Các trang trong thể loại “cổ sinh vật học”

Cỏc trang th loi C sinh vt hc Mc lc C sinh vt hc 1.1 Tng quan 1.2 Cỏc nh c sinh hc ni ting 1.3 Nghiờn cu 1.4 Xem thờm 1.5 am kho 1.6 Liờn kt ngoi Bựng n k Cambri 2.1 Ch dn 2.2 am kho 2.3 Liờn kt ngoi S kin tuyt ng k Creta-Paleogen 3.1 Cỏc kiu tuyt chng 3.1.1 Vi sinh vt 3.1.2 ng vt khụng xng sng bin 10 3.1.3 Cỏ 11 3.1.4 ng vt khụng xng sng trờn cn 11 3.1.5 c vt trờn cn 11 3.1.6 ng vt lng c 11 3.1.7 Bũ sỏt khụng phi Archosauria 11 3.1.8 Bũ sỏt Archosauria (n ln chỳa) 12 3.1.9 ỳ 14 Bng chng 14 3.2.1 Cỏc húa thch Bc M 14 3.2.2 Húa thch bin 14 3.3 i gian din 15 3.4 Nguyờn nhõn gõy tuyt chng 15 3.4.1 S va chm ca tiu hnh tinh 15 3.4.2 By Deccan 16 3.4.3 S va chm ca cỏc tiu hnh tinh nhiu ln 16 3.4.4 Bin thoỏi Maastricht 17 3.2 i ii MC LC 3.4.5 Nhiu nguyờn nhõn khỏc 17 3.5 Xem thờm 17 3.6 am kho 17 3.6.1 Chỳ gii 17 3.6.2 Chỳ thớch 17 3.7 c thờm 22 3.8 Liờn kt ngoi 22 ng vt khụng xng sng 23 4.1 c im 23 4.1.1 Cỏc ngnh 23 4.2 Xem thờm 24 4.3 am kho 24 4.4 c thờm 25 4.5 Liờn kt ngoi 25 i (a tng) 26 5.1 Khong thi gian 26 5.2 S tri rng a lý 26 5.3 Tờn gi 26 5.4 So sỏnh liờn ngnh 26 5.5 Cỏc ch liờn quan 26 5.6 Liờn kt ngoi 27 5.7 Ghi chỳ 27 5.8 am kho 27 Gii (a tng) 28 6.1 Xem thờm 28 6.1.1 So sỏnh liờn ngnh 28 6.1.2 Cỏc ch liờn quan 28 6.2 Liờn kt ngoi 28 6.3 Ghi chỳ v tham kho 28 6.3.1 29 am kho Henri Mansuy 30 7.1 Hot ng 30 7.2 Ch dn 30 7.3 am kho 30 7.4 Xem thờm 30 7.5 Liờn kt ngoi 30 Huy ng Daniel Giraud Elliot 31 8.1 31 Nhng ngi ot Huy chng MC LC iii 8.2 am kho 32 8.3 Liờn kt ngoi 32 Jacques Deprat 33 9.1 Hot ng 33 9.2 Nghiờn cu a cht 34 9.3 Vn chng 34 9.4 Ch dn 34 9.5 am kho 34 9.6 Xem thờm 34 9.7 Liờn kt ngoi 34 10 Khng long 35 10.1 T nguyờn 35 10.2 nh ngha 36 10.3 Ngun gc 36 10.4 Phõn loi 36 10.5 Sinh hc 38 10.5.1 Kớch thc 38 10.5.2 Hnh vi 39 10.5.3 Sinh sn 40 10.6 S tuyt chng 40 10.6.1 S va chm ca tiu hnh tinh 40 10.6.2 By Deccan 40 10.6.3 Khng long sng sút qua v tuyt chng 41 10.7 Hỡnh nh khng long qua cỏc thi i 41 10.8 Dũng thi gian phỏt hin cỏc chi khng long ỏng chỳ ý 41 10.9 Danh sỏch cỏc loi khng long 41 10.10 Xem thờm 41 10.11 am kho 42 10.12 c thờm 44 10.13 Liờn kt ngoi 45 11 Labyrinthodontia 46 11.1 Cỏc c im 46 11.2 Xem thờm 46 11.3 am kho 46 11.4 Liờn kt ngoi 47 12 S kin tuyt ng Devon mun 48 12.1 Xem thờm 48 12.2 Chỳ thớch 48 12.3 c thờm 49 iv MC LC 12.4 Liờn kt ngoi 13 Liờn gii (a tng) 49 50 13.1 c im 50 13.2 Cỏc chun xỏc nh niờn i 51 13.3 Xem thờm 51 13.3.1 So sỏnh liờn ngnh 51 13.3.2 Cỏc ch liờn quan 51 13.4 Liờn kt ngoi 51 13.5 Ghi chỳ v tham kho 51 13.5.1 am kho 51 14 Louis Leakey 52 14.1 Chỳ thớch 15 Mary Leakey 52 53 15.1 Chỳ thớch 53 15.2 Xem thờm 54 16 ng vt Mt cung bờn 16.1 ay i phõn loi 55 55 16.2 c trng 55 16.3 Tin húa 55 16.4 Phõn loi 57 16.4.1 Kinh in 57 16.4.2 Phỏt sinh loi 57 16.5 am kho 57 16.6 Xem thờm 57 16.7 Liờn kt ngoi 57 17 Nhúm m cõy 58 17.1 am kho 18 S kin tuyt ng OrdovicSilur 59 60 18.1 Chỳ thớch 60 18.2 c thờm 60 18.3 Liờn kt ngoi 60 19 Ouranopithecus macedoniensis 19.1 Phỏt hin v t tờn 61 61 19.2 Chỳ thớch 61 19.3 am kho 61 20 Sinh a tng 62 MC LC v 20.1 am kho 21 Stegocephalia 62 63 21.1 Lch s h thng hc 63 21.2 S dng kiu miờu t nhỏnh ca Stegocephalia 63 21.3 Tng quan h thng hc 63 21.4 Ghi chỳ 63 21.5 Liờn kt ngoi 64 22 S kin tuyt ng k Permi-k Trias 65 22.1 i gian tuyt chng 65 22.2 am kho 66 23 S kin tuyt ng K TriasJura 23.1 nh hng 68 68 23.2 Cỏc gi thuyt hin ti 68 23.3 am kho 69 23.4 c thờm 69 23.5 Liờn kt ngoi 69 24 Tuyt ng Miocen gia 70 24.1 am kho 70 24.2 c thờm 70 24.3 Liờn kt ngoi 70 24.4 Ngun, ngi úng gúp, v giy phộp cho bn v hỡnh nh 71 24.4.1 Vn bn 71 24.4.2 Hỡnh nh 72 24.4.3 Giy phộp ni dung 75 Chng C sinh vt hc Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens Vn c xa Cú th i hai chõn i hai chõn s k ỏ s khai Ri chõu Phi sm Dựng la Nu n n ỏo Ngi hin i Húa thch mt sinh vt c, thuc chi Marrella Tin húa loi ngi xem tho lun 10 Vn dng ngi P l e i s t o c e n e P l i o c e Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus CHNG C SINH VT HC n e M i o c e n e H o m i n i d s T l trc: Ma (triu nm) Xem thờm: Tin húa s sng a bo phc ng vt cn c vt cn Khng long Lp ỳ Tv cú hoa Trỏi t s khai Nc s khai S sng s khai (4100) Meteorite bombardment Oxy s khai Oxy khớ quyn m oxy Sinh sn hu tớnh s khai C sinh vt hc l mt ngnh khoa hc nghiờn cu lch s phỏt trin ca s sng trờn Trỏi t, v cỏc loi S sng trờn cn s khai ng vt v thc vt c xa, da vo cỏc húa thch tỡm c, l cỏc chng c v s tn ti ca chỳng c bo Ngi c xa tn ỏ Cỏc nghiờn cu v hỡnh dỏng da theo cỏc b xng húa thch, cỏc du vt, cỏc hang ng, P thnh phn thc n, da vo phõn (phõn húa ỏ") ó h húa thch, v thnh phn húa hc cũn li ca nú a Lch trỡnh tin húa s sng n xem tho lun r 4500 z c 4000 P 3500 r o 3000 t e 2500 r o 2000 z o 1500 i c 1000 A 500 r c h nc e S sng u tiờn a Quang hp n Sinh vt a bo Sinh vt H 1.2 CC NH C SINH HC NI TING a d e a n T l trc: Ma (triu nm) Xem thờm: Lch s t nhiờn, Tin húa ngi s sng trờn Trỏi t v so sỏnh mc quan h gia cỏc loi ny bng k thut cũn nhiu mõu thun l phõn loi v miờu t theo nhỏnh.[6][7][8] Li ớch kinh t c bn m c sinh vt hc mang li ú l da vo kt qu nghiờn cu c sinh vt hc ngi ta cú th xỏc nh c niờn i ca cỏc lp t ỏ bao quanh cỏc húa thch ú hoc cỏc lp t ỏ phớa trờn hoc di nú Nhng thụng tin ú l rt quan trng i vi ngnh cụng nghip khai khoỏng v c bit l i vi ngnh cụng nghip du m Ngi tin s cng ó bit n cỏc húa thch v ụi h ó xỏc nh chớnh xỏc chỳng l cỏc tn tớch ca cỏc dng sng c i Vic nghiờn cu cú t chc ca c C sinh vt hc hin i t s sng c xa di quan sinh vt hc c bt u vo cui th k 18.[9] im ca nú, bng vic nghiờn cu nhng s thay i lõu di v mt vt lý ca a lý ("c a lý hc") v khớ hu ("c khớ hu hc") ton cu cú nh hng nh th no n s tin húa ca s sng, cỏc h sinh thỏi cú 1.2 Cỏc nh c sinh hc ni ting nhng phn ng nh th no i vi nhng s thay i ú v nhng thay i ú ó nh hng nh th no i vi mụi trng ca hnh tinh chỳng ta, v nhng Cỏc nh c sinh vt hc thuc tớp nhng ngi mu tỏc ng qua li ú ó nh hng nh th no n s a mố v lp d lch s khoa hc Nhng nhõn vt dng sinh hc ngy Vi mt phm vi nghiờn cu quan trng bao gm William Smith ngi Anh l ngi rng ln nh vy c sinh vt hc bao trựm rt nhiu u tiờn thụng bỏo rng cỏc chui húa thch tng cỏc ngnh khoa hc khỏc nh: a cht hc, vi nhng t ó c tỡm thy theo khu vc v Georges nghiờn cu v lnh vc ỏ v thnh phn ca ỏ, thc Cuvier l ngi u tiờn nghiờn cu cỏc ng vt vt hc, sinh vt hc, ng vt hc, v sinh thỏi hc, l c i da trờn cỏc ng vt cũn ang sinh sng cỏc lnh vc nghiờn cu vic hỡnh thnh s sng v cỏc Ni ting nht s cỏc ngi M l Edward Drinker Cope, Othniel Charles Marsh, Paul Sereno, mi quan h gia cỏc lnh vc ú vi nhau.[1][2] Henry Faireld Osborn, Louis Agassiz, Charles Walco Cỏc lnh vc chớnh ca c sinh vt hc bao gm c ng v Roy Chapman Andrews Cỏc nh c sinh vt hc ni vt hc v cỏc loi ng vt c i, c thc vt hc v ting chõu u cú Bjửrn Kurtộn (ngi Phn Lan gc cỏc loi thc vt c i, v c vi sinh vt hc v cỏc y in), nh c cụn trựng hc ngi Czech Jarmila loi v cỏc húa thch ca cỏc loi vi sinh vt.[3] Cỏc Kukalova-Peck Franz Nopcsa von Felsử-Szilvỏs thụng nh c sinh vt hc cú th i theo cỏc hng nghiờn thng c coi l ngi sỏng lp b mụn c sinh cu khỏc da vo lnh vc m h nghiờn cu nh hc, mt lnh vc cn thit phi lm vic vi cỏc chc cỏc nh c sinh vt hc nghiờn cu cỏc loi ng vt nng sinh hc v sinh thỏi hc c suy t cỏc húa khụng xng sng (c sinh vt khụng xng sng, cỏc thch nh c sinh vt hc nghiờn cu cỏc loi ng vt cú xng sng (c sinh vt cú xng sng, bao gm c cỏc Ngoi cũn mt s cỏc nh c sinh vt hc ni ting húa thch ca loi ngi (c nhõn chng hc) Cỏc nh khỏc Charles Darwin ó thu thp cỏc mu húa thch c vi sinh hc nghiờn cu cỏc loi húa thch ca cỏc ng vt cú vỳ Nam M chuyn cụng du ca loi vi sinh vt, bao gm vic nghiờn cu cỏc húa thch mỡnh ti Beagle v ó kim tra cỏc cỏnh rng húa ỏ c bao bc cỏc cht hu c khỏc vớ d nh h Patagonia omas Jeerson cú mt s ham mờ vi cỏc b xng voi ma mỳt Bng vic quan sỏt rng ng vt phỏchc gi l phn hoa hc.