PUBLIC SPEAKING: THE EVOLVING ART, 2ND EDITIONENHANCED is a fully integrated book and technology program that matches the expectations of todays students while preserving the wellrespected traditions of public speaking instruction. The text comes automatically packaged with a printed access code to a variety of online tools: CourseMate (which houses the interactive activities); Speech Builder Express, Speech Studio 2.0, and access to the eBook. Each chapters material, both in the book and online, takes you through a sequence that starts with reading the text, moves to watching unique integrated videos, segues to companion interactive activities that ask you to apply chapter concepts in hypothetical scenarios, and then to advance work on your own speech project. A unique, practical pedagogical system in the text Read it, Watch it, Use it, Review it gives structure to each chapter, and directs you to the easytoaccess online material. Apply It Boxes give you an opportunity to use your newlygained public speaking skills in situations outside of the classroom.
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it The study tools you need to succeed in your Communication course! CourseMate The more you study, the better the results Make the most of your study time by accessing everything you need to succeed in one place Read your textbook, take notes, review flashcards, watch videos, and take practice quizzes—online with CourseMate Speech Studio™ Practice and Present with Speech Studio—the online video upload and grading program that improves your public speaking skills Speech Studio lets you upload video files of practice speeches or final performances, comment on your peers’ speeches, and review your grades and instructor feedback—all within this user friendly tool Access to these resources may have been packaged with your copy of the text If not, visit www.cengagebrain.com to purchase access Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it This is an electronic version of the print textbook Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it PUBLIC SPEAKING The Evolving Art Second Edition Stephanie J Coopman San JosØ State University James Lull San JosØ State University (Emeritus) Australia Brazil Japan Korea Mexico Singapore Spain United Kingdom United States Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Public Speaking: The Evolving Art, Second Edition Stephanie J Coopman, James Lull Senior Publisher: Lyn Uhl Executive Editor: Monica Eckman Senior Development Editor: Greer Lleuad Assistant Editor: Rebekah Matthews ' , Wadsworth Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section or of the United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher Editorial Assistant: Colin Solan For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, - Media Editor: Jessica Badiner Marketing Manager: Amy Whitaker For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions 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solutions, visit www.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com Printed in the United States of America 14 13 12 11 10 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Brief Contents Note to Instructors xii Note to Students xviii About the Authors xix How to Use is Book xx A Brief Guide to Successful Public Speaking xxi I Getting Started e Evolving Art of Public Speaking Building Your Con ndence 24 Ethical Speaking and Listening 40 II Developing and Researching Your Speech Developing Your Purpose and Topic 60 Adapting to Your Audience 76 Researching Your Topic 96 Supporting Your Ideas 124 Organizing and Outlining Your Speech 144 Beginning and Ending Your Speech 170 III Presenting Yourself and Your Ideas 10 Using Language E ectively 186 11 Integrating Presentation Media 212 12 Delivering Your Speech 228 IV Speaking Situations 13 14 15 16 Informative Speaking 248 Persuasive Speaking 272 Understanding Argument 300 Special Occasion and Group Speaking 330 Glossary 352 References 358 Index 368 Bonus Chapters Go to page xvii for information about these bonus custom chapters Group Speaking