Các trang trong thể loại “Sơ khai hóa học”

Mc lc 1,2,4-Trimetylbenzen 1.1 Liờn kt ngoi 1,3-Cyclohexadien 2.1 Xem thờm 2.2 am kho 1,4-Cyclohexadien 3.1 Xem thờm 3.2 am kho 2-Methyl-2-butene 4.1 Xem thờm 4.2 am kho 2,2-Dimetylbutan 5.1 am kho 2,2,4-Trimờtylpentan 6.1 am kho 3-Nitrobenzyl alcohol 7.1 am kho kim 8.1 am kho Abrin 9.1 S dng 9.2 c tớnh 9.3 Chỳ thớch 10 Friedri Accum 11 10.1 am kho 11 Acetone peroxide 11 12 i ii MC LC 11.1 am kho 12 Acid romotropic 12 13 12.1 Chỳ thớch 13 Aconitin 13 14 13.1 c tớnh 14 13.2 S dng 14 13.3 am kho 14 14 Acrylonitrin butadien styren 15 14.1 am kho 15 Adenosine triphosphat 15 16 15.1 Tớnh cht vt lý v húa hc 16 15.2 am kho 16 16 Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe 17 16.1 Chỳ thớch 17 Reinhart Ahlris 17 18 17.1 CuC i v S nghip 18 17.2 Gii thng v Vinh d 18 17.3 am kho 18 17.4 Liờn kt ngoi 18 18 AL-6XN 19 18.1 am kho 19 Al-Li 19 20 19.1 am kho 20 Aldehyde 20 21 20.1 Cỏc aldehyd thụng dng 21 20.2 Tớnh cht vt lý 21 20.3 Tớnh cht húa hc 21 20.3.1 Phn ng vi cỏc amin 21 20.3.2 Phn ng vi alcol 21 20.3.3 Phn ng hn hp 21 20.3.4 Phn ng cng ht nhõn 21 20.3.5 Phn ng kh (Phn ng cng vi hidro) 21 22 20.4 ỏ trỡnh to 22 20.4.1 a iu ch (ch ng) 22 20.4.2 a ch bin thc phm (th ng) 22 20.3.6 Phn ng oxi húa MC LC iii 20.5 Lnh vc s dng 22 20.6 c lc vi c th 22 20.7 am kho 22 21 Allyl clorua 23 21.1 Tờn gi khỏc 23 21.2 uc tớnh 23 21.3 iu ch 23 21.4 am kho 23 22 Alnico 24 22.1 c tớnh 24 22.2 am kho 24 23 Americi 25 23.1 Tng hp v chit tỏch 25 23.1.1 Tng hp ht nhõn ng v 25 23.2 Xut hin 26 23.3 Chỳ thớch 26 23.4 am kho 26 24 Amphetamin 28 24.1 Lch s 28 24.2 am kho 28 24.3 Liờn kt ngoi 28 25 Amyl acetat 30 25.1 Xem thờm 30 25.2 Chỳ thớch 30 26 Andreas Sigismund Marggraf 26.1 Chỳ thớch 27 Anilin 31 31 32 27.1 Cu trỳc v iu ch 32 32 27.2.1 Oxi hoỏ 32 27.2.2 Tớnh baz 32 27.3 am kho 32 27.4 Liờn kt ngoi 32 27.2 Tớnh cht 28 Anisol 33 28.1 Xem thờm 33 28.2 am kho 33 iv MC LC 28.3 Liờn kt ngoi 29 Ankadien 33 34 29.1 Tờn gi 34 29.2 Phõn loi 34 29.2.1 Hai ni ụi lin 34 29.2.2 Hai liờn kt ụi cỏch bi LK n tr lờn 34 29.2.3 Hai liờn kt ụi cỏch bi LK n (ankadien liờn hp) 34 29.3 Tớnh cht húa hc 34 29.3.1 Phn ng cng 34 29.3.2 Phn ng trựng hp 34 29.3.3 Phn ng oxi húa 35 29.4 am kho 35 30 Anken 30.1 Cu to 36 36 30.2 Tớnh cht vt lý 36 30.3 Tớnh cht hoỏ hc 37 30.4 iu ch 37 30.5 am kho 37 31 Ankyl 38 31.1 Cụng thc tng quỏt 38 31.2 Cỏch gi tờn 38 31.3 Cỏch gi tờn ng phõn 38 31.4 Mt s hp cht ankyl 38 31.5 am kho 38 32 Anthracen 39 32.1 am kho 39 32.2 Liờn kt ngoi 39 33 Arsenua 40 33.1 Vớ d 40 33.2 Xem thờm 40 33.3 am kho 40 34 Asen(III) ụxớt 41 34.1 Trong thy tinh/gm 41 34.2 am kho 41 35 August Kekulộ 35.1 am kho 42 42 MC LC v 36 Auxin 43 36.1 Lch s 43 36.2 Cụng thc húa hc 43 36.3 Tỏc dng sinh lý 44 36.4 C ch tỏc dng 44 36.5 Sinh tng hp auxin 44 36.6 S phõn hy auxin 44 36.7 Chỳ thớch 44 36.8 Liờn kt ngoi 44 37 Axetic anhydrit 45 37.1 Chỳ thớch 38 Axit 2,4,6 trinitrobenzoic 45 46 38.1 Tớnh cht hoỏ hc 46 38.2 iu ch 46 38.3 am kho 46 39 Axit 3-(2,4-initrophenyl)2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic 47 39.1 Tớnh cht hoỏ hc 47 39.2 Chỳ thớch 47 39.3 am kho 47 40 Axit benzoic 48 40.1 Sn xut 48 40.1.1 iu ch cụng nghip 48 40.2 am kho 48 40.3 Liờn kt ngoi 48 41 Axit cacboxylic 49 41.1 Tớnh cht vt lý 49 41.2 Tớnh cht húa hc 49 41.3 iu ch 49 41.4 Danh phỏp 50 41.5 ng dng 50 41.5.1 Axit axetic 50 41.5.2 Axit lauric, axit panmitic, axit stearic v axit oleic 50 41.5.3 Axit benzoic 50 41.5.4 Axit oxalic HOOC-COOH v axit manlonic HOOC-CH2 -COOH 50 41.6 am kho 50 42 Axit clor 51 42.1 iu ch 51 42.2 Tớnh bn 51 vi MC LC 42.3 am kho 43 Axit crụmic 51 52 43.1 am kho 52 43.2 Liờn kt ngoi 52 44 Axit ohydric 53 44.1 am kho 53 44.2 Liờn kt ngoi 53 45 Axớt uoroantimonic 45.1 Chỳ thớch 46 Axit fulminic 54 54 55 46.1 Xem thờm 55 46.2 am kho 55 47 Axit fumaric 56 47.1 Sinh hc 56 47.2 am kho 56 47.3 Liờn kt ngoi 56 48 Axit humic 57 48.1 c tớnh v mụ t 57 48.2 c im hoỏ hc 57 48.3 Xỏc nh axit humic cỏc mu nc 58 48.4 Tỏc ng sinh thỏi 58 48.5 Xõy dng thi c i 58 48.6 am kho 58 49 Axit hu c 60 49.1 