[4] cú vỳ v o bi nghiờn cu v chim cỏnh ct, George Cú rt nhiu cỏc lnh vc c trng nh c sinh thỏi Gaylord Simpson ó úng mt vai trũ quan trng ch hc, c thc vt hc, khoa hc nghiờn cu du phõn yu vic em cỏc ý tng t sinh hc, c sinh vt húa thch, tt c cỏc nghiờn cu ú lm sỏng t hc v di truyn hc li vi gúp phn to s nhng m ngi hin i cha bit n sau tng hp hin i ca sinh hc tin húa, cun sỏch cỏc loi sinh vt ú bin mt s sng Tempo and Mode ca ụng l c in lnh vc Cỏc lnh vc chớnh ca vic nghiờn cu c sinh vt hc ny Cỏc tờn tui ni ting c sinh vt hc ng liờn quan n cỏc nh tng ỏ vi niờn i a vt khụng xng sng cú Steven Stanley, Stephen Jay cht ca chỳng v vic nghiờn cu n s tin húa ca Gould, David Raup, Geerat Vermeij v Jack Sepkoski s sng.[5] C sinh vt hc s dng cựng mt h thng l nhng ngi ó lm rt nhiu m rng kho tng danh phỏp kộp c in c ngh cho sinh hc ca kin thc ca chỳng ta v cỏc mụ hỡnh di hn s nh sinh vt hc ngi y in Carolus Linnaeus tin húa s sng trờn Trỏi t Tng t l trng hp vo gia th k 18 v vic nghiờn cu c sinh vt hc ca nh khoa hc ngi Croatia Dragutin Gorjanovictip tc thờm vo cỏc loi mi vo cõy ph h ca Kramberger v phỏt hin ca ụng v "Ngi Krapina" 1.1 Tng quan CHNG C SINH VT HC Cỏc nh c sinh vt hc khỏc cũn cú Yves Coppens Cỏc nh khoa hc hin i lnh vc c sinh vt hc bao gm John Ostrom, Bob Bakker, David B Weishampel v Jack Horner [8] Algeo, T.J & Scheckler, S.E (1998) Terrestrialmarine teleconnections in the Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 353 (1365): 113130 doi:10.1098/rstb.1998.0195 PMC 1692181 1.3 Nghiờn cu [9] Brasier, M.; McLoughlin, N.; Green, O & Wacey, D (June 2006) A fresh look at the fossil evidence for early Archaean cellular life (PDF) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 361 (1470): 887 902 doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1835 PMC 1578727 PMID 16754605 Retrieved August 30, 2008 Cỏc cụng vic lnh vc c sinh vt hc cú th chia thnh iu tra ngoi tri, chun b húa thch v x lý phũng thớ nghim, phõn loi v thu thp cỏc d liu khỏc, miờu t h thng cỏc loi mi v qun lý cỏc mu su 1.6 Liờn kt ngoi 1.4 Xem thờm i gian biu ca a lý, c sinh vt hc, sinh hc Cỏc n phm quan trng c sinh vt hc Tin mi v khng long-Mt website c ngng m, vi cỏc tin tc quc t mi nht v khng long Meganeura Website v tin húa ca cụn trựng v cỏc mu húa thch Website c sinh hc ca Smithsonia 1.5 Tham kho [1] Cowen, R (2000) History of Life (3rd ed.) Blackwell Science p xi ISBN 0-632-04444-6 [2] Laporte, L.F (October 1988) What, aer All, Is Paleontology?" PALAIOS (5): 453 doi:10.2307/3514718 JSTOR 3514718 [3] Cleland, C.E (September 2002) Methodological and Epistemic Dierences between Historical Science and Experimental Science (PDF) Philosophy of Science 69 (3): 474496 doi:10.1086/342453 Retrieved September 17, 2008 [4] Cleland, C.E (September 2002) Methodological and Epistemic Dierences between Historical Science and Experimental Science (PDF) Philosophy of Science 69 (3): 474496 doi:10.1086/342453 Retrieved September 17, 2008 [5] Twitche RJ; Looy CV; Morante R; Visscher H; Wignall PB (2001) Rapid and synchronous collapse of marine and terrestrial ecosystems during the end-Permian biotic crisis Geology 29 (4): 351 354 Bibcode:2001Geo.29 351T doi:10.1130/00917613(2001)0292.0.CO;2 [6] Garwood, Russell J.; Rahman, Imran A.; Suon, Mark D A (2010) From clergymen to computers: the advent of virtual palaeontology Geology Today 26 (3): 96100 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2010.00753.x Retrieved June 16, 2015 [7] Cady, S.L (April 1998) Astrobiology: A New Frontier for 21st Century Paleontologists PALAIOS 13 (2): 9597 doi:10.2307/3515482 JSTOR 3515482 PMID 11542813 Vin bo tng c sinh vt hc trng i hc tng hp California- Cỏc cõu hi thng gp v c sinh vt hc Ngi Krapina Ni cung cp nhiu thụng tin v Khng long, thụng tin v hỡnh nh s lc v cỏc thi kỡ lch s t nhiờn v v hn 300 loi khng long ó c bit n Chng 19 Ouranopithecus macedoniensis Ouranopithecus macedoniensis l mt loi tin s ca Ouranopithecus t Miocene mun ca Hy Lp.[1] 19.1 Phỏt hin v t tờn Loi ny c bit n t ba a phng phớa Bc Hy Lp V trớ in hỡnh l Ravin de la Pluie Cỏc a phng khỏc l Chalkidiki v Xirochori Nú c bit n t mt hp ln ca húa thch s v vi sau s Vt liu ny ó c t cho Miocene cui 9,6 - 8,7 triu nm tui, vỡ vy hi sm hn O turkae.[1] Mt s gi ý ny cho thy O turkae l hu du trc tip ca O macedoniensis, mc dự ngi ta thng chp nhn rng chỳng l nhng phõn loi ca ngi ch em.[2] Tờn loi c t da theo tờn vựng ni ó phỏt hin húa thch Macedonia thuc Hy Lp 19.2 Chỳ thớch [1] Merceron; Blondel; De Bonis; Koufos; Viriot (2005) A New Method of Dental Microwear Analysis: Application to Extant Primates and Ouranopithecus macedoniensis (Late Miocene of Greece) PALAIOS 20 (6): 551561 doi:10.2110/palo.2004.p04-17 [2] Gỹleỗ; Sevim; Pehlevan; Kaya (2007) A new great ape from the late Miocene of Turkey Anthropological Science 115 (2): 153158 doi:10.1537/ase.070501 19.3 Tham kho D liu liờn quan ti macedoniensis ti Wikispecies Ouranopithecus 61 Chng 20 Sinh a tng Sinh a tng l mt nhỏnh ca a tng hc trung nghiờn cu mi quan h v nh tui tng i ca cỏc tng ỏ bng cỏch s dng cỏc hp húa thch cha chỳng ng thỡ mc ớch l xỏc lo mi mi quan h gia cỏc lp nm ngang gia hai hay nhiu mt ct xem chỳng cú cựng thi gian hỡnh thnh hay khụng Cỏc húa thch l nhng du hiu tt chng minh iu ny vỡ cỏc trm tớch cú cựng tui hỡnh thnh cú th cú v b ngoi khỏc hon ton chỳng hỡnh thnh cỏc iu kin mụi trng trm tớch khỏc Vớ d, mt mt ct cú th c cu to bi cỏc lp sột v sột vụi ú mt mt ct khỏc li l ỏ vụi cha nhiu ỏ phn hn, nhng nu cỏc loi húa thch chỳng c ghi nhn l ging nhau, thỡ hai loi trm tớch ny cú th c lng ng cựng lỳc Sinh a tng hc c hỡnh thnh vo u th k 19, cỏc nh a cht hc nhn rng cú mi quan h gia cỏc húa thch gia cỏc loi ỏ ging Phng phỏp xỏc nh ny ó c thc hin rt tt trc Charles Darwin gii thớch v c ch ng sau nú ú l s tin húa.[1] 20.1 Tham kho [1] Gluyas, J & Swarbrick, R (2004) Petroleum Geoscience Publ Blackwell Publishing pp 80-82 62 Chng 21 Stegocephalia Stegocephalia l mt thut ng c ch cỏc ng vt lng c tin s (núi chung l ln), bao gm tt c cỏc ng vt lng c ln sinh sng trc k Jura v mt vi nhúm cũn tn ti sau thi k ny, nhng tt c ó tuyt chng, vi c th trụng gn ging nh k giụng ut ng ny nh c sinh vt hc ngi M l Edward Drinker Cope nm 1868 v cú ngun gc t ting Hy Lp stego cephalia ngha l "u cú mỏi che, v mun núi ti lng giỏp da che ph dy trờn u ca mt s loi to ln[1] ca thut ng ny, Stegocephali l ch ti mt nhỏnh s ny Khỏi nim v nhỏnh Stegocephalia ó c la chn thay th cho tờn gi Tetrapoda bi cỏc tỏc gi mun hn ch Tetrapoda nh l mt nhúm chm cõy[5] Khi nh ngha nh vy thỡ nú bao gm ton b cỏc ng vt cú xng sng sng trờn t lin cũn sinh tn ngy cng nh cỏc t tiờn lng c ca chỳng 21.3 Tng quan h thng hc 21.1 Lch s h thng hc Di õy lit kờ cõy tin húa ca Labyrinthodontia c Colbert (1969) v Caroll (1997) xut[6][7] Cỏc Ban u, thut ng c s dng nh l mt n v ng v nột ri ch rng mi quan h núi chung h thng hc cp b ut ng ny c s dng cha chc chn v thay i tựy theo tng tỏc gi nhiu cỏc ti liu khoa hc Anh M th k 18, mc dự thut ng v c bn l tng ng l Labyrinthodontia ó c Hermann Burmeister 21.4 Ghi chỳ sm hn 18 nm núi ti cu trỳc rng[2] Cỏc thut ng ny c s dng theo kiu cú th hoỏn i ln [1] Cope E D 1868 Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia of u th k 20, thng chia thnh b[3] North America Proceedings of e Academy of Natural Tuy nhiờn, Stegocephalia (v c Labyrinthodontia) l Sciences of Philadelphia: tr 208-221 nhúm cn ngnh, cho nờn tờn gi ny hin c s dng khụng chớnh thc ch cỏc dng ng vt [2] Burmeister H (1850): Die Labyrinthodonten aus dem Saarbrỹcker Steinkohlengebirge, Drie Abtheilung: cú xng sng nhng khụng phi cỏ, v loi tr ton der Geschichte der Deutschen Labyrinthodonten b cỏc loi ng vt cú mng i (Amniota, ú Archegosaurus Berlin: G Reimer, 74 tr bao gm cỏc loi bũ sỏt (Reptilia) u tiờn v cỏc hu du ca chỳng, cng nh ton b ng vt lng c [3] Romer A S., (1947, n bn sa i nm 1966) Vertebrate (Lissamphibia) hin i) Paleontology, Nh in i hc Chicago, Chicago, Hoa K [4] Laurin M (1998): e importance of global parsimony and historical bias in understanding tetrapod evolution Part I-systematics, middle ear evolution, and