Competitiveness of vietnamese labor export in north east asia market a comparison across asean countries

COMPETITIVENESS OF VIETNAMESE LABOR EXPORT IN NORTH-EAST ASIA MARKET: A COMPARISON ACROSS ASEAN COUNTRIES _ A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School Southern Luzon State University, Lucban, Quezon, Philippines in Collaboration with Thai Nguyen University, Socialist Republic of Vietnam _ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Business Administration _ By HOÀNG VAN HUNG (TOM CRUISE) December 2013 i APPROVAL SHEET The Dissertation of HOÀNG VAN HUNG entitled COMPETITIVENESS OF VIETNAMESE LABOR EXPORT IN NORTH-EAST ASIA MARKET: A COMPARISON ACROSS ASEAN COUNTRIES Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION A program offered by Southern Luzon State University, Republic of the Philippines in collaboration with Thai Nguyen University, Socialist Republic of Vietnam has been approved by Oral Examination Committee JOANNA PAULA A ELLAGA, DBA Expert EDUARDO T BAGTANG, DBM Expert WALBERTO A MACARAAN, EdD Expert EDWIN P BERNAL, DBA External Panel CECILIA N GASCON, PhD Chairman Endorsed by: Recommended by: ALICE T VALERIO, PhD Adviser APOLONIA A ESPINOSA, PhD Dean Accepted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Business Administration _ Date WALBERTO A MACARAAN, EdD Vice President for Academic Affairs ii CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY This is to certify that the research work / dissertation entitled COMPETITIVENESS OF VIETNAMESE LABOR EXPORT IN NORTH-EAST ASIA MARKET: A COMPARISON ACROSS ASEAN COUNTRIESorally defended/ presented under the DBA Program jointly offered by Southern Luzon State University of the Republic of the Philippines and Thai Nguyen University of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, embodies the result of original and scholarly work carried out by the undersigned This dissertation does not contain words or ideas taken from published sources or written works by other persons which have been accepted as basis for the award of any degree from other higher education institutions, except where proper referencing and acknowledgement were made _Hoang Van Hung- Tom Cruise Researcher/Candidate Date Orally Defended: _ iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT The researcher wishes to extend him most since gratitude to the following people who made this piece of work a reality Dr Cecilia N Gascon, President of Southern Luzon StateUniversity, Republic of the Philippines, who made possible the linkage with Thai Nguyen University and the offering of Doctor of Business Administration, through the ITC-TUAF; Dr Dang Kim Vui, the President of Thai Nguyen University, who made the linkage with Southern Luzon StateUniversity, Republic of the Philippines and the offering of Doctor of Business Administration, through the ITC-TUAF; Dr Alice T Valerio, for her support and supervision throughout my graduate study program Her kindness and daily instructions in the last three years are greatly appreciated and this dissertation is as much her work as mine Prof.NordelinaIlano, Director, Office for International Affairs of URS for her support to the DBA1 students; Dr Tran Thanh Van, the Dean of the Graduate School of Thai Nguyen University, for his assistance and encouragement to pursue this study; Dr Dang XuanBinh, the Director of International Training Center, for his assistance and encouragement to pursue this study; Dr Nguyen ThanhHai, the Vice Director of International Training Center, for his assistance and encouragement to pursue this study as DBA Class Manager iv To all the SLSU and TNU Professors, for their support and guidance extended throughout the graduate studies in Thai Nguyen University, Vietnam; To his ever dearest friends for their kindness and remarkable support; To his family, for their support, encouragement for being the sources of greatest inspiration, which made his career a success Hoang Van Hung v DEDICATION This piece of work is dedicated To My Family vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………… i APPROVAL SHEET ……………………………………………………… ii CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY ……………………………………… iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………… iv DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………… vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………… vii LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………… ix LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………… xii LIST OF APPENDICES ………………………………………………… xiii ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………… xiv CHAPTER I II III INTRODUCTION Background of the Study ………………………………… Statement of the Problem ………………………………… Objectives of the Study …………………………………… Hypothesis of the Study …………………………………… Significance of the Study ………………………………… Scope and Limitations of the Study ……………………… 10 Definition of Terms ………………………………………… 11 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ……………………………… 15 Conceptual Framework ………………………………….