am kho 50 Axit iodic 60 61 50.1 iu ch 61 50.2 Tớnh cht 61 50.3 ng dng 61 50.4 am kho 61 51 Axit linolenic-gamma 62 51.1 Húa hc 62 51.2 Lch s 62 51.3 Ngun thc phm 62 51.4 Ngun eicosanoid 62 51.5 Y t v sc khe 63 MC LC 51.6 am kho 52 Axit maleic vii 63 64 52.1 am kho 64 52.2 Liờn kt ngoi 64 53 Axớt nitr 65 53.1 Cu trỳc 65 53.2 iu ch 65 53.3 Chỳ thớch 65 54 Axit oxo 66 54.1 Miờu t 66 54.2 Vớ d 66 54.2.1 Axớt oxo 66 54.2.2 Axớt halihiric 66 54.3 Chỳ thớch 66 54.4 Ngun dn 67 54.5 Xem thờm 67 54.6 Liờn kt ngoi 67 55 Axit pantothenic 55.1 Chỳ thớch 56 Axit pemonophosphoric 68 68 69 56.1 Chỳ thớch 69 56.2 am kho 69 57 Axit phenylacetic 70 57.1 Cỏc ng dng 70 57.2 am kho 70 57.3 Liờn kt ngoi 70 58 Axit phosphoric 71 58.1 Tớnh cht vt lý 71 58.2 Tớnh cht húa hc 71 58.3 iu ch 71 58.3.1 Trong phũng thớ nghim 71 58.3.2 Trong cụng nghip 71 58.4 Axit phosphoric trờn th trng 72 58.5 am kho 72 59 Axớt phthalic 59.1 Sn xut 73 73 viii MC LC 59.2 am kho 60 Axit propiolic 73 74 60.1 iu ch 74 60.2 Phn ng v ng dng 74 60.3 Propolates 74 60.4 Xem thờm 74 60.5 am kho 74 61 Axit pyrophosphoric 75 61.1 Tớnh cht vt lý 75 61.2 Tớnh cht húa hc 75 61.3 iu ch 75 61.4 am kho 75 62 Axit rn 76 62.1 Vớ d 76 62.2 am kho 76 63 Axit stearic 63.1 am kho 64 Axit teluric 77 77 78 64.1 Tớnh cht húa hc 78 64.2 Sn xut 78 64.3 Cỏc axớt telua khỏc 78 64.4 am kho 78 65 Axit vụ c 79 65.1 Phõn loi 79 65.2 Tờn 79 65.3 Tớnh cht húa hc 79 65.4 Phng phỏp iu ch 80 65.5 am kho 80 66 Axit wolframic 81 66.1 Tớnh cht hoỏ hc 81 66.2 iu ch 81 66.3 am kho 81 67 Axit xyanic 82 67.1 Xem thờm 82 67.2 am kho 82 68 n mũn bin 83 MC LC ix 68.1 Nguyờn nhõn 83 68.2 Phũng trỏnh 83 68.3 Chỳ thớch 83 68.4 am kho 83 69 Bc azua 84 69.1 Cu trỳc v tớnh cht húa hc 84 69.2 am kho 84 70 Bc clorat 85 70.1 Sn xut v iu ch 85 70.2 Xem thờm 85 70.3 am kho 85 71 Bc clorua 86 71.1 iu ch 86 71.2 S dng 86 71.3 am kho 86 71.4 Liờn kt ngoi 86 72 Bc fulminat 87 72.1 iu ch 87 72.2 ng dng 87 72.3 am kho 87 72.4 Liờn kt ngoi 87 73 Bc iotua 88 73.1 am kho 74 Bc nitrat 88 89 74.1 iu ch 89 74.2 ng dng 89 74.3 am kho 89 74.4 Liờn kt ngoi 89 75 Bỏn kớnh liờn kt cng húa tr 75.1 am kho 76 Baratol 90 91 76.1 am kho 77 Bari hydroxit 77.1 iu ch v cu trỳc 90 91 92 92 77.2 ng dng 92 77.3 am kho 92 355.3 NGUN, NGI ểNG GểP, V GIY PHẫP CHO VN BN V HèNH NH 443 Tp_tin:Dibromomethane_3D.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Dibromomethane_3D.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to ra, hu:User:Xxxx00 Tp_tin:Dicalcium_phosphate.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Dicalcium_phosphate.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Edgar181 Tp_tin:Dicarbon_dioxide_3D_spacefill.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Dicarbon_dioxide_3D_ spacefill.png Giy phộp: CC0 Ngi úng gúp: is chemical image was created with Discovery Studio Visualizer Ngh s u tiờn: Jynto (talk) Tp_tin:Dichlorine-heptoxide-3D-balls.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/ Dichlorine-heptoxide-3D-balls.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Dichlorine_heptoxide.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Dichlorine_heptoxide.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Yikrazuul Tp_tin:Die_Flammenfọrbung_des_Rubidium.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Die_Flammenf% C3%A4rbung_des_Rubidium.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Didaktische.Medien Tp_tin:Diethyl_sulfite_Structural_FormulaV1-Seite001.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/ Diethyl_sulfite_Structural_FormulaV1-Seite001.svg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 4.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Jỹ Tp_tin:Dihydrogen-2D-dimensions.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/ Dihydrogen-2D-dimensions.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Dihydrogen-3D-vdW.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Dihydrogen-3D-vdW.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Dimethyl-sulfoxide-3D-balls-A.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/ Dimethyl-sulfoxide-3D-balls-A.