jaw suspension Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, Paris, 13e Series 19: tr 1-42 21.2 S dng kiu miờu t nhỏnh ca Stegocephalia Cụng trỡnh phõn loi hc gn õy ó nh ngha li Stegocephalia nh l tt c cỏc ng vt cú xng sng cú quan h h hng gn vi Temnospondyli hn l vi Panderichthys (h hng gn nht ca Tetrapoda ó bit l cũn trỡ cỏc cp võy)[4] Vỡ th, Stegocephalia bao gm mi nhúm ng vt cú xng sng cú ngún chõn hn l cú võy, v ch mt ớt loi (Elginerpeton, Metaxygnathus, Ventastega v cú l c Hynerpeton) l cú th cũn trỡ cỏc cp võy Trỏi vi s dng trc 63 [5] Laurin v ctv Terrestrial Vertebrates Stegocephalians: Tetrapods and other digit-bearing vertebrates Tree of life [6] Edwin H Colbert, (1969), Evolution of the Vertebrates, John Wiley & Sons Inc (n bn ln 2) [7] Robert L Carroll (1997): Paerns and Processes of Vertebrate Evolution Nh in i hc Cambridge, Cambridge, Anh 464 trang 64 21.5 Liờn kt ngoi Tree of Life: Terrestrial Vertebrates CHNG 21 STEGOCEPHALIA Chng 22 S kin tuyt chng k Permi-k Trias KT TrJ PTr D3 OS Cỏch õy hng triu nm Cng tuyt chng bin theo thi gian Biu mu xanh th hin phn trm (con s khụng chc chn) ca cỏc chi ng vt bin tr nờn tuyt chng mt khong thi gian bt k Nú khụng phn nh tt c cỏc loi sinh vt bin, ch i vi nhng loi ó húa thch Xem S kin tuyt chng (ngun v thụng tin hỡnh) 22.1 Thi gian tuyt chng Mói cho n nm 2000, ngi ta ngh rng cỏc tng ỏ tri di ti ranh gii Permi-Trias l quỏ ớt v cú quỏ nhiu giỏn on cỏc nh khoa hc xỏc nh cỏc thụng tin chi tit ỏng tin cy v ranh gii ny.[7] nh tui Urani-Chỡ ca cỏc mu zircon t cỏc tng ỏ ny nhiu ni ti nam Trung c[8] ó cho tui ca s kin tuyt chng 252.28+0.08 Ma; sm hn nhng nghiờn cu v cỏc tng ỏ gn trn Mụi Sn huyn Trng Hng, tnh Chit Giang, Trung c[2] õy cú tui 251.4+0.3 Ma, vi tc tuyt chng cao xy liờn tc thi gian sau ú.[1] Mt lng ln (khong 0,9%), t l ng v bn 13 C ca 12 C st gim t ngt trờn ton cu trựng vi s kin tuyt chng ny,[9][10][11][12][13] v ụi c dựng xỏc nh ranh gii Pecmi-Trias cỏc lp ỏ khụng th dựng phng phỏp ng v phúng x nhn dng.[14] Du hin khỏc v s thay i mụi trng xung quanh ranh gii PTr vi s gia tng nhit (14 ),[9] v tng hm lng CO2 lờn 2000 ppm (trong ú, nng CO2 trc thi k cỏch mng cụng nghip l 280 ppm.)[9] Cng cú du hiu gia tng bc x cc tớm lờn trỏi t gõy hin tng t bin cỏc bo t thc vt.[9] S kin tuyt ng k Permi - k Trias l mt s kin tuyt chng xy cỏch õy 251,4 Ma (Mega annum, triu nm),[1][2] to thnh ranh gii gia k Permi v k Trias õy l mt s kin tuyt chng nghiờm trng nht trờn Trỏi t, lm cho 96% tt c cỏc loi sinh vt bin[3] v 70% cỏc loi ng vt cú xng sng trờn t lin tuyt chng.[4] õy l s kin nht lm tuyt chng phn ln cỏc loi cụn trựng,[5][6] lm mt i khong 57% cỏc h v 83% cỏc chi Do phn ln s a dng sinh hc b mt i, nờn vic hi phc s sng trờn Trỏi t din lõu hn cỏc s kin tuyt chng Cỏc nghiờn cu ch rng ranh gii P-Tr liờn quan sau ú.[3] n s gia tng rừ nột v nm bin v t lin gõy Hin ti cỏc nh khoa hc ang cú s nghi ng v mt s gia tng mnh xỏc thc vt v ng vt n nm.[15] s phun tro khu vc by ỏ Siberi Nú cú din tớch Mt thi gian di s gia tng nm t ngt ny ó ln Nguyờn nhõn s phun tro t ngt vt cht c cỏc nh c sinh vt hc s dng xỏc nh ranh bờn trỏi t, c th nhõn trỏi t Nú to mt gii P-Tr cỏc ỏ khụng th nh tui bng phng lng ln bi khớ nhit tng cng thờm s phun tro phỏp tui tuyt i hoc khụng d liu hoỏ thch, axớt sunfuric hy hoi cõy c Hn th, bin núng lờn nhng c nhng ngi xut ca cỏc gi thuyt ó ngng s cung cp oxy cho bin Dn chng l s s gia tng nm t ngt ch rng s gia tng nm to tinh th m ch cú iu kin ym khớ cỏc loi vi t ngt cú th ch l mt hin tng lp i lp li to khun ch cú thiu oxy rt ụng o Hn th bi bi h sinh thỏi hu tuyt chng thi k Trias ph nờn Trỏi t núng lờn t bin Ma axit mnh lm sm nht.[15] í tng v s gia tng nm t ngt ó thiu thc n nc ung cho a s cỏc loi, bao gm c b ch trớch vỡ thiu c s vớ d nh: Reduviasporonites, cỏc loi bũ sỏt lỳc ú - c th l v chỳa t vi nhng cỏi c cho l mt loi bo t nm ph bin, thc t l mt rng sc nhn cng khụng trỏnh s tuyt chng loi to hoỏ thch;[9][16] s gia tng t ngt khụng xut hin ph bin ton cu;[17][18] v nhiu ni nú khụng ri vo ranh gii P-Tr.[19] Loi to, m trc ú b nhn dng sai l bo t nm, thm cú th i din cho mt chuyn tip sang th gii m h ng tr k Trias ch khụng phi mt vựng cht chúc v thi u k 65 66 CHNG 22 S KIN TUYT CHNG K PERMI-K TRIAS Trias mt s lp ỏ múng húa thch t lin.[20] Chng c húa hc mi hn phự hp tt hn vi ngun gc nm ca Reduviasporonites, gim nh cỏc phờ phỏn ny.[21] Tn ti s khụng chc chn liờn quan ti khong thi gian din tng th ca tuyt chng cng nh v thi im v khong thi gian din cỏc tuyt chng ca cỏc nhúm khỏc phm vi ca quỏ trỡnh tng th ln hn ny Mt vi chng c gi ý rng ú ó cú nhiu xung tuyt chng[4] hoc cho rng tuyt chng ó tri di qua mt vi triu nm, vi nh rừ nột triu nm cui cựng ca k Permi.[19][22] Cỏc phõn tớch thng kờ ca mt s a tng cha nhiu húa thch Mụi Sn, tnh Chit Giang nam Trung c, gi ý rng tuyt chng chớnh ó tm li xung quanh mt nh.[1] Nghiờn cu gn õy cho thy cỏc nhúm khỏc ó tuyt chng vo cỏc thi im khỏc nhau; vớ nh rt khú xỏc nh tui chớnh xỏc, s tuyt chng ca Ostracoda v Brachiopoda din cỏch khong 670 n 1.170 ngn nm.[23] Trong mt chui liờn tc c bo tn tt ụng Greenland, s st gim cỏc loi ng vt trung mt thi k khong 10 n 60 thousand years, vi thc vt thỡ mt nhiu hn hng trm ngn nm th hin s nh hng ton b ca s kin tuyt chng ny.[24] Mt hc thuyt c hn, c mt s bi bỏo gn õy h tr,[25] cho rng ó cú xung tuyt chng ln cỏch khong 9,4 triu nm, chia tỏch bi mt thi k ca cỏc tuyt chng cao hn nhiu so vi mc nn, v s kin tuyt chng cui cựng ó git cht khong 80% cỏc loi sinh vt bin sinh sng vo thi gian ú cỏc mt mỏt khỏc ó xy xung th nhỏt hoc thi k gia hai xung eo thuyt ny mt hai xung ó din vo cui th Guadalupe ca k Permi.[4][26] Chng hn, gn nh tt c (ngoi tr mt s cỏc chi Dinocephalia cũn sinh tn) ó b tiờu dit vo cui th Guadalupe,[27] cng ging nh Verbeekinidae, mt h trựng l thuc b Fusulinida.[28] nh hng ca tuyt chng cui th Guadalupe lờn cỏc sinh vt bin dng nh l cú thay i tựy theo a im v tựy theo cỏc nhúm phõn loi hc ng vt tay cun (Brachiopoda) v san hụ ó chu nhng tn tht nng n.[29][30] 22.2 Tham kho [3] Benton M J (2005) When life nearly died: the greatest mass extinction of all time London: ames & Hudson ISBN 0-500-28573-X [4] Sahney S and Benton M.J (2008) Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time (PDF) Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological 275 (1636): 759765 PMC 2596898 PMID 18198148 doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370 [5] Labandeira CC, Sepkoski JJ (1993) Insect diversity in the fossil record Science 261 (5119): 310 315 Bibcode:1993Sci261 310L PMID 11536548 doi:10.1126/science.11536548 [6] Sole RV, Newman M (2003) Extinctions and Biodiversity in the Fossil Record Trong Canadell JG, Mooney, HA Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, e Earth System - Biological and Ecological Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (Volume 2) New York: Wiley tr 297391 ISBN 0-470-85361-1 [7] Erwin, D.H (1993) e Great Paleozoic Crisis: Life and Death in the Permian New York: Nh in i hc Columbia ISBN 0-231-07467-0 [8] Shen S.