mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ HSG 9

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PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION (CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ SỰ NHƯỢNG BỘ) Cụm từ và mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ dùng để diễn đạt hai ý trái ngược trong cùng một câu. I. PHRASES OF CONCESSION  Cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ thường được bắt đầu bằng giới từ ‘In spite of’ hoặc ‘Despite’ (mang nghĩa mặc dù, cho dù)  Cấu trúc : In spite of + N/N phrase/Gerund phrase, Main clause Despite  Sau hai giới từ này phải là một danh từ, một cụm danh từ hoặc một V-ing. E.g. Despite the cold weather, they enjoyed the picnic. Despite the fact that the weather was cold, they enjoyed the picnic. Despite the weather being cold, they enjoyed the picnic. In spite of his old age, he still leads an active life.  Mệnh đề có ‘Despite’ hoặc ‘In spite of’ có thể được đặt trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính. Nếu đứng trước mệnh đề chính, ta phải thêm dấu phẩy vào trước mệnh đề chính, nếu đứng sau mệnh đề chính, ta không cần thêm dấu phẩy. She couldn’t pass the exam despite studying hard. II. CLAUSES OF CONCCESSION  Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ là mệnh đề phụ chỉ sự tương phản của 2 hành động trong câu.  Mệnh đề này thường bắt đầu với những từ nối : although, though, even though, no matter, whatever (dù, cho dù)  Cấu trúc :  Đằng sau 3 cụm từ này phải là một mệnh đề hoàn chỉnh (có cả chủ ngữ và động từ). Các mệnh đề này có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính. Nếu đứng trước mệnh đề chính, ta phải thêm dấu phẩy vào trước mệnh đề chính, nếu đứng sau mệnh đề chính, ta không cần thêm dấu phẩy. E.g. Although the weather was cold, they enjoyed the picnic. Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has bad grades. Anna was fond of Jim though he often annoyed her.  Nếu ‘though’ đứng một mình cuối câu, tách biệt bởi câu chính bởi dấu phẩy thì nó mang nghĩa tuy nhiên. He promised to call me, till now I haven’t received any call from him, though. 2/ No matter + who/what/when/where/why/how (adj, adv) + S + V, main clause Whatever (+N) + S + V, main clause  Mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng NO MATTER hoặc WHATEVER thường được đặt trước mệnh đề chính, mang nghĩa ‘dù ……. đi nữa’ 1/ Although + S + V , Main clause Though Even though E.g. No matter how hard she tried, she couldn’t pass the exam. No matter what she says, I don’t believe her. …………………………………………………………………… Whatever jobs he chose, his parent were pleased with him. PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF REASON (CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ CHỈ LÝ DO) I. PHRASES OF REASON  Cụm từ chỉ lý do thường được bắt đầu bằng từ nối : because of, owing to, due to, as a result of, on account of  Cấu trúc : Because of + N/N phrase/Gerund phrase, Main clause Owing to Due to On account of As a result of  Các cụm từ này có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính, mang nghĩa là ‘vì, do’. Nếu đứng trước mệnh đề chính, ta phải thêm dấu phẩy vào trước mệnh đề chính, nếu đứng sau mệnh đề chính, ta không cần thêm dấu phẩy. E.g. Jan was worried because of the rain. Because of the traffic jam, the students arrived late. The project has to be abandoned due to a lack of government funding. Owing to his illness, he could not continue with his studies. She dies as a result of her injuries. II. CLAUSES OF REASON  Mệnh đề trạng Exercise 6: Rewrite the sentences with the word given Although he has a very important job, he isn’t particularly well-paid =>In spite of Although I had never seen her before, I recognized her from a photograph => Despite She wasn’t wearing the coat although it was quite cold =>In spite of We thought we’d better invite them to the party although we don’t like them very much => Despite Although I didn’t speak the language, I managed to make myself understand =>In spite of Although the heat was on, the room wasn’t warm => Despite I didn’t recognize her although I’d met her twice before =>In spite of We’re not very good friends although we’ve known each other a long time => Despite Although Minh was ill, he still came to the meeting =>In spite of 10 Although he promised that he wouldn’t be late, he didn’t arrive until o’clock => Despite Exercise 9: Rewrite the sentences, using although or in spite of Although I was very tired, I didn’t sleep => No matter Although I was hungry, I didn’t eat anything => No matter Although he felt unwell, he went on working => No matter Although