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Ben Mills Tp_tin:Dimethyl_sulfite.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Dimethyl_sulfite.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Edgar181 Tp_tin:Dinitrogen-trioxide-2D-geometry.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/ Dinitrogen-trioxide-2D-geometry.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Dinitrogen-trioxide-3D-vdW.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/ Dinitrogen-trioxide-3D-vdW.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Dinitrogen-trioxide-xtal-3D-vdW.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/ Dinitrogen-trioxide-xtal-3D-vdW.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Ben Mills Tp_tin:Dipropylene_glycol.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Dipropylene_glycol.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: en:User_talk:Ronhjones Tp_tin:Dopamine2.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Dopamine2.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Harbin Tp_tin:Dopamine_3D_ball.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Dopamine_3D_ball.png Giy phộp: CC0 Ngi úng gúp: is chemical image was created with Discovery Studio Visualizer Ngh s u tiờn: Jynto (talk) Tp_tin:Doxofylline.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Doxofylline.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Chuyn t en.wikipedia sang Commons by Ronhjones Ngh s u tiờn: Meodipt at en.wikipedia Tp_tin:Duran_erlenmeyer_flask_narrow_neck_50ml.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Duran_ erlenmeyer_flask_narrow_neck_50ml.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Lucasbosch Tp_tin:Electrolysis_Apparatus.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Electrolysis_Apparatus.png Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Ivan Akira Tp_tin:Elutionskurven_Tb_Gd_Eu_und_Bk_Cm_Am.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/ Elutionskurven_Tb_Gd_Eu_und_Bk_Cm_Am.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: [1] [2] Ngh s u tiờn: S G ompson, A Ghiorso, and G T Seaborg (doi:10.1103/PhysRev.80.781) - originally published in US-gov classied documents [3] [4], thus public domain Tp_tin:Endrin-3D-balls.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Endrin-3D-balls.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Ben Mills Tp_tin:Endrin.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Endrin.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Own work based on: DOI:10.1039/P29720002153 Ngh s u tiờn: NEUROtiker, Leyo Tp_tin:Epigallocatechin_gallate_3D_spacefill.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/ Epigallocatechin_gallate_3D_spacefill.png Giy phộp: CC0 Ngi úng gúp: is chemical image was created with Discovery Studio Visualizer Ngh s u tiờn: Jynto (talk) Tp_tin:Epigallocatechin_gallate_structure.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Epigallocatechin_ gallate_structure.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Equilibrium.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Equilibrium.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: L'Aquatique Tp_tin:Ethane-flat.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Ethane-flat.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? 444 CHNG 355 ADA YONATH Tp_tin:Ethene_structural.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Ethene_structural.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: McMonster Tp_tin:Ethylbenzene-2D-skeletal.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Ethylbenzene-2D-skeletal png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Ethylbenzene-3d.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Ethylbenzene-3d.png Giy phộp: CCBY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Sbrools Tp_tin:Ethylbenzene-styrene_interconversion.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/ Ethylbenzene-styrene_interconversion.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Edgar181 (talk) Tp_tin:Ethylene-3D-vdW.