-Z v ng nghip (2011) Calibrating the End-Permian Mass Extinction Science Bibcode:2011Sci334.1367S doi:10.1126/science.1213454 [9] McElwain, J.C.; Punyasena, S.W (2007) Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record Trends in Ecology & Evolution 22 (10): 548557 PMID 17919771 doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003 [10] Magaritz M (1989) 13 C minima follow extinction events: a clue to faunal radiation Geology 17 (4): 337 340 Bibcode:1989Geo.17 337M doi:10.1130/00917613(1989)0172.3.CO;2 [11] Krull S.J., Retallack J.R (2000) 13 C depth proles from paleosols across the PermianTriassic boundary: Evidence for methane release GSA Bulletin 112 (9): 14591472 Bibcode:2000GSAB 112.1459K ISSN 0016-7606 doi:10.1130/00167606(2000)1122.0.CO;2 [12] Dolenec T, Lojen S, Ramovs A (2001) e Permian Triassic boundary in Western Slovenia (Idrijca Valley section): magnetostratigraphy, stable isotopes, and elemental variations Chemical Geology 175 (1): 175 190 doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00368-5 [1] Jin YG, Wang Y, Wang W, Shang QH, Cao CQ, Erwin DH (2000) Paern of Marine Mass Extinction Near the PermianTriassic Boundary in South China Science 289 (5478): 432436 Bibcode:2000Sci289 432J PMID 10903200 doi:10.1126/science.289.5478.432 [13] Musashi M, Isozaki Y, Koike T, Kreulen R (2001) Stable carbon isotope signature in mid-Panthalassa shallowwater carbonates across the PermoTriassic boundary: evidence for 13 C-depleted ocean Earth Planet Sci Le 193: 920 Bibcode:2001E&PSL.191.9M doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00398-3 [2] Bowring SA, Erwin DH, Jin YG, Martin MW, Davidek K, Wang W (1998) U/Pb Zircon Geochronology and Tempo of the End-Permian Mass Extinction Science 280 (5366): 10391045 Bibcode:1998Sci280.1039B doi:10.1126/science.280.5366.1039 [14] Dolenec T, Lojen S, Ramovs A (2001) e PermianTriassic boundary in Western Slovenia (Idrijca Valley section): magnetostratigraphy, stable isotopes, and elemental variations Chemical Geology 175: 175190 doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00368-5 22.2 THAM KHO [15] H Visscher, H Brinkhuis, D L Dilcher, W C Elsik, Y Eshet, C V Looy, M R Rampino, and A Traverse (1996) e terminal Paleozoic fungal event: Evidence of terrestrial ecosystem destabilization and collapse Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93 (5): 21552158 Bibcode:1996PNAS93.2155V PMC 39926 PMID 11607638 doi:10.1073/pnas.93.5.2155 [16] Foster, C.B.; Stephenson, M.H.; Marshall, C.; Logan, G.A.; Greenwood, P.F (2002) A Revision Of Reduviasporonites Wilson 1962: Description, Illustration, Comparison And Biological Anities Palynology 26 (1): 3558 doi:10.2113/0260035 [17] Lúpez-Gúmez, J and Taylor, E.L (2005) Permian-Triassic Transition in Spain: A multidisciplinary approach Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 229 (12): 12 doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.06.028 [18] Looy, C.V.; Twitche, R.J.; Dilcher, D.L.; Van Konijnenburg-van Ciert, J.H.A.; Visscher, H (2005) Life in the end-Permian dead zone Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 162 (4): 78797883 Bibcode:2001PNAS98.7879L PMC 35436 PMID 11427710 doi:10.1073/pnas.131218098 See image [19] Ward PD, Botha J, Buick R, De Kock MO, Erwin DH, Garrison GH, Kirschvink JL & Smith R (2005) Abrupt and Gradual Extinction Among Late Permian Land Vertebrates in the Karoo Basin, South Africa Science 307 (5710): 709714 Bibcode:2005Sci307 709W PMID 15661973 doi:10.1126/science.1107068 [20] Retallack, G.J.; Smith, R.M.H.; Ward, P.D (2003) Vertebrate extinction across Permian-Triassic boundary in Karoo Basin, South Africa Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 115 (9): 11331152 Bibcode:2003GSAB 115.1133R doi:10.1130/B25215.1 [21] Sephton, Mark A.; Visscher, Henk; Looy, Cindy V.; Verchovsky, Alexander B.; Watson, Jonathon S (2009) Chemical constitution of a PermianTriassic disaster species Geology 37 (10): 875878 doi:10.1130/G30096A.1 [22] Rampino MR, Prokoph A & Adler A (2000) Tempo of the end-Permian event: Highresolution cyclostratigraphy at the Permian Triassic boundary Geology 28 (7): 643646 Bibcode:2000Geo.28 643R ISSN 0091-7613 doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2000)282.0.CO;2 [23] Wang, S.C.; Everson, P.J (2007) Condence intervals for pulsed mass extinction events Paleobiology 33 (2): 324336 doi:10.1666/06056.1 [24] Twitche RJ Looy CV Morante R Visscher H & Wignall PB (2001) Rapid and synchronous collapse of marine and terrestrial ecosystems during the end-Permian biotic crisis Geology Bibcode:2001Geo.29 351T 29 (4): 351354 ISSN 0091-7613 doi:10.1130/00917613(2001)0292.0.CO;2 67 [25] Retallack, G.J.; Metzger, C.A.; Greaver, T.; Jahren, A.H.; Smith, R.M.H.; Sheldon, N.D (2006) MiddleLate Permian mass extinction on land Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 118 (1112): 13981411 Bibcode:2006GSAB 118.1398R doi:10.1130/B26011.1 [26] Stanley SM & Yang X (1994) A Double Mass Extinction at the End of the Paleozoic Era Science 266 (5189): 13401344 Bibcode:1994Sci266.1340S PMID 17772839 doi:10.1126/science.266.5189.1340 [27] Retallack, G.J., Metzger, C.A., Jahren, A.H., Greaver, T., Smith, R.M.H., and Sheldon, N.D (November December 2006) Middle-Late Permian mass extinction on land GSA Bulletin 118 (11/12): 13981411 Bibcode:2006GSAB 118.1398R doi:10.1130/B26011.1 [28] Ota A., Isozaki Y (thỏng nm 2006) Fusuline biotic turnover across the GuadalupianLopingian (MiddleUpper Permian) boundary in mid-oceanic carbonate buildups: Biostratigraphy of accreted limestone in Japan Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 26 (34): 353368 Bibcode:2006JAESc 26 353O doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.04.001 [29] Shen, S., and Shi, G.R (2002) Paleobiogeographical extinction paerns of Permian brachiopods in the Asian-western Pacic region Paleobiology 28 (4): 449463 ISSN 0094-8373 doi:10.1666/00948373(2002)0282.0.CO;2 [30] Wang, X-D, and Sugiyama, T (thỏng 12 nm 2000) Diversity and extinction paerns of Permian coral faunas of China Lethaia 33 (4): 285294 doi:10.1080/002411600750053853 Chng 23 S kin tuyt chng K TriasJura KT TrJ PTr D3 OS Cỏch õy hng triu nm Cng tuyt chng bin theo thi gian Biu mu xanh th hin phn trm (con s khụng chc chn) ca cỏc chi ng vt bin tr nờn tuyt chng mt khong thi gian bt k Nú khụng phn nh tt c cỏc loi sinh vt bin, ch i vi nhng loi ó húa thch Xem S kin tuyt chng (ngun v thụng tin hỡnh) S kin tuyt ng K TriasJura ỏnh du ranh gii gia k Trias v k Jura, cỏch õy 199,6 triu nm,[1] v l mt nhng s kin tuyt chng ln liờn i Hin sinh, v cú tỏc ng sõu sc n i sng sinh vt trờn t lin v cỏc i dng Trong i dng ton b lp conodont[2] v 20% cỏc h sng ó bin mt Trờn t lin tt c cỏc loi Crurotarsi ln (archosaur khụng phi khng long) khỏc vi cỏ su, mt s therapsida cũn li, v phn ln cỏc loi lng c ó bin mt Di cỏc h tetrapod phõn b giai on Triassic v Jura sm 23.2 Cỏc gi thuyt hin ti ó cú nhng gi thuyt a gii thớch v nguyờn nhõn xy s kit tuyt chng ny, nhng tt c cũn l nhng thỏch thc cha cú li gii: ú l s bin i khớ hu t t, s dao ng mc nc bin hoc nh hng ca quỏ trỡnh axớt húa i dng[5] sut Trias mun t n nh im Tuy nhiờn, gii thớch ny khụng lý gii c s tuyt chng mt cỏch t ngt i dng Tỏc ng ca thiờn thch/tiu hnh tinh, nhng cho n khụng cú cỏc h va chm no cú kớch thc ln ó c xỏc nh tng ng vi ranh gii Trias-Jura H Rochechouart b mi mũn Phỏp c nh tui gn õy nht l 201 triu nmo,[6] nhng vi b rng 25 km (cú th ban u t 50 km), xem quỏ nh.[7] 23.1 nh hng t nht cú phõn na s loi ó sng trờn Trỏi t m chỳng ta bit c n ó b tuyt chng S kin ny ó li nhng hc sinh thỏi trờn t lin, cú th l yu t cho phộp khng long chim v trớ thng tr k Jura S kin ny ó din kộo di ớt nht 10.000 nm v ch trc Pangaea bt u tan ró khu vc Tỹbingen (c), ngi ta phỏt hiu mt ngha a xng Trias-Jura, õy l yu t c trng cho ranh gii ny.[3] Phõn tớch thng kờ v vic mt i cỏc loi bin vo lỳc ny ch rng s suy gim a dng sinh hc suy gim v bit húa hn l s gia tng tuyt chng.[4] Cỏc v phun tro nỳi la ln, c bit l cỏc dũng l bazan Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) cú th ó gii phúng carbon dioxide hoc sulfur dioxide v cỏc sol khớ, cú th l nguyờn nhõn gõy nờn s m lờn ton cu mnh m (i vi CO2) hoc s lnh i (i vi sol khớ).