7.1 am kho 13 Vn hin tham kho 13 Hanok 14 8.1 Kin trỳc 14 8.2 Vt liu 14 8.3 Tựy theo khu vc 14 8.4 Hỡnh dng theo tng lp xó hi 14 8.5 Khu ph Hanok 14 8.6 Mt s hỡnh nh 15 8.7 Xem thờm 15 8.8 am kho 15 Huy ng C.F.Hansen 16 9.1 Danh sỏch ngi c trao Huy chng* [1] 16 9.2 am kho 17 9.3 Liờn kt ngoi 17 10 Kin trỳc cnh quan 18 10.1 Lch s ca kin trỳc cnh quan 18 10.2 Cỏc hip hi t chc quc t v kin trỳc cnh quan 18 10.3 Cỏc t chc quc gia 18 10.3.1 Chõu M 18 10.3.2 Chõu u 18 10.3.3 Chõu v chõu c 19 10.3.4 Chõu Phi 19 10.4 Xem thờm 19 10.5 Hỡnh nh 19 10.6 am kho 19 11 Kin trỳc nhõn to 11.1 Phỏt trin 20 20 MC LC iii 11.2 D ỏn thc t tng t 20 11.3 Xem thờm 21 11.4 am kho 21 11.5 Liờn kt ngoi 22 12 Kin trỳc ni tht 23 12.1 am kho 13 Kin trỳc tham s 23 24 13.1 Lch s kin trỳc tham s 24 13.1.1 Khi ngun 24 13.2 Cỏc nguyờn tc thit k ca Kin trỳc am s 24 13.3 c trng ca Kin trỳc am s 25 13.4 Tỏc gi v tỏc phm Kin trỳc am s tiờu biu 26 13.5 am kho 26 14 Mụ hỡnh thụng tin xõy dng (BIM) 27 14.1 Ngun gc 27 14.2 nh ngha 27 14.3 Vai trũ ca BIM vũng i cụng trỡnh 28 14.4 Xem thờm 28 14.5 am kho 28 14.6 Chỳ thớch v ngun dn 28 14.7 Liờn kt ngoi 29 15 Nh g 30 15.1 am kho 16 Phũng trng by 30 31 16.1 c im 31 16.2 Xem thờm 31 16.3 am kho 31 16.4 Liờn kt ngoi 31 17 y un xõy dng 32 17.1 Mc tiờu ca quy chun xõy dng 32 17.2 Ti Vit Nam 32 17.3 Xem thờm 32 17.4 am kho 32 17.5 Liờn kt ngoi 32 18 ỏp Nakagin Capsule 18.1 am kho 33 33 iv MC LC 19 Tnh xỏ 34 19.1 am kho 20 Vn lut (kin trỳc) 34 35 20.1 Vai trũ ca lut ngụn ng to hỡnh kin trỳc 35 20.2 Cỏc hỡnh thc lut kin trỳc 35 20.2.1 Vn lut liờn tc 35 20.2.2 Vn lut tim bin 35 20.2.3 Vn lut li lừm 35 20.2.4 Vn lut giao thoa 35 20.3 Chỳ thớch 35 20.4 am kho 35 20.5 Ngun, ngi úng gúp, v giy phộp cho bn v hỡnh nh 37 20.5.1 Vn bn 37 20.5.2 Hỡnh nh 38 20.5.3 Giy phộp ni dung 40 Chng Ch :Kin trỳc Trang Kin trỳc, y ho ụ th & Xõy dng nhim khoa kin trỳc khoa ny c thnh lp vo thỏng 10 nm 1926 Trong trit lý cc oan ca mỡnh, Meyer tin rng kin trỳc mang nng tớnh th cụng hn l tớnh ngh thut eo ụng, cụng trỡnh kin trỳc phi cú giỏ thnh thp v phi thit k ỏp ng c nh cu ca xó hi ễng cng l mt ngi theo ch ngha Marx 1.3 1.1 Ch chn lc H ó núi Kin trỳc l ngh thut phớ phm khụng gian (Architecture is the art of how to waste space) Philip Johnson Nh c tri l mt th loi cụng trỡnh kin trỳc cú chiu cao rt ln, ớt nht khong chng 800 feet, tng ng 244 Nh chc tri l hỡnh nh tng trng xut sc ca tro lu kin trỳc Hin i 1.4 Kin trỳc Tuy nhiờn, khỏi nim cú phn mp m nh nh chc tri khụng nờn nhm ln vi mt khỏi nim khỏc rừ rng hn l nh cao tng (highrise) c y ban d kin Emporis nh ngha: "mt tũa nh cú chiu cao trờn 35 m (115 ) (khong 12 tng), c chia thnh khụng gian tiờu chun trờn din tớch sn s dng." Kin trỳc l mt ngnh ngh thut v khoa hc v t chc khụng gian sng cho ngi, thit k cỏc cụng trỡnh kin trỳc Trong mt phm vi rng hn, kin trỳc bao gm vic thit k mụi trng xõy dng tng th, t tm v mụ nh quy hoch ụ th, quy hoch vựng, n thit k ụ th v c th hn na l kin trỳc cnh quan, Tt c cỏc nh chc tri u l nh cao tng, nhng ch kin trỳc cụng trỡnh, n tm vi mụ nh Kin trỳc ni cú nhng nh cao tng trờn 244 m mi l nh chc tri tht, to dỏng cụng nghip Kh nng l mt yu t xỏc nh s khỏc bit ca nh Xem tip chc tri vi cỏc loi kt cu xõy dng dng thỏp eo mt s k s kt cu, nh cao tng l bt kỡ loi kt cu xõy dng no m ti trng giú quan trng hn so vi ti trng tnh v ti trng ng ca cụng trỡnh Tiờu 1.5 Lch s kin trỳc chun ny phự hp vi tt c mi loi kt cu, t nh cao tng cho n cỏc kt cu thỏp L s kin trỳc nghiờn cu s phỏt trin v lch s ca nn kin trỳc th gii thụng qua vic nghiờn cu cỏc nh hng cỏc gúc khỏc nh ngh thut, hoỏ, chớnh tr kinh t v k thut Nhỡn chung, nhim 1.2 Gng mt ni ting v ca lch s kin trỳc l phi xõy dng c mi quan h gia ý ngha biu cm vụ hỡnh ca ca cụng trỡnh Hannes Meyer (18 thỏng 11 nm 1889 - 19 thỏng nm kin trỳc (ng ngha, chc nng, biu tng) vi s 1954) l mt kin trỳc s y S v l hiu trng th th hin hu hỡnh ca cỏc i tng kin trỳc (kớch hai ca trng Bauhaus t nm 1928 n 1930 thc, vt liu, thnh phn ca kin trỳc) v t vo Trng Bauhaus c Walter Gropius thnh lp mt nghiờn cu tng th ca thi