he was disappointed, he tried to smile => No matter He still goes to school although he isn’t fine => No matter Although the salary was low, he accepted the job => Despite In spite of their quarrel, they remain the best of friends => Though In spite of the bad weather, they went out for dinner => Although In spite of his age, he still leads an active life => Even though 10 In spite of his hard work, Ba he failed his exam => Though 11 In spite of the heavy rain, we decided to go to see the match => Although 12 Although they lost, the home team played very well => Despite 13 Even though it was raining, I still went to school on time =>In spite of 14 Although she isn’t brilliant, she studies quite well => Despite 15 She isn’t brilliant but she studies quite well => Although 16 The house isn’t nice, but I like the garden => Even though 17 It was raining, but we went out => Though 18 Everyone likes Bob even though he talkative => Even though 19 Though I had an umbrella, I got very wet in the rain => Though 20 We enjoyed the vacation although it rained a lot => In spite of 21 I couldn’t sleep though I was very tired => Much 22 I didn’t get the job even though I was extremely qualified => Despite 23 He ate all the fruits although they were green =>No matter 24 The plane took off though the weather was bad =>No matter 25 He took a lot of photographs even though the sky was dark =>No matter 26 Although she doesn’t earn much money, she spends like a millionaire => Despite 27 Tom will not pass the examination although he studies well => In spite of 28 He is still fat though he has been on a diet for years => In spite of 29 Although they lived in poverty, they were always happy => No matter 30 He got good jobs, he was not satisfied => No matter what jobs 31 You any job, you should it devotedly => Whatever 32 Although his English was good, he wasn’t chosen => However 33 Even though I admire his courage, I think he is a foolish => Much 34 You can use it as long as you like, and it won’t wear out => No matter 35 Although Judy was severely disabled, she participated in many sports => Despite 36 However friendly he seems, he’s not to be trusted => Friendly 37 I admit he’s clever, but I don’t think he’ll this problem => Clever 38 She never comes to the office on time although she gets up so early => No matter 39 He had enjoyed the lively company of his friends in Edinburgh All the same, his work, he felt, demanded solitude => Much as 40 Come and sit down, whoever you are => It doesn’t matter 41 It doesn’t matter how hard she tries, she never beat Sue at tennis => However 42 No matter what he says, nobody believes him => Whatever 43 He always woke ...GRAMMER : UNIT 7 (Grade 12) CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF CONCESSION I- CLAUSE OF CONCESSION (Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ) Definition: Là mệnh đề chỉ sự tương phản giữa hai mệnh đề trong câu. Bắt đầu bằng : although, though, even though, even if (mặc dù) + clause. Ex1: He was lazy. He passed the test. -> Although he was lazy, he passed the test. Ex2: We had a picnic. The weather was bad. -> We had a picnic though the weather was bad. II- PHRASE OF CONCESSION: (Cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ) Bắt đầu bằng IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE (mặc dù) sau nó là một cụm từ (phrase) có thể là cụm danh từ hoặc cum danh động từ. Ex1: Despite studying hard, he failed the final test. Ex2: We had a picnic in spite of the bad weather. III- THE WAYS OF CHANGING A CLAUSE TO A PHRASE (cách đổi một mệnh đề thành cụm từ) 1- Mệnh đề có chủ từ là một đại từ (Pronoun) + be + adj khi đổi sang cụm từ ta bỏ BE, đổi chủ từ thành tính từ sở hữu (possessive adj), đổi tính từ thành danh từ. Ex1: Although he was lazy, he passed the test. Despite his laziness, he passed the test. Ex2: Though he was poor, he lived a happy life. 2- Mệnh đề có chủ từ là danh từ (noun) + be + adj khi chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ Be, đổi chủ từ thành sở hữu cách (possessive case), đổi tính từ thành danh từ. Although Though + Clause (S + V …) Even though Even if IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE + phrase (noun phrase/ gerund phrase Subject (pronoun) + be + adj Possessive adj + noun Ex: The car didn’t crash though the driver was careless. The car didn’t crash despite the driver’s carelessness. 