… 47 METHODOLOGY Research Design …………………………………………… 49 Locale of the Study ………………………………………… 50 Sampling Method…………………………… …………… 50 Respondents of the Study………………………………… 53 Data Collection…………………………………….…….… 54 Research Instrument ………………… … …….…… 55 vii Methods of Analysis ….……………… … …….…… 57 IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ………………………… 60 V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary ……………….…………………………………… 114 Conclusions ………………………………………………… 117 Recommendations ………………………………………… 118 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………… 121 APPENDICES …………………………………………………………… 125 CURRICULUM VITAE …………………………………………………… 137 viii LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE Labor Export of Vietnam to North-East Asia, 2008-2012 … 51 Percentage Labor Import of Japan, 2008-2012 …………… 52 Percentage Labor Import of Taiwan, 2008-2012…………… 53 Distribution of the Respondents by Working Area, 2012 … 54 Descriptive Interpretation of the Likert Scale Rating ……… 56 Profile of Respondents ……………………………………… 61 Test for Reliability of Academic Performance Variable …… 62 Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Perception in Terms of Academic Performance by Country ………………………… 63 Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Perception in Terms of Academic Performance by Industrial Working Sector …… 64 10 Test for Reliability of Technical Skill Variable ……………… 66 11 Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Perception in Terms of Technical Skill by Nationality ………………………………… 67 Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Perception in Terms of Technical Skill by Industrial Working Sector ……………… 68 13 Test for Reliability for Communication Skills Variable …… 69 14 Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Perception in Terms of Communication Skills by Nationality ………………………… 70 Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Perception in Terms of Communication Skills by Industrial Working Sector ……… 71 Test for Reliability for Performance Rating of Previous Employers Variable …………………………………………… 72 Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Perception in Terms of Performance Rating of Previous Employers by Nationality 73 12 15 16 17 18 Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Perception in Terms of Performance Rating of Previous Employers by Industrial Working Sector ………………………………………………… ix 74 TABLE PAGE 19 Test for Reliability for Working Seniority Variable ………… 75 20 Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Perception in Terms of Working Seniority by Nationality …………………………… 76 Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Perception in Terms of Working Seniority by Industrial Working Sector …………… 77 22 Test for Reliability of Working Attitude Variable …………… 78 23 Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Perception in Terms of Working Attitude by Nationality ……………………………… 79 Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Perception in Terms of Working Attitude by Industrial Working Sector …………… 80 Test for Reliability of Compliance with Labor Contract Variable ………………………………………………………… 81 Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Perception in Terms of Compliance with Labor Contract by Nationality …………… 81 Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Perception in Terms of Compliance with Labor Contract by Industrial Working Sector ………………………………………………………… 83 Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Perception in Terms of Average Evaluation by Nationality ………………………… 84 Mean Distribution of Respondents’ Perception in Terms of Average Evaluation by Industrial Working Sector ………… 85 30 Indicators of International Employers ……………………… 86 31 Mean Distribution of Japanese Employers’ Perception in Terms of Average Evaluation by Nationality ……………… 90 Mean Distribution of Korean Employers’ Perception in Terms of Average Evaluation by Nationality ……………… 91 Mean Distribution of Taiwanese Employers’ Perception in Terms of Average Evaluation by Nationality ……………… 92 Mean Distribution of International Employers’ Perception in Terms of Average Evaluation by Nationality ……………… 93 Ranking of Factor Priority in Terms of International Employers’ Perception by Nationality ……………………… 94 21 24 25 26 27 28 29 32 33 34 35 x 124 Vietnam News Agency (2006) Labor export activities rising Retrieved March 9, 2006, from http://www.vnagency.com.vn/Home/EN/tabid/119/itemid/91790/ Default.aspx Vietnam Trade – Vietnam Market 2006 Human resource: Returned overseas workers jobless Retrieved March 3, 2006, from http://news.vntrades.com/modules.php? name=News&file=article&sid=619 Vietnam Women’s Union (2006) Labor export - Effective method of Creation Retrieved Jan 11, 2006 Vokic, Nina P and Frajlic D (2007) Croatian labor force competitiveness indicators: Results of empirical research The Competitiveness of Croatia’s Human Resources Journal Waddington, Clare (2003) International migration policies in Asia Paper presented at the Regional Conference on Migration, Development and Pro-Poor Policy Choices in Asia, by the Refugee and Migratory Movements Research Unit (RMMRU), Bangladesh, and the Department for International Development (DFID), UK, took place on 22-24 June 2003, in Dhaka, Bangladesh 125 APPENDICES 126 APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRE PROTECTED WHEN COMPLETED: CITY _ RESPONDENT NO (Research purpose only) Country:………………………………………………… Province: ………………………………………………… Company: ……………………………………………… Department: …………………………………………… A - INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR INTERNATIONAL EMPLOYEES PART A PERSONAL DATA A2 Sex A1 Age as of last birthday Male Female A3 Civil Status A3.Highest Educational Attainment Single Primary school Separated Married Widowed _ High school A5 Degree /Specialization Secondary school College graduate Post-Graduate A6 Health status Free from disease Disease, details: A7 Weight A8 Height A9 Nationality _ PART B WORK - RELATED DATA B1 Sector you want to work Garment Production and construction Navigation Home service B2 Preceding jobs B3 Position _ _ _ _ B5 What are the technical skills you have? Tick to squares if you can do: B4.Number of years for each job _ _ _ _ _ B6 Communication skill: What are the language(s) you can speak? Do you have any degree or certificate about language capacity? Clothing making, details: Cut Make Iron B8 Information about previous companies and working seniority Type of companies: Building Oxyacetylene welding Cooking Ship driving Others, detail: _ _ _ _ B7 What is/are the performance rating(s) of previous employers and their comments? Employer Performance Rating _ _ _ _ Private companies Joint-stock companies Limited liability company State-owned company Small shop Other, details: _ Type of business: Garment Production Construction Navigation Home service Other, details: Size of employees: 0-20 20-50 50-100 100-500 500-1000 Over 1000 127 B9 Working Attitude and Rewards B10 Contract violation Number of rewards received within a year: (Please specify): _ _ _ Numbers of contract violation(s) within _ (please specify the type of contract violation): Number of late attendance within a Number of absences within a a year: month: _ _ month: B12 Trouble of respondents and disadvantage point in working process in company? Difficulties in working process: Number of penalties (if any) within a year: (Please specify) _ _ _ _ B11 Suggestions of respondent? _ _ _ Weak point and need to improve (Respondent’s perception): _ SELF-ASSESSMENT AND QUALIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL EMPLOYERS FOR EMPLOYEES Group Scale Self-Assessment Respondent’s perception about qualification of employers 5- Very good/Always 5- Very good 4- Good/Often 4- Good 3- Normal/Sometimes 3- Normal 2- Bad/Seldom 2- Bad 1- Very bad/Never 1- Very bad Indicator SelfAssessment Ranking of importance Maximum 6- The most important Minimum 1- The lowest important Respondent’s perception about qualification of employers SelfRanking of importance N/A N/A Academic performance Technical skill Communication skill Performance rating of previous employers Working seniority (in previous companies) Working attitude Compliance with labor contract Evaluation competitiveness by