im lch s Weimar nm 1919 Gropius ó ch nh Meyer l ch Xem tip CHNG CH :KIN TRC 1.6 Lý thuyt v lch s kin trỳc 1.10 Kt cu v vt liu Trng phỏi kin trỳc Kt cu gin Giai on lch s Kt cu vũm Kt cu khung Xem tip 1.7 Quy hoch ụ th y ho ụ th l b mụn khoa hc k thut, xó hi, nhõn vn, l ngh thut v t chc khụng gian sng cho cỏc ụ th v cỏc khu vc ụ th Nú l ngh thut sp xp t chc cỏc khụng gian chc nng, khng ch hỡnh thỏi kin trỳc ụ th trờn c s cỏc iu tra, d bỏo, tớnh toỏn s phỏt trin, c im, vai trũ, nhu cu v ngun lc ca ụ th, nhm c th húa chớnh sỏch phỏt trin, gim thiu cỏc tỏc ng cú hi, Xem tip 1.8 Kin trỳc cnh quan Kt cu khung - vỏch cng Kt cu xõy gch ỏ Kt cu bng bờ tụng v bờ tụng ct thộp Kt cu bng thộp Kt cu bng g 1.11 Kin trỳc s Kin trỳc s Hóng kin trỳc Xem tip Kin trỳc cnh quan l ngh thut, lp k hoch phỏt 1.12 Cỏc gii thng trin, thit k, qun lý, bo tn v phc ch li cnh quan ca khu vc t v a im xõy dng ca Gii thng Pritzker ngi Phm vi hot ng ca kin trỳc cnh quan liờn quan n thit k kin trỳc, thit k tng mt Gii thng Stirling bng, phỏt trin bt ng sn, bo tn v phc ch mụi Gii thng AIA trng, thit k ụ th, quy hoch ụ th, thit k cỏc cụng viờn v cỏc khu vc ngh ngi gii trớ v bo tn di sn Ngi hot ng lnh vc kin trỳc cnh Xem tip quan c gi l kin trỳc s cnh quan Xem tip 1.13 1.9 Cỏc th loi cụng trỡnh Cụng trỡnh húa kin trỳc Tham gia phỏt trin Phn thụng tin Kin trỳc ny ang c xõy dng nờn rt cn s giỳp , úng gúp ca bn Bn cú th: Cụng trỡnh giỏo dc Sa cha v b sung cho cỏc bi s (tr giỳp): Cụng trỡnh hnh chớnh Vit hay dch bi mi (gừ tờn bi vo ụ ri n nỳt Vit trang mi, xem thờm tr giỳp) Cụng trỡnh thng mi, dch v Cụng trỡnh y t Cụng trỡnh tụn giỏo 1.14 Ch cn m rng Kin trỳc c in: Cụng trỡnh giao thụng Cụng trỡnh di lũng t Xem tip c ct Ionic - c ct Doric - By k quan th gii c i Kin trỳc s: 1.16 LIấN KT NGOI Gofried Semper - Buckminster Fuller - Peter Behrens - Isozaki Arata - eo van Doesburg - Cộsar Pelli Santiago Calatrava Cụng trỡnh Kin trỳc: n v ln Marseille - ỏp CN 1.15 Ch cn vit mi Kin trỳc sinh thỏi - Kin trỳc ti thiu - Frank Lloyd Wright 1.16 Liờn kt ngoi Archinform - C s d liu kin trỳc quc t Bỏch khoa ton th kin trỳc Archpedia vin nh v Cụng trỡnh v Kt cu Cupola ụng tin v im bỏo kin trỳc Danda Bỏch khoa th Kin trỳc ton cu Chng Kin trỳc S khụ cng, vụ tớnh ca kin trỳc hin i b phờ phỏn mnh m nhng nm 1970 khin tro lu kin trỳc hu hin i i Cụng ngh v vt liu mi c ỏp dng mnh m kin trỳc hu hin i, m ỏp dng chỳng mt cỏch khụn ngoan y cm xỳc hn, nhm nhn mnh cỏc c thự ca cụng trỡnh v mi liờn h ca cụng trỡnh n khung cnh t nhiờn húa xó hi xung quanh 2.1 Lch s kin trỳc n Parthenon Athena, Hy Lp Kin trỳc l mt ngnh ngh thut v khoa hc v t chc sp xp khụng gian, lp h s thit k cỏc cụng trỡnh kin trỳc Kin trỳc s vi kin thc chuyờn Dolmen B ngnh kin trỳc, ngoi cụng tỏc thit k cụng trỡnh cú th tham gia vo rt nhiu cỏc lnh vc thit k qun lý khỏc, nh quy hoch ụ th, thit k ụ th, thit k cnh quan, qun lý ụ th, qun lý giỏm sỏt d ỏn, thit k ni tht, thit k hay thit k to dỏng cụng nghip T nhng vt liu sn cú, nhng tri thc khoa hc, kinh nghim, nhu cu thc t, quan nim v ý ngha v giỏ tr thm m ca cỏc hỡnh thc kin trỳc, mi nn húa thng li hng lot cỏc cụng trỡnh kin trỳc cú chung nhng phong cỏch kin trỳc riờng, c trng cho cỏc thi k lch s Kin trỳc hin i i theo xu hng tụn sựng cụng ngh v vt liu mi, cụng nng s dng, v nng lc sỏng to cỏ nhõn, ú cỏc cụng trỡnh kin trỳc hin i Stonehenge England thng khụng cú nhiu liờn h n húa bn a 2.3 CC PHONG CCH KIN TRC PHNG TY NI TING Bt u bui bỡnh minh ca lch s loi ngi, ng trc nhu cu t bo v mỡnh trc cỏc tỏc ng thiờn nhiờn thi tit, ngi tin s ó phi to nờn nhng dng thc kin trỳc u tiờn tn ti Nh vy, kin trỳc trc tiờn c ny sinh t trờn nhu cu cụng nng s dng ca ngi Trong lch s kin trỳc chõu u, gi thuyt v ngun gc ca kin trỳc c Vitruvius cp n tỏc phm Mi cun sỏch vit v kin trỳc eo ú, tỳp lu nguyờn thy c xem l im thy cho mi dng thc ca kin trỳc sau ny Vo thi k ỏ mi, ngi ó xõy dng nhng tng thnh kiờn c t bo v, vớ d nh bc tng thnh bng ỏ ni ting c tỡm thy Jericho, cú niờn i xõy dng vo nm 8000 trc Cụng nguyờn Ngi ta cng ó khai qut c mt cm qun c gm