[8] [9] 68 23.5 LIấN KT NGOI 23.3 Tham kho [1] Some sources (Whiteside et al 2010) give a date 201.4 Ma [2] e extinction of conodonts in terms of discrete elements at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary [3] Johannes Baier: Der Geologische Lehrpfad am Kirnberg (Keuper; SW-Deutschland) - Jber Mi oberrhein geol Ver, N F 93, 9-26, 2011 [4] Bambach, R.K.; Knoll, A.H.; Wang, S.C (thỏng 12 nm 2004) Origination, extinction, and mass depletions of marine diversity Paleobiology 30 (4): 522542 ISSN 0094-8373 doi:10.1666/00948373(2004)0302.0.CO;2 [5] T.M an, B van de Schootbrugge, M.P Field, Nitrogen isotope and trace metal analyses from the Mingolsheim core (Germany): Evidence for redox variations across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22 2008: a series of events resulting in a long period of stratication, deep-water hypoxia, and denitrication in this region of the Tethys Ocean basin"; M Hautmann, M.J Benton, A Toma, Catastrophic ocean acidication at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, Neues Jahrbuch ỹr Geologie und Palọontologie 249.1, July 2008:119-127 [6] Schmieder, M.; Buchner, E.; Schwarz, W H.; Trielo, M.; Lambert, P (ngy thỏng 10 nm 2010) A Rhaetian 40 Ar/39 Ar age for the Rochechouart impact structure (France) and implications for the latest Triassic sedimentary record Meteoritics & Planetary Science 45 (8): 12251242 Bibcode:2010M&PS45.1225S doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2010.01070.x Truy cp ngy 18 thỏng 11 nm 2011 [7] Smith, Ro (ngy 16 thỏng 11 nm 2011) Dark days of the Triassic: Lost world Nature 47 (7373): 287 289 Bibcode:2011Natur.479 287S doi:10.1038/479287a Truy cp ngy 18 thỏng 11 nm 2011 [8] Tanner, L H.; J F Hubert v ng nghip (ngy thỏng nm 2001) Stability of atmospheric CO2 levels across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary Nature 411 (6838): pp 675677 PMID 11395765 doi:10.1038/35079548 [9] Whiteside, Jessica H.; Paul E Olsen, Timothy Eglinton, Michael E Brookeld, and Raymond N Sambroo (ngy 22 thỏng nm 2010) Compoundspecic carbon isotopes from Earths largest ood basalt eruptions directly linked to the endTriassic mass extinction PNAS 107 (15): 67215 Bibcode:2010PNAS 107.6721W PMC 2872409 PMID 20308590 doi:10.1073/pnas.1001706107 23.4 c thờm Hodych, J P.; G R Dunning (1992) Did the Manicougan impact trigger end-of-Triassic mass extinction? Geology 20: pp 51.54 69 Bibcode:1992Geo.2051H doi:10.1130/00917613(1992)0202.3.CO;2 McElwain, J C.; D J Beerling, F I Woodward (ngy 27 thỏng nm 1999) Fossil Plants and Global Warming at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary Science 285 (5432): 13861390 PMID 10464094 doi:10.1126/science.285.5432.1386 Tanner, L.H.; S.G Lucas, M.G Chapman (2004) Assessing the record and causes of Late Triassic extinctions Earth-Science Reviews 65 (65): pp.103139 Bibcode:2004ESRv65 103T doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(03)00082-5 Whiteside, Jessica H.; Paul E Olsen, Timothy Eglinton, Michael E Brookeld, and Raymond N Sambroo (ngy 22 thỏng nm 2010) Compound-specic carbon isotopes from Earths largest ood basalt eruptions directly linked to the end-Triassic mass extinction PNAS 107 (15): 67215 Bibcode:2010PNAS 107.6721W PMC 2872409 PMID 20308590 doi:10.1073/pnas.1001706107 Deenen, M.H.L.; M Ruhl, N.R Bonis, W Krijgsman, W Kuerscher, M Reitsma, M.J van Bergen (2010) A new chronology for the end-Triassic mass extinction EPSL 23.5 Liờn kt ngoi eories on the Triassic-Jurassic Extinction e Triassic-Jurassic Mass Extinction 200 million year old mystery BBC News story, 12Oct-2011 Chng 24 Tuyt chng Miocen gia Tuyt ng Miocen gia cp n ln súng tuyt chng ca cỏc loi sng trờn cn v di nc xy vo khong Miocen gia, cỏch õy 14,8 n 14,5 triu nm, tng Langhian ca Miocen Madelaine Bohme[1] ó quan sỏt s cú mt ca Varanidae, Chamaeleon, Cordylidae, Tomistomidae, Alligatoridae, v rựa khng l l nhng loi sng sút qua giai on Miocene Climatic Optimum (18 n 16 Ma) Trung u (42W 45 N palaeolatitude) Mt giai on lnh v kộo di din gia 14,8 v 14,1 Ma, liờn quan n s gia tng ca cỏc nc sõu, lnh Nam Cc v s phỏt trin cỏc di bng ụng Nam Cc Hai chi cỏ su Gavialosuchus v Diplocynodon c ghi nhn l ó tn ti nhng v phớa bc ny trc giai on lnh bt u din sau ú thỡ tuyt chng khong 13,5 n 14 Ma circulation changes in the western North Atlantic Nature 306 (5940): 250253 doi:10.1038/306250a0 24.2 c thờm Allmon, Warren D.; Bojer, David J (2001) Evolutionary Paleoecology: e Ecological Context of Macroevolutionary Change New York: Columbia University Press ISBN 0231109946 24.3 Liờn kt ngoi GeoWhen Database Criteria for dening the Middle Miocene in fossiliferous strata, based in part on Gradstein, Ogg, Smith, _A Geologic Time Scale, 2004 Cỏc nh nghiờn cu tranh cói v quy mụ y ca tuyt chng gia th Miocen; nhng ngi cc oan nht c tớnh khong 30% cỏc chi ng vt cú vỳ cú Middle Miocene global map vo u th Miocen b tuyt chng phỏ v ny mc dự cỏc nh khoa hc khỏc c tớnh s kin ny ớt trm trng hn Cỏc nguyờn nhõn cú th ch l Bn mu:ExtEvent nav c oỏn: mt s nh nghiờn cu trung vo hu qu ca va chm thch ó to h va chm Nửrdlinger Ries tõy nam c, cú niờn i thi k ny Hot ng ca nỳi la cng c lu tõm; c th l lng tro nỳi la ton cu t ti cao im vo thi gian ny, ỏng chỳ ý l t ung lng rn nt ln ụng Phi, vi s lnh i ca khớ hu ton cu sau ú, v di bng ụng Nam Cc S gia tng ng v 18 O Miocen gia cú liờn quan n s gia tng tng i cỏc ng v nng ca ụxy, ó c ghi nhn ỏi Bỡnh Dng, Nam Bng Dng v Nam i Tõy Dng.[2] 24.1 Tham kho [1] Madelaine Bohme, e Miocene Climatic Optimum: evidence from ectothermic vertebrates of Central Europe [2] Miller, Kenneth G.; Fairbanks, Richard G (1983) Evidence for OligoceneMiddle Miocene abyssal 70 24.4 NGUN, NGI ểNG GểP, V GIY PHẫP CHO VN BN V HèNH NH 71 24.4 Ngun, ngi úng gúp, v giy phộp cho bn v hỡnh nh 24.4.1 Vn bn C sinh vt hc Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%95_sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_h%E1%BB%8Dc?oldid=26375252 Ngi úng gúp: Vng Ngõn H, Nguyn anh ang, Avia, YurikBot, Bigbug~viwiki, Newone, DHN-bot, Tuannguyenanh, JAnDbot, ijs!bot, CommonsDelinker, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Synthebot, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, PipepBot, NQK, Idioma-bot, MelancholieBot, CarsracBot, Luckas-bot, ArthurBot, Xqbot, TjBot, Tnt1984, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, RedBot, WikitanvirBot, Cheers!-bot, AvocatoBot, Leedornberger, YellowKing, AlphamaBot, Addbot, OctraBot, Tran Trong Nhan, Minh28397 v ngi vụ danh Bựng n k Cambri Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B9ng_n%E1%BB%95_k%E1%BB%B7_Cambri?oldid=26240739 Ngi úng gúp: Cheers!, Cheers!-bot, AlphamaBot, AlphamaBot3, TuanminhBot, BacLuong v Petal Immortal S kin tuyt ng k Creta-Paleogen Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_ki%E1%BB%87n_tuy%E1%BB%87t_ch% E1%BB%A7ng_k%E1%BB%B7_Creta-Paleogen?oldid=26575610 Ngi úng gúp: MuDavid, Newone, Trungda, CommonsDelinker, usinhviet, Meotrangden, Luckas-bot, Xqbot, Tranletuhan, angbao, KamikazeBot, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, Mathonius, Yduocizm, RedBot, Cheers!, Cheers!-bot, Stupidspy007, CocuBot, Alphama, AlphamaBot, Damian Vo, Addbot, OctraBot, Arc Warden, itxongkhoiAWB, Bluetpp, Tuanminh01, TuanminhBot, ẫn bc, ẫn bc AWB, Trantrongnhan100YHbot v ngi vụ danh ng vt khụng xng sng Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_kh%C3%B4ng_x%C6% B0%C6%A1ng_s%E1%BB%91ng?oldid=26043056 Ngi úng gúp: Newone, Meotrangden, Xqbot, Tranletuhan, Tnt1984, TuHan-Bot, ZộroBot, ChuispastonBot, Cheers!-bot, MerlIwBot, AlphamaBot, Hugopako, Addbot, Tuanminh01, TuanminhBot, AlbertEinstein05 v ngi vụ danh i (a tng) Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%9Bi_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_t%E1%BA%A7ng)?oldid=22080078 Ngi úng gúp: VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Alexbot, Meotrangden, Ptbotgourou, ArthurBot, ButkoBot, TuHan-Bot, Cheers!-bot, AvocatoBot, AlphamaBot, Addbot v itxongkhoiAWB Gii (a tng) Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_t%E1%BA%A7ng)?oldid=23988582 Ngi úng gúp: VolkovBot, SieBot, Qbot, Meotrangden, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, Cheers!-bot, MerlIwBot, AlphamaBot, Addbot v TuanminhBot Henri Mansuy Ngun: Trantrongnhan100YHbot https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Mansuy?oldid=26039125 Ngi úng gúp: BacLuong v Huy ng Daniel Giraud Elliot Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huy_ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Daniel_Giraud_Elliot?oldid= 20504161 Ngi úng gúp: Vit Chi, ZộroBot, Cheers!