GRBQ206-2892G-FM.qxd 22/10/2009 05:08 PM Page i Aptara A Programmed Learning Approach to the Language of Health Care Second Edition GRBQ206-2892G-FM.qxd 22/10/2009 05:08 PM Page ii Aptara GRBQ206-2892G-FM.qxd 22/10/2009 05:08 PM Page iii Aptara A Programmed Learning Approach to the Language of Health Care Second Edition Marjorie Canfield Willis, CMA-AC Program Director Medical Assisting/Medical Transcription Programs Orange Coast College Costa Mesa, California GRBQ206-2892G-FM.qxd 22/10/2009 05:08 PM Page iv Aptara Acquisitions Editor: Julie K Stegman Senior Managing Editor: Heather A Rybacki Managing Editor: Linda Francis Marketing Manager: Hilary Henderson Manufacturing Coordinator: Margie Orzech Designer: Risa Clow Compositor: Aptara, Inc Printer: RR Donnelley Copyright © 2008 Marjorie Canfield Willis Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 530 Walnut St Philadelphia, PA 19106 All rights reserved This book is protected by copyright No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at 530 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, via email at permissions@lww.com or via our website at lww.com (products and services) DISCLAIMER Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations Printed in the United States of America First Edition, 2002 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Willis, Marjorie Canfield Medical terminology : a programmed learning approach to the language of health care / Marjorie Canfield Willis – 2nd ed p cm Includes index ISBN-13: 978-0-7817-9283-7 Medicine–Terminology I Title R123.W4758 2007 610.1’4–dc22 2007004818 The publishers have made every effort to trace the copyright holders for borrowed material If they have inadvertently overlooked any, they will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity To purchase additional copies of this book, call our customer service department at (800) 638-3030 or fax orders to (301) 223-2400 International customers should call (301) 223-2300 Visit Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on the Internet: http://www.LWW.com Lippincott Williams & Wilkins customer service representatives are available from 8:30 am to 5:00 pm, EST 07 10 GRBQ206-2892G-FM.qxd 22/10/2009 05:08 PM Page v Aptara Dedicated to the memory of Dell A Canfield, my father, my inspiration GRBQ206-2892G-FM.qxd 22/10/2009 05:08 PM Page vi Aptara GRBQ206-2892G-FM.qxd 22/10/2009 05:08 PM Page vii Aptara Preface to the Student SUMMARY OF OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this text, you will be able to: Describe the origin of medical language Analyze the component parts of a medical term and use basic prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to build medical terms completion Follow the study path that this text and/or your instructor provides, and work the necessary study time into your personal schedule MEDICAL TERMINOLO GY Explain the common rules for proper medical term formation, pronunciation, and spelling of medical terms Define basic terms and abbreviations used in documenting health records Identify common pharmaceutical terms and abbreviations used in documenting medical records Identify the common forms used in documenting the care of a patient Identify common anatomical terms related to the major systems of the body Identify common terms related to symptoms, diagnoses, surgeries, therapies, and diagnostic tests related to the major systems of the body Explain common terms and abbreviations used in documenting medical records related to the major systems of the body GETTING STARTED Goals and Planning To reach the goal of learning the language of health care, you’ll need a reasonable plan for Organizing the Starter Set of Flash Cards A “starter set” of common prefixes, suffixes, and a selected number of combining forms are provided on flash cards at the back of the text These cards are a base on which to build, and you should review