your self 128 C – MORE SPECIFIC WITH VARIABLES FOR LABORS Please encircle (O the chosen point, from to assessing levels for each question to show your viewpoints What is the status of respondent’s perception in terms of the following: Indicator 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 1 2 3 4 5 I often discover cultural communication in working environment I always try finding the way to overcome communication limitations 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 1 2 3 4 5 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 Academic performance My academic level accord with the requirement of employers I am confident in my own education Employers will pay suitable salary and match your level The job will be suitable with my level Technical skill I believe in technical skills of myself My technical skills will meet the future work My ability of creative thinking is good I can solve difficult problems during working time Communication skill I can communicate easily with colleagues and employers I am confident when talking to foreigners Performance rating of previous employers I got compliments after completion of work I was involved in the planning process I was regarded as a good labor Employers has trusted and given to me new tasks Working seniority (in previous companies) I have experiences in the coming job I have high adaptability in the workplace in foreign companies I have the ability to plan and solve job reasonably I have the ability to run and work as group Working attitude I always love my job I was appreciated well by the leadership about working attitude I always try improving my skills Every task needs to fulfill, even very small Compliance with labor contract I always comply regulations of the labor contract I go to office fully I go to office on-time I always follow request of the employers 129 B - INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR INTERNATIONAL EMPLOYERS PART A COMPANY DATA A1 Type of company A2 Size of capitalization (in USD) Private companies Joint-stock Limited liability State-owned Small shop Other, details: _ A5 Job position of respondent A6 Year(s) in business A3 Sector Classification Garment Production and construction Navigation Home service Others (Please specify) A4 Numbers employees of A7 Nationality General manager Personnel Manager Head foreman Other, details: _ PART B WORK-RELATED DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPORTED LABORS IN TERMS OF: B1 AgeRange _ B2 Sex Male Female Not important B3 Civil Status Single Separated Married Widowed Not important B4 Lowest Educational Attainment Primary school Secondary school High school Post-Graduate College graduate Not important B5 Degree/Specializatio n Important, specify: _ Not important B6 Health status Must be free from any kind of disease B7 Weight B8 Height Not important Not important Important, details: Can be diseased, except: _ Important, details: B9 Requirements on imported labors in term of Technical skills and degree Technical skills Clothing making, details: Cut Make Iron Building Oxyacetylene welding Cooking Ship driving Others, detail: _ _ _ Requirement Likert - type scale (1 – Very bad, – Very good) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ B10 Requirements of respondents with imported labors in terms of communication skill and degree Language English Korean Japanese Chinese Others: - Requirement Likert - type scale (1 – Very bad, – Very good) Degree (if necessary) 130 B11 Requirements of respondents with imported labors in terms of performance rating of previous employers and comments? Preceding jobs Position Requirement of employer rating Likert - type scale (1 – Very bad, – Very good) B13 Requirements of respondents with imported labors in terms of academic performance Highest educational attainment of the employee is: They will be evaluated about academic performance as: Likert - type scale (1 – Very bad, – Very good) Primary school with: - Excellent degree - Good degree - Average degree - Just enough for graduation Secondary school with: - Excellent degree - Good degree - Average degree - Just enough for graduation High school with: - Excellent degree - Good degree - Average degree - Just enough for graduation College with: - Excellent degree - Good degree - Average degree - Just enough for graduation Post-graduate with: - Excellent degree - Good degree - Average degree - Just enough for graduation B12 