nhng u trng Roma, í, phong cỏch kin trỳc Roman nh trũn xõy dng bng nhng tng ỏ chng xp lờn lng Skara Brae Scotland Vo thi i ng, cỏc loi hỡnh kin trỳc u tiờn ó i ú l cỏc loi hỡnh sau õy: Phũng ỏ (Dolmen) Ct ỏ (Menhir hay Monolith) Lan can ỏ (Cromlech) Hỡnh thc s ca n th 2.2 Kin trỳc v Xõy dng 2.3 Cỏc phong cỏch kin trỳc phng Tõy ni ting u trng Coloseum, í Lch s kin trỳc ó tri qua nhiu giai on vi cỏc phong cỏch khỏc Lch s kin trỳc chõu u, nu phõn chia theo cỏc giai on lch s, ngi ta cú cỏc dũng kin trỳc chớnh: Kin trỳc Ai Cp c i Kin trỳc Lng H v Ba T Kin trỳc Hy Lp c i Kin trỳc La Mó c i Kin trỳc Byzantine v kin trỳc Nga thi k trung th k Kin trỳc Roman Kin trỳc Gothic Kin trỳc Phc hng (Renaissance) Kin trỳc Baroque Kin trỳc Rococo Cỏc dng thc ct kin trỳc phng Tõy Kin trỳc Tõn c in (Neoclassic) Kin trỳc Hin i (Modern architecture) 26 13.4 Tỏc gi v tỏc phm Kin trỳc Tham s tiờu biu Zaha Hadid Grey Lynn Frei Oo 13.5 Tham kho CHNG 13 KIN TRC THAM S Chng 14 Mụ hỡnh thụng tin xõy dng (BIM) Mụ hỡnh thụng tin xõy dng (BIM) l mt quy trỡnh liờn quan ti vic to lp v qun lý nhng c trng k thut s (c gi l mụ hỡnh thụng tin k thut s ) cỏc khõu thit k, thi cụng v hnh cỏc cụng trỡnh (cụng trỡnh õy cú th l cụng trỡnh xõy dng hay cỏc sn phm cụng nghip).* [1] V bn cht, cú th xem BIM l mt h s thit k gm nhng tin hay d liu k thut s, cha cỏc mi liờn h logic v mt khụng gian, kớch thc, s lng, vt liu ca tng cu kin, b phn cụng trỡnh Nhng thụng tin ny c trao i v kt ni trc tuyn vi thụng qua cỏc phn mm, h tr cho vic qun lý v nhng quyt nh liờn quan ti cụng trỡnh Vic kt hp cỏc thụng tin v cỏc b phn cụng trỡnh vi cỏc thụng tin khỏc nh nh mc, n giỏ, tin thi cụng s to nờn mt mụ hỡnh thc ti o ca cụng trỡnh, nhm mc ớch ti u húa thit k, thi cụng, hnh qun lý cụng trỡnh Tuy nhiờn, thut ng 'Mụ hỡnh thụng tin cụng trỡnh' v 'Mụ hỡnh húa thụng tin cụng trỡnh' ó khụng c s dng ph bin cho n 10 nm sau ú, vo nm 2002 hóng Autodesk phỏt hnh mt cun sỏch vi ta Building Information Modeling* [9] v cỏc nh cung cp phn mm khỏc cng bt u khng nh s quan tõm ti lnh vc ny* [10] Da vo nhng úng gúp t Autodesk, Bentley Systems v Graphiso, cng thờm nhng quan sỏt vi cỏc ngnh cụng nghip khỏc, vo nm 2003 Jerry Laiserin ó giỳp ph bin v tiờu chun húa thut ng ny nh l mt tờn gi chung cho s mụ phng k thut s quỏ trỡnh xõy dng mt cụng trỡnh* [11]* [12] Trc ú, vic trao i v kim tra s tng thớch ca thụng tin k thut s tng c gi di nhng cỏi tờn khỏc nh Virtual Building (Cụng trỡnh o) bi Graphiso, Integrated Project Models(Mụ hỡnh d ỏn tớch hp) bi Bentley Systems, hay Building Information Modeling(Mụ hỡnh húa Nhng phn mm h tr BIM c s dng bi cỏc cỏ thụng tin cụng trỡnh) bi Autodesk v Vectorworks nhõn, doanh nghip, c quan chớnh ph, lờn phng Do Graphiso cú nhiu kinh nghim phỏt trin cỏc gii ỏn, thit k, thi cụng, hnh v bo dng nhiu phỏp liờn quan ti mụ hỡnh thụng tin cụng trỡnh hn hng mc cụng trỡnh xõy dng hay c s h tng khỏc cỏc hóng khỏc, Laiserin coi phn mm ArchiCAD ca nhau, nh h thng cp thoỏt nc, x lý nc thi, Graphiso nh mt nhng gii phỏp v BIM h thng cung cp in, khớ t, h thng thụng tin phự hp nht trờn th trng* [13] nhng cng ng liờn lc, h thng ng giao thụng, cu, cng, nh , thi nhn mnh vai trũ tiờn phong ca cỏc ng dng cn h, trng hc, ca hng, phũng, nh xng nh RUCAPS, Sonata v Reex* [14] Sau ln mt Mt s phn mm h tr BIM c s dng tng i vo nm 1987, ArchiCAD tr thnh mt nhng ph bin cú th k ti Autodesk Revit Architecture & phng tin ng dng u tiờn ca BIM* [15]* [16], Structure, Tekla Structure nú l sn phm CAD u tiờn cú th to mụ hỡnh 2D v 3D trờn mỏy tớnh cỏ nhõn, cng nh l sn phm thng mi v BIM u tiờn dnh cho mỏy tớnh cỏ nhõn* [17]* [18] 14.1 Ngun gc Khỏi nim v BIM ó tn ti t thp k 1970* [2]* [3]* [4] 14.2 nh ngha ut ng 'mụ hỡnh cụng trỡnh' (ng ngha vi khỏi nim BIM c s dng ngy nay) xut hin ln u vo nm 1985 ti liu ca Simon Rue* [5] v y ban D ỏn Tiờu chun quc gia Hoa K v Mụ hỡnh nm 1986 ti liu ca Robert Aish* [6] - sau ú thụng tin xõy dng ó nh ngha v BIM nh sau: ti lt GMW Computers Ltd, cụng ty phỏt trin phn mm RUCAPS - cp ti vic ng dng cỏc phn mm Mụ hỡnh thụng tin xõy dng (BIM) l ti sõn bay Heathrow, London* [7] ut ng 'mụ hỡnh mt mụ t dng k thut s ca cỏc c thụng tin cụng trỡnh' ln u tiờn xut hin vo nm im v mt vt lý v cụng nng ca mt 1992 ti liu ca G.A van Nederveen v F P tin ớch (cụng trỡnh) Building Information Tolman* [8] Modeling (BIM) is a digital representation of 27 28 CHNG 14 Mễ HèNH THễNG TIN XY DNG (BIM) physical and functional characteristics of a facility A BIM is a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle; dened as existing from earliest conception to demolition.