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Ethylene-3D-vdW.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? 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Tp_tin:Hydrogen_fluoride.JPG Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Hydrogen_fluoride.JPG Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to (Own picture) Ngh s u tiờn: User:Dorgan Tp_tin:Hydronium-3D-balls.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Hydronium-3D-balls.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Benjah-bmm27 Tp_tin:Hydronium.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Hydronium.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Chuyn t en.wikipedia sang Commons Ngh s u tiờn: Bensaccount ti Wikipedia Ting Anh Tp_tin:Hydroxid_hoenatý.PNG Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Hydroxid_ho%C5%99e%C4% 8Dnat%C3%BD.PNG Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Vlastnớ sbớrka Ngh s u tiờn: Ondej Mangl Tp_tin:Hydroxid_zinenatý.PNG Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Hydroxid_zine%C4%8Dnat%C3% BD.PNG Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Vlastnớ sbớrka Ngh s u tiờn: Ondej Mangl Tp_tin:Hydroxonium-3D-elpot.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Hydroxonium-3D-elpot.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Benjah-bmm27 Tp_tin:Hydroxonium-cation.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Hydroxonium-cation.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: self-made based on Image:Hydroxonium-cation.png Ngh s u tiờn: Jacek FH Tp_tin:Indican.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Indican.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: No machine-readable source provided Own work assumed (based on copyright claims) Ngh s u tiờn: No machinereadable author provided Shaddack assumed (based on copyright claims) Tp_tin:Indol-3-ylacetic_acid.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Indol-3-ylacetic_acid.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: No machine-readable source provided Own work assumed (based on copyright claims) Ngh s u tiờn: No machine-readable author provided Ayacop assumed (based on copyright claims) Tp_tin:Indole-3-butyric_acid.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Indole-3-butyric_acid.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Yikrazuul Tp_tin:Iodic-acid-2D.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Iodic-acid-2D.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Benjah-bmm27 Tp_tin:Iodic-acid-3D-balls.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Iodic-acid-3D-balls.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Benjah-bmm27 448 CHNG 355 ADA YONATH Tp_tin:Iodic-acid-3D-vdW.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Iodic-acid-3D-vdW.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Benjah-bmm27 Tp_tin:Iron-trichloride-sheet-3D-polyhedra.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/ Iron-trichloride-sheet-3D-polyhedra.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Benjah-bmm27 Tp_tin:Iron-trichloride-sheets-stacking-3D-polyhedra.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/ Iron-trichloride-sheets-stacking-3D-polyhedra.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Benjah-bmm27 Tp_tin:Iron_III_Flame_Thermite_Reaction.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Iron_III_Flame_ Thermite_Reaction.jpg Giy phộp: CC0 Ngi úng gúp: is is a cropped screenshot of a video of the thermite reaction that I made myself, using a digital camcorder Previously published: Never published before Ngh s u tiờn: Denver & Rio Grande Tp_tin:Iroquois_Falls_mill.JPG Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Iroquois_Falls_mill.JPG Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: P199 Tp_tin:Isobutane_1.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Isobutane_1.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Vector conversion of Ngh s u tiờn: BMacZero Tp_tin:Isocitric_acid.