them often Each component in the starter set is numbered and colors coded according to division: prefixes are printed on peach cards, combining forms appear on purple cards, and suffixes are found on green cards The term component is printed on the front of the card, and its meaning, including a term example, is on the back Reinforce your learning by drawing lines to separate the components in each of the term examples, and write definitions for each in the margins Using a punch, put a hole in the top of each flash card Loop each card through a key chain or ring holder to make a “rotary file.” This method keeps groups of cards together and prevents them from becoming lost or scattered Within this file, group together associated cards vii GRBQ206-2892G-FM.qxd viii 22/10/2009 05:08 PM Page viii Aptara PREFACE TO THE STUDENT for components related to color, size, position, direction, and so on Making Additional Flash Cards It is highly recommended that you make flash cards for all of the additional term components introduced in each body system chapter You can even extend the use of the flash cards to include abbreviations, symbols, and terms found throughout the text The act of writing out your own cards gives you an added memory boost To create additional flash cards, you can follow the example of the cards provided in the starter set (using ϫ 5Љ cards) If your stack of flash cards becomes large and cumbersome, you may want to try the frugal flash card method illustrated below, so named because it consolidates paper and is inexpensive the definition appears on the other side of the paper This allows you to flip from one side to the other, “flashing” and reinforcing the meanings of the terms Use the other side of the paper in the same way Snatching Moments! Carry your flash cards with you at all times During most days, there are times when you can snatch a moment to use your flash cards You will feel less stress when waiting in a line or for an appointment if you know that you can use that time for studying STUDY TIPS Using Your Senses An effective memory depends on intricate processes that recall mental images of sights, sounds, feelings, tastes, and smells For this reason, try to include as many senses as possible in the process of reinforcing learning To create frugal flash cards: Fold a piece of 81͞2 ϫ 11Љ lined paper in half lengthwise, creating two columns Write the word component, symbol, or term on the first line of the first column, and write its definition on the same line in the second column Skip a line and write the next word component, symbol, or term, and write its definition on the same line in the second column Continue listing terms with their corresponding definitions until you reach the bottom of the paper Fold the paper at the lengthwise crease so that the word component, symbol, or term is listed on one side of the paper and SEE IT Employ your visual sense (sight) by making and repeatedly reviewing your flash cards SAY IT Pronounce each component out loud three times as you flash each card to reinforce your auditory sense (hearing) WRITE IT Write and rewrite responses to programmed review sections before highlighting the correct answers Make flash cards by hand using pleasant colored paper and ink to satisfy your kinesthetic sense (feeling) Mnemonics Can Help Mnemonics, referring to any device for aiding memory, is named for the goddess of memory in Greek mythology Mnemonic techniques link things to be remembered with clues for their recall using the stimulus of images, sounds, smell, touch, etc Consider the following applications: GRBQ206-2892G-FC.qxd 24/01/2007 13:36 Page 16 P-MAC232 27A:GRBQ206:Chapters:Flash Card: Teckbooks (PPG-Quark) discharge amenorrhea rhinorrhea surgical repair or reconstruction rhinoplasty rupture formation cardiorrhexis hemopoiesis instrument for examination endoscope process of examination endoscopy falling or downward