* [19] Kiziltas, Semiha; Leite, Fernanda; Akinci, Burcu; Lipman, Robert R (2009) Interoperable Methodologies and Techniques in CAD Trong Karimi, Hassan A.; Akinci, Burcu CAD and GIS Integration CRC tr 73109 ISBN 978-1-42006806-1 it k xõy dng truyn thng t xa ti phn ln ch c th hin bng bn v hai chiu trờn giy (tc l cỏc: bn v mt bng, mt ng, mt ct, chi tit, vv.) Kymmell, Willem (2008) Building Information Modeling: Planning and Managing Construction Projects with 4D CAD and Simulations, McGrawHill Professional ISBN 978-0-07-149453-3 14.3 Vai trũ ca BIM vũng i cụng trỡnh Krygiel, Eddy and Nies, Brad (2008) Green BIM: Successful Sustainable Design with Building Information Modeling, Sybex ISBN 978-0-47023960-5 BIM c khai thỏc v s dng khụng ch giai on quy hoch v thit k d ỏn m cũn kộo di sut vũng i ca cụng trỡnh, h tr nhng quỏ trỡnh nh qun lý chi phớ, qun lý xõy dng v qun lý d ỏn 14.4 Xem thờm Mụ hỡnh chiu BIM chiu (4D) BIM chiu (5D) BIM chiu (6D) it k kin trỳc Kin trỳc BIM Wash n lý thi cụng xõy dng Design computing Integrated Project Delivery it k v thi cụng xõy dng o Whole Building Design Guide 14.5 Tham kho Eastman, Chuck; Teicholz, Paul; Sacks, Rafael; Liston, Kathleen (2008) BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers Wiley ISBN 978-0-47018528-5 Hardin, Brad (2009) BIM and Construction Management: Proven Tools, Methods and Workows Sybex ISBN 978-0-470-40235-1 Jernigan, Finith (2007) BIG BIM lile bim 4Site Press ISBN 978-0-9795699-0-6 Lộvy, Franỗois (2011) BIM in Small-Scale Sustainable Design, Wiley ISBN 978-0470590898 Smith, Dana K and Tardif, Michael (2009) Building Information Modeling: A Strategic Implementation Guide for Architects, Engineers, Constructors, and Real Estate Asset Managers, Wiley ISBN 978-0-470-25003-7 Underwood, Jason, and Isikdag, Umit (2009) Handbook of Research on Building Information Modeling and Construction Informatics: Concepts and Technologies, Information Science Publishing ISBN 978-1-60566-928-1 Weygant, Robert S (2011) BIM Content Development: Standards, Strategies, and Best Practices, Wiley ISBN 978-0-470-58357-9 14.6 Chỳ thớch v ngun dn [1] TS Nguyn Vit Hựng, TS T Ngc Bỡnh - Tng quan v mụ hỡnh thụng tin cụng trỡnh (BIM) v nhu cu xõy dng l trỡnh ỏp dng BIM ngnh xõy dng Vit Nam, H Ni, 28/02/204 [2] Eastman, Charles; Fisher, David; Lafue, Gilles; Lividini, Joseph; Stoker, Douglas; Yessios, Christos (thỏng nm 1974) An Outline of the Building Description System Institute of Physical Planning, Carnegie-Mellon University [3] Eastman, Chuck; Tiecholz, Paul; Sacks, Rafael; Liston, Kathleen (2008) BIM Handbook: a Guide to Building Information Modeling for owners, managers, designers, engineers, and contractors (n bn 1) Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley tr xixii ISBN 9780470185285 [4] Eastman, Chuck; Tiecholz, Paul; Sacks, Rafael; Liston, Kathleen (2011) BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors (n bn 2) Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley tr 3637 14.7 LIấN KT NGOI [5] Rue S (1985) Architectural design exposed: from computer-aided-drawing to computer-aided-design Environments and Planning B: Planning and Design 1986 March pp 385-389 [6] Aish, R (1986) Building Modelling: e Key to Integrated Construction CADCIB 5th International Symposium on the Use of Computers for Environmental Engineering related to Building, 79 July [7] cited by Laiserin, Jerry (2008), Foreword to Eastman, C., et al (2008), op cit, p.xii [8] Van Nederveen, G.A.; Tolman, F.P (1992) Modelling multiple views on buildings Automation in Construction (3): 21524 doi:10.1016/09265805(92)90014-B [9] Autodesk (2002) Building Information Modeling San Rafael, CA, Autodesk, Inc [10] Laiserin, J (2002) "Comparing Pommes and Naranjas", e Laiserin Leer, December 16, 2002 [11] Laiserin, J (2003) "e BIM Page", e Laiserin Leer [12] Laiserin, in his foreword to Eastman, et al (2008, op cit) disclaimed he had coined the term, adding it is my opinion that the historical record shows that Building Information Modeling was not an innovation aributable solely to any individual or entity.