3- Mệnh đề có chủ từ + V(ordinary) khi chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ chủ từ đổi động từ sang dạng V-ing. Ex: Though he studied hard, he didn’t passed the test. In spite of studying hard, he didn’t passed the test. 4- Mệnh đề có There be + noun, khi chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ there be. Ex: Although there were many people there, they couldn’t rescue him. Despite many people there, they couldn’t rescue him. * CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF REASON (M ệnh đ ề v à cum t ừ ch ỉ nguy ên nh ân) I- CLAUSE OF REASON (Mệnh đề chỉ nguy ên nh ân) Definition: Là mệnh đề chỉ nguy ên nh ân c ủa h ành đ ộng đ ư ợc n êu trong mệnh đề ch ính. Bắt đầu bằng : Because (v ì) + clause. Ex: He came ten minutes late. He missed the first train. He came ten minutes late because he missed the first train. Main clause Clause of reason II- PHRASE OF REASON: (Cụm từ chỉ nguyên nhânï) Bắt đầu bằng BECAUSE OF (bởi vì) sau nó là một cụm từ (phrase) có thể là cụm danh từ hoặc cum danh động từ. Subject (noun) + be + adj possessive case + noun Subject + V(ordinary) V-ing There + be + Noun -> x + Noun Because+ Clause (S + V …) BECAUSE OF + phrase (noun phrase/ gerund phrase Ex1: Because of the bad weather, they didn’t take part in the trip. Noun phrase Ex2: They stayed at home because of being sick. Gerund phrase III- THE WAYS OF CHANGING A CLAUSE TO A PHRASE (cách đổi một mệnh đề thành cụm từ) - Cách đổi mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân sang cụm từ giống như cách đổi mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ sang cụm từ Ex: I catch cold because I went out in the rain yesterday. I catch cold because of going out in the rain yesterday. EXERCISES: Exercise 1: Combine each pair of sentences below, using the conjunction given in brackets. 1. He is very rich. He isn’t happy. (although) 2. She couldn’t answer the question. She is very intelligent. (though) 3. He tried. He was not successful. (though) 4. His life is hard. He determined to study well. (although) 5. He was wise CLAUSES OF CONCESSION A. Choose the best answer: 1. ________ having the best qualifications among all the applicants, Justin was not offered the job. A. Although B. While C. In spite of D. Despite of 2. ________ the internet is very popular, many older people do not know how to use it. A. However B. Nevertheless C. Even though D. Despite 3. _________ he wasn’t feeling very well, David was determined to take part in the inter-university athletics meet. A. Although B. While C. Where as D. yet 4. __________ what Megan prepared for the job interview, she didn’t pass it. A. Despite of B. In spite of C. Though D. However 5. Bruce was not praised_________ he was a hard worker. A. despite B. in spite of C. although D. no matter how 6. It looks like they are going to succeed_________ their present difficulties. A. despite B. although C. in spite D. even though 7. Mary usually goes to parties. She likes meeting people and crowded places ________she is rather shy. A. In spite of B. Even though C. On the contrary D. In other words 8. Ann: Have you decided to get the job? Terry: Yes, I’ve just decided. I’ll accept that job_________ it is not suitable with my major. It is not an interesting job, ________ the salary is very good. A. although / but B. despite / and C. but / though D. yet / however 9. ________, he has continued to work on his thesis. A. Although all these problems B. Even though there are problems C. Despite of all these problems D. In spite of there are problems 10. In spite of ____________, he was determined to finish his work. A. was seriously ill. B. be seriously ill C. his serious illness D. he was seriously ill 11. _______ some German and British management styles are similar, there are many differences between them. A. In spite B. In spite of C. although D. Despite 12. I could not eat _______ I was very hungry. A. even though B. in spite C. despite D. despite of 13. In spite _______, the baseball game was not cancelled. A. the rain B. of the rain B. it was raining D. there was a rain 14. _______ he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car. A. In spite B. In spite of C. Despite D. Although 15. _______, he walked to the station. A. Despite being tired B. Although to be tired C. In spite being tired D. Despite tired 16. The children slept well despite _______. A. it was noise B. the noise C. of the noise D. noisy 17. She left him _______ she still loved him. A. even if B. even though C. in spite of D. despite 18. _______ her lack of hard work, she was promoted. A. In spite B. Even though C. In spite of D. Despite of 19. _______ they are brothers, they do not look alike. A. Although B. Even C. Despite D. In spite of 20. Our new neighbors are quite nice _______ they are sometimes talkative. A. despite B. in spite of C. though