Mediated Public Speaking iii Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Contents Note to Instructors xii Note to Students xviii About the Authors xix How to Use is Book xx A Brief Guide to Successful Public Speaking Part I xxi Getting Started e Evolving Art of Public Speaking Public Speaking Is an Evolving Art e Evolution of Human Communication In uences on Public Speaking Today Foundations of Public Speaking Aristotles Rhetoric Cicero and the Five Arts Storytelling Public Speaking Is a Life Skill Developing Transferable Skills Speaking E ectively in Common Public Communication Contexts 12 Public Speaking and Human Communication Today 14 Contexts for Human Communication 14 Models of Human Communication 15 Key Issues for Today s Public Speaker 18 Ethics 18 Critical inking 18 Cultural Awareness 19 Using Presentation So ware 19 Introducing the Speech Buddies 19 Summary 20 Building Your Con ndence 24 What Causes Speech Anxiety? 26 e Uncertainties of Public Speaking 26 Uncertainty about Your Role as a Speaker 27 Uncertainty about Your Speaking Abilities 27 Uncertainty about Your Ideas 27 Uncertainty about the Audiences Response 27 Uncertainty about the Setting 27 Uncertainty about Technology 28 Uncertainty about Evaluation 28 Strategies for Building Your Con dence 28 Visualization, Relabeling, and Relaxation 28 Building Your Con dence Before the Day of Your Speech 31 Start Planning and Preparing Your Speech Early 31 Choose a Topic You Care About 31 Become an Expert on Your Topic 31 Research Your Audience 31 Practice Your Speech 31 Know Your Introduction and Conclusion Well 32 Building Your Con dence on the Day of Your Speech 33 Before Presenting Your Speech 33 During Your Speech 34 A er You ve Presented Your Speech 35 Summary 37 Ethical Speaking and Listening 40 Codes of Ethics 42 Ethical Communication in the Classroom 42 Public Speaking and Dialogic Ethics 44 Facilitate a Supportive Communication Climate 44 Demonstrate Mutual Respect 44 Promote Honest Communication 44 Convey Positive Attitude for Learning 45 Appreciate Individual Di erences 45 Accept Con ict 46 Provide E ective Feedback 46 Recognizing and Avoiding Plagiarism 47 Taking Accurate Notes 48 Paraphrasing the Right Way 49 Citing Sources in Your Speech 49 Ethics and Cultural Diversity 51 Avoiding Ethnocentrism 52 Avoiding Sexism 52 Listening and Public Speaking 53 iv Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Components of Listening 53 Types of Listening 54 Listening E ectively to Speeches 55 Set Goals 55 Block Distractions 55 Manage Listening Anxiety 55 Suspend Judgment 55 Focus on the Speaker s Main Points 56 Take E ective Notes 56 Use All Your Senses 56 Ask Good Questions 56 Summary 57 Audience Standpoints 82 Audience Values 83 Audience Attitudes 84 Part II Developing and Researching Your Speech Developing Your Purpose and Topic 60 Determining Your General Purpose 62 Speaking to Inform 62 Speaking to Persuade 62 Speaking to Entertain 62 Keeping your General Purpose in Mind 62 Brainstorming for Possible Topics 62 Evaluating and Selecting Topic Ideas 64 Consider Your Own Interests 64 Consider the Audience 64 Consider Resource Availability 65 Consider Time 65 Consider the Setting and Speaking Event 65 Identifying Your Speci c Purpose 66 Phrasing Your esis 68 Building Your Working Outline 70 Brainstorming for Topic Development 71 Grouping Ideas to Select Main Points 71 Writing the esis 72 Summary 73 Adapting to Your Audience 76 What Is an Audience? 78 e Audience Speaker Connection 78 Classroom Audiences 79 Adapting to a Diverse Audience 79 Meeting the Challenges of Audience Diversity 80 Techniques for Speaking to Diverse Audiences 80 Using Demographic Information 81 Gathering Demographic Data 81 Using Psychographic Information 82 Audience Beliefs 84 Gathering Psychographic Data 84 Developing an Audience Research Questionnaire 85 Asking Closed-Ended Questions 85 Asking Open-Ended Questions 86 Combining Question Types 86 Distributing Your Questionnaire 87 Questionnaires for Non-Classroom Audiences 87 Using Audience Research Data in Your Speech 87 Types of