(p.xiii) [13] Laiserin, J (2003) "Graphiso on BIM", e Laiserin Leer, January 20, 2003 [14] Laiserin, J (2003) "LaiserinLeerLeers" (see Laiserin's comment to leer from John Mullan), e Laiserin Leer, January 06 2003 [15] Lincoln H Forbes, Syed M Ahmed, (2010) Modern Construction: Lean Project Delivery and Integrated Practices, CRC Press [16] Cinti Luciani, S Garagnani, R Mingucci (2012) BIM tools and design intent Limitations and opportunities, in K Kensek, J Peng, Practical BIM 2012 - Management, Implementation, Coordination and Evaluation, Los Angeles [17] irk, Vanessa (7 thỏng 12 nm 2012).A Brief History of BIM Arch Daily Truy cp ngy 14 thỏng nm 2015 [18] M Dobelis (2013), Drawbacks of BIM concept adoption, in the 12th International Conference on Engineering Graphics, BALTGRAF 2013, June 57, 2013, Riga, Latvia [19] National BIM Standard United States National Building Information Model Standard Project http://www.nationalbimstandard.org/ Commiee, faq.php#faq1 (accessed: ngy 20 thỏng 11 nm 2013) 29 14.7 Liờn kt ngoi What is BIM? by Professor Charles M Eastman, Director of AEC Integration Lab at Georgia Tech GSA National BIM Program National 3D-4D BIM Program by the U.S GSA (General Services Administration) BIM Articles Cross-industry expert articles on the subject of Building Information Modelling UK National BIM Report 2011 National report into UK aitudes to BIM in 2011 UK National BIM Report 2012 National report into UK aitudes to BIM in 2012 UK National BIM Report 2013 National report into UK aitudes to BIM in 2013 UK National BIM Report 2014 National report into UK aitudes to BIM in 2014 UK Government BIM Task Group website e UK Government's BIM programme and requirements IBIMA Iran Building Information Modeling Association CAD addict List of Existing BIM Standards BIM is the future BIM is a revolutionary movement of the management, design and construction Bn mu:Mụ hỡnh thụng tin xõy dng (BIM) Chng 15 Nh g Mt ngụi nh g Nh g n s 15.1 Tham kho [1] Ngang nhiờn phỏ rng phũng h ly g dng nh Mt nh g hin i c xõy dng nh nh bng gch v xi mng, Nh g l loi nh c lm bng thõn, cnh ca cõy g tht, c lp ghộp th cụng t nhng tm vỏn g t thiờn nhiờn Loi nh ny thng r tin v d ch to, ớt tn thi gian, tn cụng Nhc im ca nú l khụng thõn thin vi mụi trng vỡ nú ó gõy vic cht n phỏ rng.* [1] Mt s nh g thỡ khỏ n gin, mt s thỡ rt cụng phu vỡ nú c trang b thờm nhiu vt liu, ni tht khỏc Nh g n s thng ch c dng tm , cũn nh g cao cp hn cú th dựng lm nh ngh mỏt, nh lõu di hoc thm l khỏch sn 30 Chng 16 Phũng trng by Cỏc a im ni ting nht th gii cho phũng trng by lnh vc ny nh l Champs Elysees Paris hoc i l s New York Phũng trng by cng cú th l mt ca hng bỏn l ca mt cụng ty, ú sn phm c bỏn mt khụng gian c to bi thng hiu hay cụng ty ca h Mt phũng trng by cng cú th l mt khụng gian cho nhng ngi mua bỏn buụn by hng thi trang bỏn cỏc ca hng bỏn l ca mỡnh Mt nhng Showroom ln nht th gii vi din tớch lờn n 73,000 m l Showroom BMW Munich hay gi l BMW Welt Mt s ca hng gii thiu sn phm c s dng hng ngy, nhng ngi khỏc ch c s dng biu din mt l t tỏc nghip Trong mt Phũng trng by hay cũn gi l showroom l mt s trng hp, showroom cho thuờ i vi mt ngh s khụng gian c lp hoc liờn hon rng ln c s biu din cỏc th ụ thi trang nh cỏc thnh ph dng lm v trớ gii thiu, tip th cỏc sn phm New York, Paris, Milan hay Luõn ụn, ngi ta cú th bỏn, chng hn nh ụ tụ, xe mỏy, ni tht, gia tỡm thy cỏc phũng trng by tm thi dng, thm hoc qun ỏo Nú cng cú th l mt v trớ Nhng ni ny