-bot, AlphamaBot v Addbot Jacques Deprat Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Deprat?oldid=23651339 Ngi úng gúp: Hoangdat bot, TuanminhBot, BacLuong, iờn98 v Mt ngi vụ danh Khng long Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%A7ng_long?oldid=26318481 Ngi úng gúp: Mxn, DHN, Mekong Bluesman, Vng Ngõn H, Nguyn anh ang, Trung, YurikBot, Vinhtantran, Apple, Newone, DHN-bot, Nad 9x, Escarbot, Conan-shinichi, Nguyenvuhiep, JAnDbot, ijs!bot, GilliamJF, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Brehm, BotMultichill, Byrialbot, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, Conbo, TVT-bot, Lamb2, DragonBot, Hip s khụng u, Idioma-bot, Qbot, ChinTam, OKBot, Alexbot, Meotrangden, Nallimbot, Luckas-bot, Pq, ick thi sock, Betoseha, ArthurBot, Porcupine, Rubinbot, Xqbot, Almabot, SassoBot, Tranletuhan, Hiding Face, Uroif, TobeBot, MondalorBot, D'ohBot, DangTungDuong, KamikazeBot, Bongdentoiac, Leningrad1944, Tnt1984, DixonDBot, Nguyn ang Sn, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, ZộroBot, Caominhthang, Trinhhoa, Yduocizm, JackieBot, Baka Sensei, CNBH, Cheers!, ChuispastonBot, WikitanvirBot, Mjbmrbot, Movses-bot, Cristyl, Cheers!-bot, TRMC, CocuBot, MerlIwBot, Ngocminh.oss, Liverpoolmylove, Minsbot, Gocnhin95, TuanUt, Nh khoa hc, Value, AlphamaBot, Addbot, OctraBot, Gaconnhanhnhen, itxongkhoiAWB, GHA-WDAS, PhanAnh123, Tuanminh01, AlphamaBot3, TuanminhBot, Bacnguyen, TranDat98bk, ẫn bc AWB, Con Mốo Tim, Tranngocnhatminh, Dangcaplee123, Kirito6353 v 58 ngi vụ danh Labyrinthodontia Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labyrinthodontia?oldid=21351982 Ngi úng gúp: ỏi Nhi, Spine, Cheers!bot, Alphama, AlphamaBot, AlphamaBot2, PhanAnh123 v ngi vụ danh S kin tuyt ng Devon mun Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_ki%E1%BB%87n_tuy%E1%BB%87t_ch%E1% BB%A7ng_Devon_mu%E1%BB%99n?oldid=26239505 Ngi úng gúp: Cheers!, AlphamaBot, Bluetpp, ẫn bc v ẫn bc AWB Liờn gii (a tng) Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_gi%E1%BB%9Bi_(%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_t%E1%BA%A7ng) ?oldid=21956957 Ngi úng gúp: Qbot, Meotrangden, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, Courcelles, Cheers!-bot, MerlIwBot, AlphamaBot v TuanminhBot Louis Leakey Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Leakey?oldid=26266999 Ngi úng gúp: Alphama, uanmycuatoi, itxongkhoiAWB, Tuanminh01, AlphamaBot4, BacLuong v Trantrongnhan100YHbot Mary Leakey Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Leakey?oldid=22449465 Ngi úng gúp: ỏi Nhi, Y Kpia Mlo, Tnt1984, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, Cuteb0, JackieBot, Cheers!-bot, Itolemma, MerlIwBot, JYBot, Makecat-bot, YFdyh-bot, AlphamaBot, Cỏ Trm, Addbot, Gaconnhanhnhen, Angusaudra, AlphamaBot4, BacLuong v ngi vụ danh ng vt Mt cung bờn Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_M%E1%BB%99t_cung_b%C3% AAn?oldid=26300884 Ngi úng gúp: Vng Ngõn H, Nguyn anh ang, Chobot, ỏi Nhi, Newone, DHN-bot, Escarbot, JAnDbot, CommonsDelinker, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Hoang448, BotMultichill, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, Loveless, ChinTam, Song song, Luckas-bot, Pq, Xqbot, Tranletuhan, D'ohBot, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, ZộroBot, RedBot, Cheers!-bot, MerlIwBot, Stefan2, PrennAWB, Alphama, YFdyh-bot, AlphamaBot, Hugopako, Addbot, itxongkhoiAWB, PhanAnh123 v ngi vụ danh Nhúm m cõy Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ch%E1%BB%8Fm_c%C3%A2y?oldid=22301391 Ngi úng gúp: Vng Ngõn H, TXiKiBoT, SieBot, Qbot, MystBot, Luckas-bot, ArthurBot, TuHan-Bot, ChuispastonBot, WikitanvirBot, Cheers!-bot, Value, AlphamaBot, Addbot v BacLuong S kin tuyt ng OrdovicSilur Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_ki%E1%BB%87n_tuy%E1%BB%87t_ch%E1% BB%A7ng_Ordovic%E2%80%93Silur?oldid=26239498 Ngi úng gúp: Cheers!, AlphamaBot, Bluetpp v TuanminhBot 72 CHNG 24 TUYT CHNG MIOCEN GIA Ouranopithecus macedoniensis Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouranopithecus_macedoniensis?oldid=30729264 Ngi úng gúp: ỏi Nhi, Newone, EmausBot, Hugopako, itxongkhoiAWB, AlphamaBot4, Ngc Xuõn bot v Mt ngi vụ danh Sinh a tng Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba_t%E1%BA%A7ng?oldid=26365440 Ngi úng gúp: Tranletuhan, Cheers!-bot, AlphamaBot, itxongkhoiAWB v P.T. Stegocephalia Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegocephalia?oldid=22317015 Ngi úng gúp: CommonsDelinker, Spine, Meotrangden, TuHan-Bot, Mathonius, Cheers!-bot, AlphamaBot v itxongkhoiAWB S kin tuyt ng k Permi-k Trias Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_ki%E1%BB%87n_tuy%E1%BB%87t_ch% E1%BB%A7ng_k%E1%BB%B7_Permi-k%E1%BB%B7_Trias?oldid=26239527 Ngi úng gúp: Newone, Luckas-bot, Xqbot, Tranletuhan, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, Yanajin33, ZộroBot, Silvergoat, RedBot, Cheers!, WikitanvirBot, Ripchip Bot, Cheers!-bot, TRMC, AlphamaBot, Addbot, OctraBot, Bluetpp, BacLuong, Lea Himawari v ngi vụ danh S kin tuyt ng K TriasJura Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_ki%E1%BB%87n_tuy%E1%BB%87t_ch%E1% BB%A7ng_K%E1%BB%B7_Trias%E2%80%93Jura?oldid=26241454 Ngi úng gúp: Tranletuhan, TuHan-Bot, Cheers!-bot, GrouchoBot, AlphamaBot, Addbot, Bluetpp, TuanminhBot v ngi vụ danh Tuyt ng Miocen gia Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuy%E1%BB%87t_ch%E1%BB%A7ng_Miocen_gi%E1%BB%AFa?oldid= 11212818 Ngi úng gúp: Tranletuhan, TuHan-Bot, Cheers!-bot v Addbot 24.4.2 Hỡnh nh Tp_tin:1000_bi_c_bn.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/1000_b%C3%A0i_c%C6%A1_b%E1% BA%A3n.svg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg Ngh s u tiờn: is le: Prenn Tp_tin:Acanthostega_BW.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Acanthostega_BW.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) Tp_tin:Amonites.Domus_da_Coruủa.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Amonites.Domus_da_ Coru%C3%B1a.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 2.5 es Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Luis Miguel Bugallo Sỏnchez (Lmbuga Commons)(Lmbuga Galipedia) Tp_tin:Anning_plesiosaur.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Anning_plesiosaur.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: http://laelaps.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/21a.jpg Ngh s u tiờn: William Buckland Tp_tin:Ape_skeletons.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Ape_skeletons.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Chuyn t en.wikipedia sang Commons Ngh s u tiờn: e original uploader was TimVickers ti Wikipedia Ting Anh Tp_tin:Archaeothyris_BW.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Archaeothyris_BW.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: User:ArthurWeasley Tp_tin:Biarmosuchus.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Biarmosuchus.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Chuyn t en.wikipedia sang Commons Ngh s u tiờn: DiBgd ti Wikipedia Ting Anh Tp_tin:Bufo_periglenes2_cropped.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Bufo_periglenes2_cropped jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bufo_periglenes2.jpg Ngh s u tiờn: Bufo_periglenes1.jpg: Charles H Smith, vergrửòert von Aglarech Tp_tin:Cebus_capucinus.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Cebus_capucinus.png Giy phộp: CC BY 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Powell K: Economy of the Mind PLoS Biol 1/3/2003: e77 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000077 Ngh s u tiờn: (Photo courtesy of Frans de Waal.) Tp_tin:Centrosaurus_dinosaur.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Centrosaurus_dinosaur.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: i did it myself using this images as reference:[1],[2], [3], [4] and [5] Ngh s u tiờn: LadyofHats Tp_tin:Chicxulub_radar_topography.