Requirements of respondents with imported labors in terms of working seniority? Jobs Position B14 What you think are the strengths and weaknesses of Vietnamese labors? Strengths _ _ Weaknesses _ _ _ B7 Requirement of respondents with imported labors in term of working attitude? Employee will be evaluated as Very good Good Normal Bad Very bad Very good Good Normal Bad Very bad Very good Good Normal Bad Very bad B8 Contract violation? How many maximum times employee can have contract violation activities before they can be terminated? (Please specify) On average, how many employees are resigning within a year? (Please specify the main reasons for resignation) On average, how many employees violate the law within a year? (Please specify the laws violated) Years of working Very good Good Normal Bad Very bad If… Number of rewards received within a year: Number of late attendance within a month: Number of absences within a month : Number of penalties within a year : 131 B9 Recommendations for imported labors B10 What you think are the good attributes that imported labor should possess? _ _ _ _ EVALUATION AND QUALIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL EMPLOYERS FOR EMPLOYEES The questions are in the form of Likert - type scale using the five- point scale with five as the highest and one as the lowest It was assigned with the following values: Group Evaluation competitiveness of employee Qualification 5- Very good 5- Very good 4- Good 4- Good 3- Normal 3- Normal 2- Bad 2- Bad 1- Very bad 1- Very bad Ranking of importance Maximum - The most important Scale Minimum - The lowest important International Employees Indicator Qualification Vietnamese Pilipino Academic performance Technical skill Communication skill Performance rating of previous employers Working seniority (in previous companies) Working attitude Compliance with labor contract Evaluation competitiveness of employee NOTE: - This survey is only for research purpose - Please explain as specific and detailed as possible Indonesian Thai Ranking of importance 132 – MORE SPECIFIC WITH VARIABLES FOR INTERNATIONAL EMPLOYERS Please encircle (O the chosen point, from to assessing levels for each question to show your viewpoints Please show evaluation indicators following below questionnaires: PointRange Employers’ evaluation Very competitive / Not expectation / Very confident Competitive / Less expectation / Moderate confident Neutral / Average expectation / Normal Less competitive / Moderate expectation / Less confident Uncompetitive / High expectation / Not confident Indicator Academic performance Highest education attainment I am confident in my own education Employers will pay suitable salary and match your level The job will be suitable with my level Technical skill Level of capacity of technical skills My technical skills will meet the future work My ability of creative thinking is good I can solve difficult problems during working time Communication skill Number of language can use I can communicate easily with colleagues and employers I am confident when talking to foreigners I often discover cultural communication in working environment I always try finding the way to overcome communication limitations 133 Indicator Performance rating of previous employers I got compliments after completion of work I was involved in the planning process I was regarded as a good labor Employers has trusted and given to me new tasks Working seniority (in previous companies) I have experiences in the coming job I have high adaptability in the workplace in foreign companies I have the ability to plan and solve job reasonably I have the ability to run and work as group Working attitude I always love my job I was appreciated well by the leadership about working attitude I always try improving my skills Every task needs to fulfill, even very small Compliance with labor contract Number of time can be violate per year I always comply regulations of the labor contract I go to office fully per month I go to office on-time per month I always follow request of the employers 134 APPENDIX B Number of Vietnamese Laborers Going Overseas and Foreign Currency Which Labor Sent to Home Country Last Years Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Number of Vietnamese laborers going overseas 67,447 70,594 78,850 85,020 86,990 foreign currency sent to home country 1,320 1,480 1,560 1,770 1,630 APPENDIX C The Number of Labor