Audience Data 87 Referring to Audience Data in Your Speeches 88 Adapting to the Setting 89 e Location 89 e Occasion 90 e Time 91 Developing Credibility with Your Audience 92 Competence 92 Trustworthiness 92 Dynamism 92 Sociability 93 Summary 93 Researching Your Topic 96 Preparing to Research Your Topic 98 Examining Your Own Experience 98 Identifying Multiple Perspectives and Sources 99 Gathering Research Materials 101 Exploring Library Resources 101 Accessing Internet Resources 103 Maximizing Your Search of Library and Internet Resources 109 Use a Variety of Keywords 109 Use the Advanced Search Option 109 Search a Variety of Sources 109 Use a Variety of Search Tools 109 Search for More than Text 109 Conducting Research Interviews 110 Determine the Interviews Purpose 110 Select Interviewee(s) 111 Develop Questions 111 Organize Your Interview Guide 111 Conduct the Interview 114 Integrate the Information 115 v CONTENTS Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it Beginning and Ending Your Speech Evaluating Your Research Materials 116 Acknowledging Your Sources 117 Research Guidelines 119 Speech for Review and Analysis 119 Summary 121 Supporting Your Ideas Developing Your Introduction 172 Get Your Audiences Attention 173 Indicate Your Purpose and esis 177 Establish Your Credibility 177 Preview Your Main Points 178 Developing Your Conclusion 179 Review Your Main Points 180 Reinforce Your Purpose 180 Provide Closure 180 Speech for Review and Analysis 182 Summary 183 124 Narratives 127 Your Own Stories 128 Others Stories 128 Institutional Stories 128 Cultural Stories 129 Examples 130 General Examples 130 Speci c Examples 131 Hypothetical Examples 131 De nitions 132 De nition by Function 132 De nition by Analogy 133 Testimony 134 Expert Testimony 134 Celebrity Testimony 135 Lay Testimony 135 Facts and Statistics 135 Facts 136 Statistics 136 Popular Media as Sources of Information Summary 140 170 Part III Presenting Yourself and Your Ideas 10 Using Language E ectively 186 138 Organizing and Outlining Your Speech 144 e Parts of a Speech 146 Organizing the Body of Your Speech 146 Developing Your Main Points 146 Patterns for Organizing Your Main Points 149 Connecting Your Ideas with Transitions 158 Introducing the First Main Point 159 Transitions between Main Points 159 Transitions to the Conclusion 160 Putting Your Ideas Together: e Complete-Sentence Outline 160 e Purpose of the Complete-Sentence Outline 160 Formatting the Complete-Sentence Outline 161 Sample Complete-Sentence Outline for Review and Analysis 165 Summary 167 Language Basics 188 Language Is Arbitrary 188 Language Is Ambiguous 188 Language Is Abstract 190 Language Is Active 191 Language and Culture 192 Language and Gender 194 Spoken versus Written Language 195 Dynamic versus Static 195 Immediate versus Distant 195 Informal versus Formal 196 Irreversible versus Revisable 196 Narratives versus Facts 197 Rhythm versus Image 197 Audience-centered Language 197 Put Your Language in Context 197 Personalize Your Language 199 Use Inclusive Language 200 Use Visual Language 201 Spark Imagination with Your Language 203 Guidelines for Using Language in Your Speech 205 Use Spoken Language 205 Choose Meaningful Words 205 Balance Clarity and Ambiguity 206 Be Concise 206 Avoid O ensive and Aggressive Language 206 Build in Redundancy 206 Don t Get Too Attached to Your Words 206 Speech for Review and Analysis 207 Summary 209 vi CONTENTS Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it ... Communication CourseMate for Public Speaking: The Evolving Art, Chapter 16, Speeches for Review and Analysis Special occasion Speech Communication CourseMate for Public Speaking: The Evolving Art, Chapter... annotations right on the electronic page Students get access to the Enhanced eBook with the printed text, or they can just purchase access to the Enhanced eBook stand-alone Because public speaking... speeches that students can access in the book, through the books online Interactive Video Activities, and through the Speech Communication CourseMate for Public Speaking: e Evolving Art is featured