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Chicxulub_radar_ topography.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03379 Ngh s u tiờn: NASA/JPL-Caltech Tp_tin:Cladocora.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Cladocora.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Photograph taken by Mark A Wilson (Department of Geology, e College of Wooster) [1] Ngh s u tiờn: Wilson44691 ti Wikipedia Ting Anh Tp_tin:Coast_Impact.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Coast_Impact.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=2306 Ngh s u tiờn: Don Davis/NASA Tp_tin:Commons-logo.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: is version created by Pumbaa, using a proper partial circle and SVG geometry features (Former versions used to be slightly warped.) Ngh s u tiờn: SVG version was created by User:Grunt and cleaned up by 3247, based on the earlier PNG version, created by Reidab Tp_tin:Crassigyrinus_BW.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Crassigyrinus_BW.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) Tp_tin:Crystal_Palace_labyrinthodonts.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Crystal_Palace_ labyrinthodonts.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 2.0 Ngi úng gúp: IMG_4998 Ngh s u tiờn: Tom Page from London, UK Tp_tin:CyclotosaurusDB2_White_background.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/ CyclotosaurusDB2_White_background.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: CyclotosaurusDB2.jpg Ngh s u tiờn: User:DiBgd Tp_tin:Cynognathus_BW.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Cynognathus_BW.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) 24.4 NGUN, NGI ểNG GểP, V GIY PHẫP CHO VN BN V HèNH NH 73 Tp_tin:DNA_icon.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/DNA_icon.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Adapted from Image:DNA replication editable.svg (a modication of Image:DNA replication.svg), by Mariana Ruiz and Lỏszlú Nộmeth Ngh s u tiờn: Fvasconcellos Tp_tin:Diadectes1DB.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Diadectes1DB.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: dmitrchel@mail.ru Ngh s u tiờn: Dmitry Bogdanov Tp_tin:Dimetrodon.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Dimetrodon.jpg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Dinoproject-icon2.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Dinoproject-icon2.png Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Original works (see above), compilation by User:IJReid Ngh s u tiờn: Debivort ti Wikipedia Ting Anh Tp_tin:Dinosaur_Park_Fm.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Dinosaur_Park_Fm.jpg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: self-made by Ank-man Ngh s u tiờn: Anky-man ti Wikipedia Ting Anh Tp_tin:Dinosauria_montage_2.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Dinosauria_montage_2.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 2.0 Ngi úng gúp: Wikimedia Commons Ngh s u tiờn: Uploader: User:DrKiernan; based on selection at File:Various dinosaurs2.png Tp_tin:Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_(aka).jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Drosophila_ melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Andrộ Karwath aka Aka Tp_tin:Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Ennatosaurus_BW.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) Tp_tin:Eodicynodon_BW.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Eodicynodon_BW.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) Tp_tin:Eucritta1DB.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Eucritta1DB.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: dmitrchel@mail.ru Ngh s u tiờn: Dmitry Bogdanov Tp_tin:Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Eusthenopteron_BW.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) Tp_tin:Flag_of_Kenya.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: http://www.kenyarchives.go.ke/flag_specifications.htm Ngh s u tiờn: User:Pumbaa80 Tp_tin:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Flag_of_the_ United_Kingdom.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to per data at http://flagspot.net/flags/gb.html Ngh s u tiờn: Original ag by Acts of Union 1800 Tp_tin:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Own work based on: Folder.gif Ngh s u tiờn: Original: John Cross Vectorization: Shazz Tp_tin:Geological_time_spiral.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Geological_time_spiral.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Graham, Joseph, Newman, William, and Stacy, John, 2008, e geologic time spiralA path to the past (ver 1.1): U.S Geological Survey General Information Product 58, poster, sheet Available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/2008/58/ Ngh s u tiờn: United States Geological Survey Tp_tin:Giraffatitan_scale.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Giraffatitan_scale.png Giy phộp: CC BY 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Ma Martyniuk Tp_tin:Goodrich_Megalosaurus.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Goodrich_Megalosaurus.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Samuel Griswold Goodrich: Illustrated Natural History of the Animal Kingdom, vol 2, S 394 From [1] Ngh s u tiờn: Samuel Griswold Goodrich Tp_tin:Gorgonops_whaitsii1.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Gorgonops_whaitsii1.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: dmitrchel@mail.ru Ngh s u tiờn: Creator: Dmitry Bogdanov Tp_tin:Gracilisuchus_BW.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Gracilisuchus_BW.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) Tp_tin:Hell_Creek.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Hell_Creek.jpg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: self-made by Anky-man Ngh s u tiờn: Anky-man 16:28, 16 April 2007 (UTC) Tp_tin:Horseshoe_Canyon_Alberta_Nov_1988.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Horseshoe_ Canyon_Alberta_Nov_1988.jpg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Self-made by Anky-man Ngh s u tiờn: Anky-man 16:33, 16 April 2007 Tp_tin:Human-eoraptor_size_comparison(v2).png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/ Human-eoraptor_size_comparison%28v2%29.png Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: I did myself, the dinosaur is based on [1] Ngh s u tiờn: Dropzink Tp_tin:Hyloplesion.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Hyloplesion.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Smokeybjb Tp_tin:Ianthasaurus_BW.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Ianthasaurus_BW.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) Tp_tin:Ichthyostega_BW.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Ichthyostega_BW.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) 74 CHNG 24 TUYT CHNG MIOCEN GIA Tp_tin:K-T-boundary.JPG Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/K-T-boundary.JPG Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Zimbres - Aribute it to Eurico Zimbres Tp_tin:KT_boundary_054.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/KT_boundary_054.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: photo G Larson; Transferred from en.wikipedia Ngh s u tiờn: Original uploader was Glenlarson at en.wikipedia Tp_tin:Kronosaurus_hunt1DB.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Kronosaurus_hunt1DB.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: dmitrchel@mail.ru Ngh s u tiờn: Dmitry Bogdanov Tp_tin:Labyrinthodon_Mivart.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Labyrinthodon_Mivart.png Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Louis_Leakey.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Louis_Leakey.