displacement nephroptosis to burst forth involuntary contraction vasospasm hemorrhage menorrhagia stop or stand suture hemostasis osteorrhaphy GRBQ206-2892G-FC.qxd 24/01/2007 13:36 Page 17 P-MAC232 27A:GRBQ206:Chapters:Flash Card: Teckbooks (PPG-Quark) S-40 -stomy S-41 -tomy S-42 -y GRBQ206-2892G-FC.qxd 24/01/2007 13:36 Page 18 P-MAC232 27A:GRBQ206:Chapters:Flash Card: Teckbooks (PPG-Quark) creation of an opening colostomy incision laparotomy condition or process of adenopathy GRBQ206-2892G-FC.qxd 24/01/2007 13:36 Page 19 P-MAC232 27A:GRBQ206:Chapters:Flash Card: Teckbooks (PPG-Quark) CF-1 CF-6 abdomin/o lapar/o CF-2 arthr/o CF-7 acr/o CF-3 carcin/o CF-8 aden/o CF-4 cardi/o CF-9 aer/o CF-5 cephal/o CF-10 angi/o vas/o vascul/o col/o colon/o GRBQ206-2892G-FC.qxd 24/01/2007 13:36 Page 20 P-MAC232 27A:GRBQ206:Chapters:Flash Card: Teckbooks (PPG-Quark) abdomen joint arthrodesis abdominal laparoscopy extremity or topmost cancer carcinogenic acrodynia acrophobia heart gland cardiologist adenoma head air or gas cephalic aerobic colon (large intestine) colostomy colonoscopy vessel angioplasty vasectomy vascular GRBQ206-2892G-FC.qxd 24/01/2007 13:36 Page 21 P-MAC232 27A:GRBQ206:Chapters:Flash Card: Teckbooks (PPG-Quark) CF-11 CF-16 crin/o CF-12 erythr/o CF-17 cyan/o CF-13 esophag/o CF-18 cyt/o CF-14 esthesi/o CF-19 derm/o dermat/o cutane/o CF-15 fibr/o CF-20 enter/o gastr/o GRBQ206-2892G-FC.qxd 24/01/2007 13:36 Page 22 P-MAC232 27A:GRBQ206:Chapters:Flash Card: Teckbooks (PPG-Quark) red to secrete erythrocyte endocrinology esophagus blue esophagitis cyanotic sensation cell anesthesia cytology skin fiber fibroma hypodermic dermatologist cutaneous stomach small intestine gastric enterospasm GRBQ206-2892G-FC.qxd 24/01/2007 13:36 Page 23 P-MAC232 27A:GRBQ206:Chapters:Flash Card: Teckbooks (PPG-Quark) CF-21 CF-26 gen/o CF-22 hydr/o CF-27 gynec/o CF-23 leuk/o CF-28 hem/o hemat/o CF-24 lip/o CF-29 hepat/o CF-25 lith/o CF-30 hist/o melan/o GRBQ206-2892G-FC.qxd 24/01/2007 13:36 Page 24 P-MAC232 27A:GRBQ206:Chapters:Flash Card: Teckbooks (PPG-Quark) water origin or production hydrophobia carcinogenic white woman leukocyte gynecology blood fat lipoid hemolysis hematoma stone liver lithiasis hepatomegaly black tissue melanoma histogenesis GRBQ206-2892G-FC.qxd 24/01/2007 13:36 Page 25 P-MAC232 27A:GRBQ206:Chapters:Flash Card: Teckbooks (PPG-Quark) CF-31 CF-36 morph/o CF-32 neur/o CF-37 my/o muscul/o CF-33 onc/o CF-38 nas/o rhin/o CF-34 or/o CF-39 necr/o CF-35 orth/o CF-40 nephr/o ren/o oste/o GRBQ206-2892G-FC.qxd 24/01/2007 13:36 Page 26 P-MAC232 27A:GRBQ206:Chapters:Flash Card: Teckbooks (PPG-Quark) nerve form neuritis morphology muscle tumor or mass oncology mouth oral straight, normal, or correct orthopedic myoma muscular nose nasal rhinitis death necrosis kidney bone osteogenic nephrectomy renal GRBQ206-2892G-FC.qxd 24/01/2007 13:36 Page 27 P-MAC232 27A:GRBQ206:Chapters:Flash Card: Teckbooks (PPG-Quark) CF-41 CF-46 path/o CF-42 plas/o CF-47 pneum/o pneumon/o ped/o CF-43 CF-48 phag/o CF-44 psych/o CF-49 phas/o CF-45 py/o CF-50 phob/o scler/o GRBQ206-2892G-FC.qxd 24/01/2007 13:36 Page 28 P-MAC232 27A:GRBQ206:Chapters:Flash Card: Teckbooks (PPG-Quark) formation disease dysplasia pathology air or lung child or foot pneumogram pneumonitis pediatrics pedal mind eat or swallow psychiatry phagocyte pus speech pyorrhea dysphasia hard sclerosis exaggerated fear or sensitivity hydrophobia photophobia GRBQ206-2892G-FC.qxd 24/01/2007 13:36 Page 29 P-MAC232 27A:GRBQ206:Chapters:Flash Card: Teckbooks (PPG-Quark) CF-51 CF-54 tox/o toxic/o son/o CF-52 CF-55 sten/o CF-53 troph/o CF-56 therm/o ur/o urin/o GRBQ206-2892G-FC.qxd 24/01/2007 13:36 Page 30 P-MAC232 27A:GRBQ206:Chapters:Flash Card: Teckbooks (PPG-Quark) poison toxemia toxicology nourishment or development hypertrophy sound sonic narrow stenosis urine urology urinary heat thermometer ... 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