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Isocitric_acid.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to based on this source Ngh s u tiờn: Krishnavedala Tp_tin:Isocyanic_acid_3D_balls.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Isocyanic_acid_3D_balls.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: fubbs Tp_tin:Isocyansọure.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Isocyans%C3%A4ure.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: NEUROtiker Tp_tin:Isooctane-3D-vdW.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Isooctane-3D-vdW.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Iupac-cyclic.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Iupac-cyclic.png Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_cloud.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Ivy_Mike_-_mushroom_ cloud.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Jabir_ibn_Hayyan.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Codici Ashburnhamiani 1166, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence Ngh s u tiờn: (uploaded by user Halfdan) Tp_tin:Jodinan_draselný.JPG Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Jodi%C4%8Dnan_draseln%C3%BD JPG Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Ondej Mangl Tp_tin:Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/images/B17480 Ngh s u tiờn: Khụng rừ Tp_tin:KClO3.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/KClO3.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to () Ngh s u tiờn: Xavier13540 Tp_tin:KI_Sandmeyer.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/KI_Sandmeyer.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: en:File:KI_Sandmeyer.png Ngh s u tiờn: en:user:Walkerma Tp_tin:KeratinF9.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/KeratinF9.png Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Ketamine.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Ketamine.png Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 4.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Nerdking2015 Tp_tin:Ketamine.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Ketamine.svg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Mrgreen71 Tp_tin:Kochendes_wasser02.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Kochendes_wasser02.jpg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: user:Markus Schweiss Tp_tin:Kwas_fenylooctowy.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Kwas_fenylooctowy.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Arrowsmaster Tp_tin:Kwas_naftylooctowy.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Kwas_naftylooctowy.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Arrowsmaster Tp_tin:L-arginine_wpmp.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/L-arginine_wpmp.png Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Chuyn t en.wikipedia sang Commons by Sfan00_IMG using CommonsHelper Ngh s u tiờn: Zephyris ti Wikipedia Ting Anh 355.3 NGUN, NGI ểNG GểP, V GIY PHẫP CHO VN BN V HèNH NH 449 Tp_tin:L-argino-succinate_wpmp.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/L-argino-succinate_wpmp png Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Chuyn t en.wikipedia sang Commons by Sfan00_IMG using CommonsHelper Ngh s u tiờn: Zephyris ti Wikipedia Ting Anh Tp_tin:L-aspartate_wpmp.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/L-aspartate_wpmp.png Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Chuyn t en.wikipedia sang Commons by Sfan00_IMG using CommonsHelper Ngh s u tiờn: Zephyris ti Wikipedia Ting Anh Tp_tin:L-citrulline_wpmp.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/L-citrulline_wpmp.png Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Chuyn t en.wikipedia sang Commons by Sfan00_IMG using CommonsHelper Ngh s u tiờn: Zephyris ti Wikipedia Ting Anh Tp_tin:L-ornithine_wpmp.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/L-ornithine_wpmp.png Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Chuyn t en.wikipedia sang Commons by Sfan00_IMG using CommonsHelper Ngh s u tiờn: Zephyris ti Wikipedia Ting Anh Tp_tin:Lanosterol-3D-sticks.