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: http://www.blm.gov/ca/st/en/fo/barstow/calico.html Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Macronaria_scrubbed_enh.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Macronaria_scrubbed_enh jpg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Chuyn t en.wikipedia sang Commons by FunkMonk using CommonsHelper Ngh s u tiờn: dmitrchel@mail.ru Tp_tin:Maiasaurusnest.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Maiasaurusnest.jpg Giy phộp: CC-BYSA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Marrella_(fossil).png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Marrella_%28fossil%29.png Giy phộp: CC BY 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Chuyn t en.wikipedia sang Commons Ngh s u tiờn: Verisimilus ti Wikipedia Ting Anh Tp_tin:Mary_Leakey.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Mary_Leakey.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: https://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/images/A16794 Ngh s u tiờn: National Institutes of Health Tp_tin:Moschorhinus_DB.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Moschorhinus_DB.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: dmitrchel@mail.ru Ngh s u tiờn: Dmitry Bogdanov Tp_tin:Nuvola_apps_personal_unisex.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Nuvola_apps_personal_ unisex.svg Giy phộp: LGPL Ngi úng gúp: File:Nuvola apps personal.svg Ngh s u tiờn: Fabrice TIERCELIN Tp_tin:Ornithopods_jconway.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Ornithopods_jconway.jpg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Drawing by John Conway [1] Tp_tin:Ouranopithecus_macedoniensis.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Ouranopithecus_ macedoniensis.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: 120 Tp_tin:PODY_barnstar.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/PODY_barnstar.png Giy phộp: LGPL Ngi úng gúp: PODY barnstar.svg and Fairytale bookmark golden.png Ngh s u tiờn: e Obento Musubi Tp_tin:Palaeohatteria_DB.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Palaeohatteria_DB.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Chuyn t ru.wikipedia sang Commons Ngh s u tiờn: ti Wikipedia Ting Nga Tp_tin:Panderichthys_BW.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Panderichthys_BW.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) Tp_tin:Paranthropus_boisei_skull.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Paranthropus_boisei_skull jpg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Durova Tp_tin:People_icon.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/People_icon.svg Giy phộp: CC0 Ngi úng gúp: OpenClipart Ngh s u tiờn: OpenClipart Tp_tin:Portal-puzzle.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: User:Eubulides Created with Inkscape 0.47pre4 r22446 (Oct 14 2009) is image was created from scratch and is not a derivative of any other work in the copyright sense, as it shares only nonprotectible ideas with other works Its idea came from File:Portal icon.svg by User:Michiel1972, which in turn was inspired by File:Portal.svg by User:Pepetps and User:Ed g2s, which in turn was inspired by File:Portal.gif by User:Ausir, User:Kyle the hacker and User:HereToHelp, which was reportedly from he:File:Portal.gif (since superseded or replaced?) by User:Naama m It is not known where User:Naama m got the idea from Ngh s u tiờn: User: Eubulides Tp_tin:Proconsul_skeleton_reconstitution_(University_of_Zurich).JPG Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/f/fb/Proconsul_skeleton_reconstitution_%28University_of_Zurich%29.JPG Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Guộrin Nicolas (messages) Tp_tin:Prosalirus_BW.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Prosalirus_BW.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) Tp_tin:Proterogyrinus_NT.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Proterogyrinus_NT.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: NobuTamura email:nobu.tamura@yahoo.com Tp_tin:Pộry-Reuchenette_Oxfordian.JPG Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/P%C3% A9ry-Reuchenette_Oxfordian.JPG Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Woudloper Tp_tin:Red_Pencil_Icon.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Red_Pencil_Icon.png Giy phộp: CC0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Peter coxhead Tp_tin:RudistCretaceousUAE.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/RudistCretaceousUAE.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Wilson44691 Tp_tin:Seymouria_BW.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Seymouria_BW.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) 24.4 NGUN, NGI ểNG GểP, V GIY PHẫP CHO VN BN V HèNH NH 75 Tp_tin:Skull_synapsida_1.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Skull_synapsida_1.png Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Preto(m) Tp_tin:Sphenacodon_BW.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Sphenacodon_BW.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) Tp_tin:Stemgroups.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/vi/d/dc/Stemgroups.jpg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Struthiocephalus_DB.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Struthiocephalus_DB.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Chuyn t ru.wikipedia sang Commons Ngh s u tiờn: ti Wikipedia Ting Nga Tp_tin:Tiktaalik_BW.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Tiktaalik_BW.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) Tp_tin:Triassic-jurassic_boundary.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Triassic-jurassic_boundary jpg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Merikanto Tp_tin:Triceratops_AMNH_01.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Triceratops_AMNH_01.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 2.0 Ngi úng gúp: Triceratops at Museum of Natural History Ngh s u tiờn: Michael Gray from Wantagh NY, USA Tp_tin:Tyrannosaurus_BW.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Tyrannosaurus_BW.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 2.5 Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) Tp_tin:Varanops_brevirostris.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Varanops_brevirostris.jpg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Chuyn t ru.wikipedia sang Commons Ngh s u tiờn: ti Wikipedia Ting Nga Tp_tin:Westlothiana_BW.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Westlothiana_BW.jpg Giy phộp: CC BY 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: own aork Ngh s u tiờn: Nobu Tamura (http://spinops.blogspot.com) Tp_tin:Wikiquote-logo.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Rei-artur Tp_tin:Wikispecies-logo.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Image:Wikispecies-logo.jpg Ngh s u tiờn: (of code) cs:User:-xfi Tp_tin:Wiktionary_small.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg Giy phộp: CC BY-SA 3.0 Ngi úng gúp: ? Ngh s u tiờn: ? Tp_tin:Zhenjiangopterus_jconway.jpg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Zhenjiangopterus_jconway jpg Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: Chuyn t en.wikipedia sang Commons Ngh s u tiờn: John.Conway ti Wikipedia Ting Anh 24.4.3 Giy phộp ni dung Creative Commons Aribution-Share Alike 3.0 ... không xương sống (cổ sinh vật không xương sống, thạch nhà cổ sinh vật học nghiên cứu loại động vật có xương sống (cổ sinh vật có xương sống, bao gồm Ngoài số nhà cổ sinh vật học tiếng hóa thạch... Osborn, Louis Agassiz, Charles Walco Các lĩnh vực cổ sinh vật học bao gồm cổ động Roy Chapman Andrews Các nhà cổ sinh vật học vật học loài động vật cổ đại, cổ thực vật học tiếng châu Âu có Björn Kurtén... nhóm thực vật chi phối.[11] Các loài sinh vật quang hợp, bao gồm thực vật phiêu sinh thực vật cạn, tạo thành tảng chuỗi thức ăn vào cuối kỷ Creta giống ngày Các dấu vết cho thấy động vật ăn cỏ