cú th c thuờ trờn c s hng ngy gii trớ by nhng dch v gii trớ hoc mt chng hoc hng tun t chc mt phũng trng by trỡnh k c th Tuy gi l phũngnhng nú mt thi gian ngn Mt s ca hng gii thiu sn cng cú th l mt tũa nh c lp hoc l mt phũng phm tm thi c qun lý vi s giỳp ca c quan mt tũa nh khỏc nh phũng, cao c, nh qun lý cỏc s kin Phũng trng by tm thi cng cú chc tri th l Ca hng Pop Up hoc ca hng Pop Pop-up bỏn l m l doanh s bỏn hng ngn hn Mt phũng trng by cỏc sn phm cụng ngh 16.1 c im 16.2 Xem thờm Phũng trng by quc gia Jeu de Paume Ca hng bỏch húa y bỏn hng Tim húa 16.3 Tham kho 16.4 Liờn kt ngoi Mt phũng trng by ni tht 31 Chng 17 Quy chun xõy dng y un xõy dng l cỏc quy nh bt buc ỏp dng hot ng xõy dng c quan qun lý nh nc cú thm quyn v xõy dng ban hnh ú l cỏc yờu cu k thut ti thiu bt buc phi tuõn th i vi mi hot ng xõy dng v cỏc gii phỏp, cỏc tiờu chun xõy dng (TCXD) c s dng t c cỏc yờu cu ú trỡnh xõy dng Vit Nam nu nhng tiờu chun ny m bo cỏc yờu cu k thut, quy nh QCXD v c B Xõy dng chp thun Tuy nhiờn, mi quc gia cú quy chun xõy dng khỏc cú cỏc quy nh cho cỏc thụng s k thut mi cụng trỡnh l khỏc Khi thit k cụng trỡnh xõy dng ti quc gia no, ngi thit k u cn phi lu ý n quy chun xõy dng ca quc gia ú thit k cụng trỡnh cho phự hp v ỳng quy nh Bờn cnh quy chun xõy dng, tiờu chun xõy dng cng l mt cn tham kho cụng tỏc thit k Trong khong khụng t mt va hố lờn ti cao 3,5 m thỡ mi b phn nh u khụng c nhụ quỏ ng , tr cỏc trng hp sau: Vớ d, mt y nh v Kin trỳc ụ th QCXDVN (trong trng hp nh cú ch gii xõy dng trựng vi ng ): Bc thm, vt dt xe: c nhụ khụng quỏ 0,3 m ng ng ng thoỏt nc ma gn vo mt ngoi nh: c phộp vt qua ng khụng quỏ 0,2 m v phi m bo m quan 17.1 Mc tiờu ca quy chun xõy dng T cao m (tớnh t mt va hố) tr lờn, cỏc bu ca, g ch, b phn trang trớ c phộp vt ng khụng quỏ 0,2 m m bo cỏc iu kin an ton, v sinh, tin nghi cho nhng ngi lm vic v sinh sng khu vc hoc cụng trỡnh c xõy dng, ci to 17.3 Xem thờm Bo v mụi trng sng, cnh quan v cỏc di tớch lch s, hoỏ Tiờu chun xõy dng hin i Bo m cỏc yờu cu v quc phũng, an ninh, phũng chng chỏy n nh mc xõy dng Tiờu chun xõy dng quc t S dng hp lý u t, t v cỏc ti nguyờn khỏc 17.4 Tham kho 17.5 Liờn kt ngoi 17.2 Ti Vit Nam y chun Xõy dng Vit Nam hin ti c ban hnh cựng vi yt nh s 682/BXD-CSXD ngy 14/12/1996 ca B trng B Xõy dng y chun xõy dng c vit tt l QCXD Community civil engeneering vietnam - Din n k s xõy dng Vit Nam Khi cú s khỏc bit gia QCXD v TCXD thỡ phi tuõn theo QCXD y chun xõy dng Vit Nam Cỏc tiờu chun quc t, tiờu chun nc ngoi cú th c ỏp dng vo kho sỏt, thit k, thi cụng cỏc cụng 32 Tiờu chun Xõy dng nh ph New York y chun XDVN Chng 18 Thỏp Nakagin Capsule ỏp Nakagin Capsule ( 18.1 Tham kho |Nakagin Kapuseru Taw) l mt tũa nh dng thỏp Tky (1971) ca kin trỳc s Nht Bn Lc s Kin trỳc th gii (yn 2) - TS.KTS Trn Kurokawa Tũa nh ni ting th gii s kt hp Trng Chi nhng vuụng - n v thnh mt t hp linh hot, phong phỳ, to mt b cc nhp nhng vui mt, trụng ging nh mt c th sinh vt gm nhiu t bo Nhng hp nh tin ch - n v , c gn vo tr kt cu chớnh ca cụng trỡnh di dng cỏc cụng-xon Ging nh cu trỳc cỏc t ong, mi t bo õy l mt bung cú tin nghi cho sinh hot v lm vic cho mt ngi nh in thoi, fax, Trờn thõn tr cũn nhiu bung trng cú th d dng cy thờm bung cú nhu cu 33 Chng 19 Tnh xỏ Tnh xỏ Ngc , thnh ph Lt Tnh xỏ (ch Phn: Vihara) l cỏch gi ca ngi n pht giỏo núi v cỏc tnh tht cỏc ngụi chựa, l cỏc cụng trỡnh kin trỳc nh ca theo phong cỏch Pht giỏo dnh cho nhng ngi tu hnh ngh ngi, cu nguyn, thin nh ú l mt ni riờng bit dnh cho nhng ngy n dt ngi thin ca cỏc thy tu Tnh xỏ l ni cú th n tham quan sau ú ngh li vi ngy vỡ õy l ni yờn tnh, khỏc vi chựa cú chc nng thc hin hnh l thỡ tnh xỏ chỳ trng vo vic tnh lng ngh ngi, tu tõm õy l mt tu vin Pht giỏo ut ng Tnh xỏ c gi tờn vi nhiu th ting khỏc nh: ting Mó Lai gi l biara,cú ngha l tu vin phõn bit vi cỏc ni th t Hi giỏo Malaysia Ting Tu gi l jingshe ting Trung: ch Hỏn, õm Hỏn Vit: tinh xỏ),Ting ỏi gi l Wihan() v ting Miờn gi l Vihear , IPA: Trong ú ting Min thỡ gi l wihara ( [wha ]), cng cú ngha l tu vin nhng h cũn cú t khỏc l kyaung ( , IPA: [tỏu]) ch v i tng