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Lanosterol-3D-sticks.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Benjah-bmm27 Tp_tin:Latex-production.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Latex-production.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Latex_dripping.JPG Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Latex_dripping.JPG Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: AxelBoldt Tp_tin:Lauryl_glucoside.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Lauryl_glucoside.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Edgar181 Tp_tin:Lead(II)_azide.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Lead%28II%29_azide.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Chuyn t en.wikipedia sang Commons Ngh s u tiờn: Jewell.box ti Wikipedia Ting Anh Tp_tin:Lexan.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Lexan.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Ed (Edgar181) Tp_tin:Lipid_peroxidation.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Lipid_peroxidation.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: w:Image:Lipid peroxidation v2.png Ngh s u tiờn: Tim Vickers, aer Young IS, McEneny J (2001) "Lipoprotein oxidation and atherosclerosis" Biochem Soc Trans 29 (Pt 2): 35862 PMID 11356183 Tp_tin:Luminol.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Luminol.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mgdtgd/140282001/ Ngh s u tiờn: everyone's idle from berlin, germany Tp_tin:Luminol.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Luminol.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Fvasconcellos Tp_tin:Luminol2006.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Luminol2006.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to (own Photography) Ngh s u tiờn: David Muelheims (David Mỹlheims, Germany) Tp_tin:Luminol3d.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Luminol3d.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Fvasconcellos Tp_tin:Luminol_chemiluminescence_molecular_representation.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/ 77/Luminol_chemiluminescence_molecular_representation.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Vector version of en:Image: Luminol chemiluminescence molecular representation.gif, from English Wikipedia Ngh s u tiờn: Original verson by Deglr6328, vectorized by Fvasconcellos Tp_tin:Luminol_synthesis.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Luminol_synthesis.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Edgar181 Tp_tin:Magnesium_oxide.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Magnesium_oxide.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: No machine-readable source provided Own work assumed (based on copyright claims) Ngh s u tiờn: No machine-readable author provided Walkerma assumed (based on copyright claims) Tp_tin:Magnesium_sulfate.JPG Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Magnesium_sulfate.JPG Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Chemicalinterest at en.wikipedia Tp_tin:Magnesium_sulfate_anhydrous.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Magnesium_sulfate_ anhydrous.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Mcpa_formula.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Mcpa_formula.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Codc Tp_tin:Mercury(II)-oxide.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Mercury%28II%29-oxide.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Mercuryfulminate_puryfied.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Mercuryfulminate_ puryfied.jpg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Originally from de.wikipedia; description page is/was here Ngh s u tiờn: Paramilitary ti Wikipedia Ting c Tp_tin:Mesitylene-2D-skeletal.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Mesitylene-2D-skeletal.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Mesitylene-3D-vdW.