D. as though 21. _______ of the difficulty, they managed to climb to the top of the mountain. A. In spite B. Despite C. But D. Although 22. _____________, he could not finish the job. A. As hard as he work B. Despite he worked hard C. Though he worked hard D. Although hard work 23. He went to work _____________ his headache. A. despite B. although C. because D. because of 24. Despite the fact that _______, we enjoyed our trip. A. the weather is bad B. it is a bad weather C. the bad weather D. the weather was bad 25. Julie failed the exam _______ of working very hard. A. despite B. in spite C. even if D. though 26. Tom went to work despite _______. A. that he did not feel very well B. of the fact not feeling well C. he did not feel very well D. not feeling very well 27. Though _______, they are good friends. A. their sometimes quarrel B. to have a quarrel sometimes C. they sometimes have a quarrel D. of having a quarrel sometimes 28. Despite _______, we arrived on time. A. the traffic B. of the traffic C. there was heavy traffic D. of there was heavy traffic 29. ___________it was very cold, she did not put on her coat. A. In case B. But C. Even if D. Although 30. CLAUSES OF CONCESSION A. Choose the best answer: 1. ________ having the best qualifications among all the applicants, Justin was not offered the job. A. Although B. While C. In spite of D. Despite of 2. ________ the internet is very popular, many older people do not know how to use it. A. However B. Nevertheless C. Even though D. Despite 3. _________ he wasn’t feeling very well, David was determined to take part in the inter-university athletics meet. A. Although B. While C. Where as D. yet 4. __________ what Megan prepared for the job interview, she didn’t pass it. A. Despite of B. In spite of C. Though D. However 5. Bruce was not praised_________ he was a hard worker. A. despite B. in spite of C. although D. no matter how 6. It looks like they are going to succeed_________ their present difficulties. A. despite B. although C. in spite D. even though 7. Mary usually goes to parties. She likes meeting people and crowded places ________she is rather shy. A. In spite of B. Even though C. On the contrary D. In other words 8. Ann: Have you decided to get the job? Terry: Yes, I’ve just decided. I’ll accept that job_________ it is not suitable with my major. It is not an interesting job, ________ the salary is very good. A. although / but B. despite / and C. but / though D. yet / however 9. ________, he has continued to work on his thesis. A. Although all these problems B. Even though there are problems C. Despite of all these problems D. In spite of there are problems 10. In spite of ____________, he was determined to finish his work. A. was seriously ill. B. be seriously ill C. his serious illness D. he was seriously ill 11. _______ some German and British management styles are similar, there are many differences between them. A. In spite B. In spite of C. although D. Despite 12. I could not eat _______ I was very hungry. A. even though B. in spite C. despite D. despite of 13. In spite _______, the baseball game was not cancelled. A. the rain B. of the rain B. it was raining D. there was a rain 14. _______ he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car. A. In spite B. In spite of C. Despite D. Although 15. _______, he walked to the station. A. Despite being tired B. Although to be tired C. In spite being tired D. Despite tired 16. The children slept well despite _______. A. it was noise B. the noise C. of the noise D. noisy 17. She left him _______ she still loved him. A. even if B. even though C. in spite of D. despite 18. _______ her lack of hard work, she was promoted. A. In spite B. Even though C. In spite of D. Despite of 19. _______ they are brothers, they do not look alike. A. Although B. Even C. Despite D. In spite of 20. Our new neighbors are quite nice _______ they are sometimes talkative. A. despite B. in spite of C. though D. as though 21. _______ of the difficulty, they managed to climb to the top of the mountain. A. In spite B. Despite C. But D. Although 22. _____________, he could not finish the job. A. As hard as he work B. Despite he worked hard C. Though he worked hard D. Although hard work 23. He went to work _____________ his headache. A. despite B. although C. because D. because of 24. Despite the fact that _______, we enjoyed our trip. A. the weather is bad B. it is a bad weather C. the bad weather D. the weather was bad 25. Julie failed the exam _______ of working very hard. A. despite B. in spite C. even if D. though 26. Tom went to work despite _______. A. that