Exportation Companies by Time Year Number of companies 1995 2000 2005 2008 37 67 150 156 APPENDIX D Number of Vietnamese, Thailand and Philippine Laborers Going Abroad in Last years Country 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 70,594 78,850 85,020 86,990 Vietnam 67,447 Thailand 128,679 130,230 131,400 135,369 137,142 Philippine 867,599 891,908 867,969 933,588 981,677 135 APPENDIX E Number of Indonesia, Thailand, Philippine and Vietnamese Labor Entered in Taiwan in Last Years Country export labor 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Indonesia 27,281 49,094 85,223 115,490 127,764 Philippines 91,150 95,703 90,054 86,423 80,636 Thailand 105,281 98,322 92,894 86,948 75,584 Vietnam 37,144 22,784 14,127 23,640 31,631 APPENDIX F Number of Chinese, Indonesian, Philippine and Vietnamese Labor Entered in Japan in Last Years Country China 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 33,527 41,038 46,678 55,811 58,707 Vietnam 1,928 2,112 2,361 2,795 3,379 Indonesia 6,923 5,560 5,309 5,636 5,397 Philippines 4,317 4,256 4,575 5,083 5,351 136 APPENDIX G Vietnam’s Export Labors During 1992-2008 Vietnam’s export labors Middle Brunei Macao Africa East Years Total 1992 810 0 1993 6480 1994 10150 1995 7187 1996 15046 0 7826 1046 0 387 1472 179 49 0 4087 1997 18470 191 4880 2227 0 552 1365 242 83 56 8871 1998 10740 197 1500 1896 47 0 1526 402 194 17 13 4940 1999 21810 558 4518 1856 45 0 175 1033 67 396 13160 2000 31500 8099 239 7316 1497 84 0 11 23 42 316 13872 2001 36168 7782 23 3910 3249 280 0 482 612 77 331 19422 2002 46122 13191 19965 1190 2202 0 24 384 93 9066 2003 75000 29069 38227 4336 2256 77 0 514 236 30 84 109 62 2004 67447 37144 14567 4779 2752 101 0 575 363 10 431 281 6444 2005 70594 22784 24605 12102 2955 63 0 1229 47 235 232 6333 2006 78855 14127 37941 10577 5360 49 178 1320 5104 142 99 3944 2007 85020 23640 26704 12187 5517 129 1010 2132 5448 736 755 20 34 388 6320 2008 86990 31631 7810 18141 6142 204 252 3025 8611 2522 3109 138 65 66 5274 Total 668389 188413 170089 106841 39787 1079 1440 6477 25173 14899 7641 1883 135 2197 102335 28.2 25.4 16.0 6.0 0.2 0.2 1.0 3.8 2.2 1.1 0.3 0.0 0.3 15.3 Percentage Taiwan Japan South Korea Eastern Europe Western Europe Australia Latin America Others 480 47 11 25 37 79 1358 1484 33 42 416 2889 1317 320 0 45 40 835 215 125 0 416 Malaysia Singapore 210 0 0 0 3318 164 0 0 4781 382 0 0 5270 286 0 136 CURRICULUM VITAE Full name: Date of birth: 29th May 1972 Home address: Room 608, N09B1 New City Region, R Dich Vong Ward, Cau Giay District, istrict, Hanoi, Vietnam TNU contact details: Accounting Faculty, College of Economics and Business Administration, TNU Qualifications: Qualification BA in Economics Awarding Institution Bachelor of laws Bachelor of Training English Hanoi Commerce University, Full Time Training Hanoi Foreign Language anguage University, In-service service training Hanoi Law University, In Service Training Master in Business and Administration Impact University & National University of Economics, Vietnam Bachelor of English HOANG VAN HUNG Previous employment: Date Date to Position held from 1993 1994 Staff 1995 1997 Deputy Manager of Business & Marketing Development Department Date 1989 – 1993 1999 - 2002 2001 - 2005 June, 2009 Organization Viet Long Hotel Binh Tien Consuming Goods Co., , Ltd 137 1997 08/1998 Officer 09/2008 03/2000 Officer 04/2000 01/2004 12/2003 12/2005 Consultancy, Marketing and Training centre Manpower Supply & Service Training centre TLC TLC Head of Taiwan Department Deputy Director of TLC – TTLC 01/2006 09/2010 Manager of Taiwan Department Present Member of BOM – TTLC 09/2010 General Director of TTLC Member of BOM – General Director of TTLC Areas of professional expertise: Management in business Current responsibilities: Working as a general director Leading and supervising the Company ... COMPETITIVENESS OF VIETNAMESE LABOR EXPORT INNORTH -EAST ASIA MARKET: A COMPARISON ACROSS ASEAN COUNTRIES Researcher : HOANG VAN HUNG (TOM CRUISE) Degree Conferred : DOCTOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Name and...APPROVAL SHEET The Dissertation of HOÀNG VAN HUNG entitled COMPETITIVENESS OF VIETNAMESE LABOR EXPORT IN NORTH- EAST ASIA MARKET: A COMPARISON ACROSS ASEAN COUNTRIES Submitted in Partial Fulfilment... Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the Founding Fathers of ASEAN, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand Brunei Darussalam