ny 19.1 Tham kho 34 Chng 20 Vn lut (kin trỳc) Vn lut kin trỳc, cũn gi l nhp iu kin trỳc, l mt nhng quy lut b cc khụng gian kin trỳc c bn Vn lut kin trỳc l s lp i lp li cú quy lut, s bin húa cú t chc cỏc yu t b cc to hỡnh kin trỳc c bn (nh im kin trỳc, tuyn (hay ng nột), din (b mt), mu sc, cht cm (cm quan ca cht liu), hỡnh khi, khụng gian, n th v qun th kin trỳc), em li cho ngi mt n tng m cm nht nh Nh vy, lut kin trỳc va to s thng nht nh vic lp li mt cỏch cú quy lut cỏc yu t to hỡnh kin trỳc, nhng cng va to s a dng nh tớnh bin húa cú t chc sp xp b cc kin trỳc 20.2.1 Vn lut liờn tc Vn lut liờn tc, cũn gi l nhp iu u hay tit iu, l lut sinh s sp xp lp li mt cỏch liờn tc mt hay mt s loi thnh phn c bn (ng nột, b mt, hỡnh khi, khụng gian) b cc to hỡnh kin trỳc Khi s lp li ch vi mt loi thnh phn c bn t cnh thỡ to thnh lut liờn tc n gin Nu s dng, mi ln lp i lp li mt cỏch liờn tc, nhiu (tc l hai hay mt s) loi thnh phn c bn thỡ s c lut liờn tc phc 20.2.2 Vn lut tim bin Vn lut tim bin, cũn gi l nhp iu tng gim u, l lut thay i dn dn mt cỏch cú quy lut, cú s bin thỏi thnh phn ca nhp iu (tc l cỏc yu t kớch thc, mu sc, cht liu,) 20.1 Vai trũ ca lut ngụn ng to hỡnh kin trỳc Vn lut l phng tin quan trng ngh thut 20.2.3 Vn lut li lừm t hp kin trỳc, thiu nú tỏc phm kin trỳc tr nờn vụ hn v cõm lng, ng thi li hn n vụ t chc Nu lut tim bin ch phỏt trin n hng hoc tng u hoc gim u, thỡ lut li lừm va l S lng cỏc chu k ca s nhc li (lp li) lut tim bin (tng, gim cú quy lut), va l lut lut thng phi ln hn ba thỡ mi to c hiu qu dng dao ng hỡnh súng, lỳc lờn lỳc xung, lỳc õm lỳc thm m Vi nhng s chu k l nh 3, 5, 7, to dng, lỳc h thp lỳc t theo quy lut nht nh thnh nhng n v lut kin trỳc khụng th chia ct c y lut ny thng c ỏp dng thc kin trỳc c Vit Nam, vi cỏc nh truyn thng ca 20.2.4 Vn lut giao thoa ngi Vit thng l nh gian, gian, gian cú nhp iu lp li theo tng gian vi nhng chi tit thng nht Vn lut giao thoa hỡnh thnh cỏc thnh phn kin nh ca bc bn, lan can tin* [1] trỳc an chộo nhau, chng ln giao thoa vi eo Le Corbusier: "S thng nht cỏc thnh phn xõy dng l mt s bo m cho thm m, tớnh a dng cỏc n v a vo kin trỳc s dn n nhng b cc ln, nhng nhp iu kin trỳc chõn chớnh" (n v ln Marseille) 20.3 Chỳ thớch [1] Kin trỳc c Vit Nam, V Tam Lang, trang 201 20.4 Tham kho 20.2 Cỏc hỡnh thc lut kin trỳc Cun sỏch Sỏng tỏc kin trỳc, ca ng ỏi Hong, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut, trang 90-93 35 36 Cun sỏch C s to hỡnh kin trỳc, ca ng c ang, Nh xut bn Xõy dng, trang 137-146 Cun sỏch Nguyờn lý thit k kin trỳc, ca T Trng Xuõn, Nh xut bn Xõy dng, trang 106113 Kin trỳc c Vit Nam ca V Tam Lang CHNG 20 VN LUT (KIN TRC) 20.5 NGUN, NGI ểNG GểP, V GIY PHẫP CHO VN BN V HèNH NH 37 20.5 Ngun, ngi úng gúp, v giy phộp cho bn v hỡnh nh 20.5.1 Vn bn Ch :Kin trỳc Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_%C4%91%E1%BB%81%3AKi%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc? oldid=26264001 Ngi úng gúp: Mxn, DHN, Mth, Mekong Bluesman, Nguyn anh ang, Trung, Casablanca1911, Newone, DHN-bot, NguyenHongGiang, CommonsDelinker, Fa2f, Doón Hiu, VolkovBot, Nguyntrunghu, Pq, ArthurBot, AndyLiang, Vani Lờ, MastiBot, Cheers!-bot, MerlIwBot, AlphamaBot, Addbot, OctraBot, itxongkhoiAWB, TuanminhBot, Trantrongnhan100YHbot v ngi vụ danh Kin trỳc Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc?oldid=26665362 Ngi úng gúp: Mxn, DHN, Mth, Robbot, Mekong Bluesman, Nguyn anh ang, YurikBot, Vinhtantran, Casablanca1911, Khoinguyen, DHN-bot, Namisman, Ctmt, Huule, Escarbot, JAnDbot, CommonsDelinker, Sangtaoco, Doón Hiu, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Synthebot, Ngohongnang, ienminh, Lebach, Byrialbot, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, Huaduynam, DragonBot, Qbot, MelancholieBot, CarsracBot, Lapcoc, Nallimbot, Luckasbot, Amirobot, Eternal Dragon, Ptbotgourou, Tpta.vn, Nguyennghia kts, Betoseha, Giangcui, ArthurBot, Porcupine, ToighetTTMC, egioixaydung, AndyLiang, Rubinbot, Xqbot, GhalyBot, Doanmanhtung.sc, Volga, TobeBot, Trn Nguyn Minh Huy, Prenn, Dinhtuydzao, TjBot, Tnt1984, Namnguyenvn, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, Jspeed1310, Nguyen T Binh, CNBH, Cheers!, ChuispastonBot, WikitanvirBot, Mjbmrbot, Xuanthu75, Cheers!