he did not feel very well B. of the fact not feeling well C. he did not feel very well D. not feeling very well 27. Though _______, they are good friends. A. their sometimes quarrel B. to have a quarrel sometimes C. they sometimes have a quarrel D. of having a quarrel sometimes 28. Despite _______, we arrived on time. A. the traffic B. of the traffic C. there was heavy traffic D. of there was heavy traffic 29. ___________it was very cold, she did not put on her coat. A. In case B. But C. CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF CONCESSION I- CLAUSE OF CONCESSION (Mệnh đề nhượng bộ) Definition: Là mệnh đề tương phản hai mệnh đề câu Bắt đầu : although, though, even though, even if (mặc dù) + clause Although Though + Clause (S + V …) Even though Even if Ex1: He was lazy He passed the test -> Although he was lazy, he passed the test Ex2: We had a picnic The weather was bad -> We had a picnic though the weather was bad II- PHRASE OF CONCESSION: (Cụm từ nhượng bộ) Bắt đầu IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE (mặc dù) sau cụm từ (phrase) cụm danh từ cum danh động từ IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE + phrase (noun phrase/ gerund phrase Ex1: Despite studying hard, he failed the final test Ex2: We had a picnic in spite of the bad weather III- THE WAYS OF CHANGING A CLAUSE TO A PHRASE (cách đổi mệnh đề thành cụm từ) 1- Mệnh đề có chủ từ đại từ (Pronoun) + be + adj đổi sang cụm từ ta bỏ BE, đổi chủ từ thành tính từ sở hữu (possessive adj), đổi tính từ thành danh từ Subject (pronoun) + be + adj Possessive adj + noun Ex1: Although he was lazy, he passed the test Despite his laziness, he passed the test Ex2: Though he was poor, he lived a happy life 2- Mệnh đề có chủ từ danh từ (noun) + be + adj chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ Be, đổi chủ từ thành sở hữu cách (possessive case), đổi tính từ thành danh từ Subject (noun) + be + adj possessive case + noun Ex: The car didn’t crash though the driver was careless The car didn’t crash despite the driver’s carelessness 3- Mệnh đề có chủ từ + V(ordinary) chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ chủ từ đổi động từ sang dạng V-ing Subject + V(ordinary) V-ing Ex: Though he studied hard, he didn’t passed the test In spite of studying hard, he didn’t passed the test 4- Mệnh đề có There be + noun, chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ there be There + be -> x Ex: + Noun + Noun Although there were many people there, they couldn’t rescue him Despite many people there, they couldn’t rescue him * CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF REASON (Mệnh đề cụm từ ngun nhân) I- CLAUSE OF REASON (Mệnh đề ngun nhân) Definition: Là mệnh đề ngun nhân hành đ ộng nêu mệnh đề Bắt đầu : Because (vì) + clause Because+ Clause (S + V …) Ex: He came ten minutes late He missed the first train He came ten minutes late because he missed the first train Main clause Clause of reason II- PHRASE OF REASON: (Cụm từ nguyên nhân ï) Bắt đầu BECAUSE OF (bởi vì) sau cụm từ (phrase) cụm danh từ cum danh động từ BECAUSE OF + phrase (noun phrase/ gerund phrase Ex1: Because of the bad weather, they didn’t take part in the trip Noun phrase Ex2: They stayed at home because of being sick Gerund phrase III- THE WAYS OF CHANGING A CLAUSE TO A PHRASE (cách đổi mệnh đề thành cụm từ) - Cách đổi mệnh đề nguyên nhân sang cụm từ giống cách đổi mệnh đề nhượng sang cụm từ Ex: I catch cold because I went out in the rain yesterday I catch cold because of going out in the rain yesterday EXERCISES: Exercise 1: Combine each pair of sentences below, using the conjunction given in brackets He is very rich He isn’t happy (although) -2 She couldn’t answer the question She is very intelligent (though) -3 He tried He was not successful (though) -4 His life is hard He determined to study well (although) -5 He was wise and experienced He was not taken in (though) -Exercise 2: Change the clause of concession to phrase She didn’t eat much though she was hungry -2 Although he had much experience in machinery, he didn’t succeed in repairing this machine -3 We did the test well though it was difficult ... 89 Without Tom’s help, Bill couldn’t have finished the work If it 90 William said to Mary “Why don’t you put your luggage under the seat?” William suggested 91 ... 92 The robbers made the bank manager hand over the money The bank manager 93 She hasn’t been to Ho Chi Minh City for three years The last 94 I cleaned... 95 “Don’t forget to send your parents my regards”, she said to me She told 96 “Would you like to dance with me?” she said to John She 97 Her father