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Mesitylene-3D-vdW.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? 450 CHNG 355 ADA YONATH Tp_tin:Methane-2D-square.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Methane-2D-square.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Methyl-formate-3D-balls.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Methyl-formate-3D-balls png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Ben Mills Tp_tin:Methyl_formate.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Methyl_formate.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Methyl_formate.png Ngh s u tiờn: Methyl_formate.png: Edgar181 Tp_tin:Methyl_group.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Methyl_group.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to (Original text: Selfmade) Ngh s u tiờn: Shoyrudude555 ti Wikipedia Ting Anh Tp_tin:Mg(OH)2Xray.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Mg%28OH%292Xray.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 4.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Smokefoot Tp_tin:Middelste_teunis_bloem_R0011876.JPG Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Middelste_teunis_ bloem_R0011876.JPG Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: No machine-readable source provided Own work assumed (based on copyright claims) Ngh s u tiờn: No machine-readable author provided TeunSpaans assumed (based on copyright claims) Tp_tin:Molecular_Sieve5.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Molecular_Sieve5.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Psiedelisto Tp_tin:Monocalcium_phosphate_spoon.JPG Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Monocalcium_ phosphate_spoon.JPG Giy phộp: CC0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to (Original caption:I (Chemicalinterest) created this work entirely by myself.) Ngh s u tiờn: Chemicalinterest at en.wikipedia Tp_tin:Montroydite-3D-ionic.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Montroydite-3D-ionic.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Benjah-bmm27 Tp_tin:Myoglobin.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngun: Ngi úng gúp: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Myoglobin.png self made based on PDB entry Ngh s u tiờn: AzaToth Tp_tin:N-butyllithium-tetramer-3D-balls.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/ N-butyllithium-tetramer-3D-balls.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Benjah-bmm27 Tp_tin:NFPA_704.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: User:Denelson83 Tp_tin:NaCl-Obtenciún-2.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/NaCl-Obtenci%C3%B3n-2.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: No machine-readable source provided Own work assumed (based on copyright claims) Ngh s u tiờn: No machine-readable author provided Eloy assumed (based on copyright claims) Tp_tin:NaCl_polyhedra.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/NaCl_polyhedra.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Solid State Tp_tin:Neopentane-2D-skeletal.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Neopentane-2D-skeletal.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Ben Mills Tp_tin:Neopentane-3D-balls.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Neopentane-3D-balls.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? 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Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? 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Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Silver-iodide-3D-balls.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Silver-iodide-3D-balls.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Benjah-bmm27 Tp_tin:Silver-nitrate-2D.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Silver-nitrate-2D.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? 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Ngh s u tiờn: ? 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