-bot, MerlIwBot, Vagobot, ebigb0y, HiW-Bot, unhapcua, Kientrucso6, AvocatoBot, Kidslife, Kin trỳc 02, AlphamaBot, Addbot, OctraBot, TaiwaneseWaveVN, Kientaoviet, Ktstranhuyhoang, GHA-WDAS, Tuanminh01, AdeeUS, Viethabeer, Tran Trong Nhan, anhminh2000, Trantrongnhan100YHbot, Nhadepso v 31 ngi vụ danh m hc kin trỳc Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_h%E1%BB%8Dc_ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc?oldid=25942688 Ngi úng gúp: Ghột mu , Cheers!-bot, AlphamaBot, Addbot, itxongkhoiAWB, AlphamaBot4 v Trantrongnhan100YHbot Cu g sỳc Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7u_g%E1%BB%97_s%C3%BAc?oldid=26139360 Ngi úng gúp: Tran Trong Nhan Di sn kin trỳc Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_s%E1%BA%A3n_ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc?oldid=25940482 Ngi úng gúp: Ctmt, Nguyntrunghu, Nguyen T Binh, Cheers!-bot, AlphamaBot, itxongkhoiAWB, Trantrongnhan100YHbot v Mt ngi vụ danh Di tớ Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_t%C3%ADch?oldid=22149357 Ngi úng gúp: Chobot, JAnDbot, CommonsDelinker, Kien1980v, NDS, Luckas-bot, ToiyeuTTMC, Xqbot, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, ZộroBot, FoxBot, ChuispastonBot, Cheers!-bot, MerlIwBot, AlphamaBot, Addbot, TuanminhBot v Mt ngi vụ danh i snh Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_s%E1%BA%A3nh?oldid=23721424 Ngi úng gúp: Phng Huy, EmausBot, Cheers!-bot, Donyesin, AlphamaBot, Hugopako, Arc Warden v TuanminhBot Hanok Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanok?oldid=23482555 Ngi úng gúp: DragonBot, TuHan-Bot, ZộroBot, Cheers!-bot, MerlIwBot, TKS1988, AlphamaBot, Addbot, TuanminhBot v Mt ngi vụ danh Huy ng C.F.Hansen Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huy_ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_C.F.Hansen?oldid=25940660 Ngi úng gúp: Vit Chi, AlphamaBot, itxongkhoiAWB v Trantrongnhan100YHbot Kin trỳc cnh quan Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc_c%E1%BA%A3nh_quan?oldid=26469107 Ngi úng gúp: Mth, Mekong Bluesman, ỏi Nhi, Casablanca1911, Newone, DHN-bot, JAnDbot, ijs!bot, CommonsDelinker, TXiKiBoT, Nguyntrunghu, Khucthuydu, Qbot, Alexbot, Ws227, Magicknight94, Pq, Vuadaubep3000, Bongdentoiac, 2vip, RedBot, Cheers!-bot, Violetbonmua, MerlIwBot, Vietfountains, AlphamaBot, Rotlink, Addbot, Tuanminh01, TuanminhBot, ẫn bc AWB, Phamquangduchg v ngi vụ danh Kin trỳc nhõn to Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc_nh%C3%A2n_t%E1%BA%A1o?oldid=26811318 Ngi úng gúp: CommonsDelinker, Taitamtinh, Cheers!-bot, AlphamaBot, TuanminhBot v Mt ngi vụ danh Kin trỳc ni tht Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc_n%E1%BB%99i_th%E1%BA%A5t?oldid= 25940790 Ngi úng gúp: Mekong Bluesman, Casablanca1911, Doón Hiu, Qbot, Ptbotgourou, ToiyeuTTMC, Prenn, Aptech24h, TuHan-Bot, CNBH, Violetbonmua, Noithatak, ebigb0y, Mrk1988, Kidslife, AlphamaBot, Addbot, itxongkhoiAWB, Tuanminh01, To Manh Cuong, Trantrongnhan100YHbot v ngi vụ danh Kin trỳc tham s Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc_tham_s%E1%BB%91?oldid=25940791 Ngi úng gúp: DHN, Tedmuchan, TuHan-Bot, Cheers!-bot, AlphamaBot, itxongkhoiAWB, ẫn bc AWB, Trantrongnhan100YHbot v Mt ngi vụ danh Mụ hỡnh thụng tin xõy dng (BIM) Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4_h%C3%ACnh_th%C3%B4ng_tin_x%C3%A2y_d% E1%BB%B1ng_(BIM)?oldid=26788453 Ngi úng gúp: CommonsDelinker, Doón Hiu, Capon, Amorini, Harrybotboy kc, Alphama, AlphamaBot, Phamnhatkhanh, AlphamaBot2, itxongkhoiAWB, Tuanminh01, TuanminhBot, Trantrongnhan100YHbot v Mt ngi vụ danh Nh g Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_g%E1%BB%97?oldid=26449009 Ngi úng gúp: Phng Huy, itxongkhoiAWB, AlphamaBot4, ẫn bc, Mai Ngc Xuõn, Tran Trong Nhan, Trantrongnhan100YHbot, Hunh Nhõn-thp v Mt ngi vụ danh Phũng trng by Ngun: 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