DEFINITION : Là mệnh đề phụ dùng để xác định và bổ sung nghĩa cho 1 danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ ở mệnh đề chính.. Restrictive hạn định: Là loại mệnh đề cần thiết vì nếu bỏ nó đi thì mệnh đ
Trang 1RELATIVE CLAUSE
I DEFINITION :
Là mệnh đề phụ dùng để xác định và bổ sung nghĩa cho 1 danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ ở mệnh đề chính.
Có 3 loại mệnh đề quan hệ:
1 Restrictive (hạn định):
Là loại mệnh đề cần thiết vì nếu bỏ nó đi thì mệnh đề chính không đủ nghĩa.
Ex: The book that I bought from St Jupiter book store last afternoon is very interesting.
2. Non-restrictive (Không hạn định):
Không cần thiết vì nếu bỏ đi, mệnh để chính vẫn rõ và đủ nghĩa.
Tách khỏi mệnh đề chính bởi dấu phẩy hoặc gạch ngang
Không được lược bỏ ĐTQH trong kiểu mệnh đề này
Ex: Mr Parker, who is standing over there, is a professor in Oxfort University.
Note: Không dùng đại từ quan hệ “That” trong MĐQH không hạn định
Những trường hợp dùng câu không hạn định:
- Tên riêng
- Người hoặc vật duy nhất (The sun, moon, mother, father…)
- Có tính từ sở hữu (his friend…)
3 Sentence (MĐQH nối tiếp):
Dùng để giải thích cho cả 1 câu phía trước
Không dùng “That” mà dùng “Which” và dấu phẩy để tách 2 mệnh đề
Ex: She got married last week, which made us really surprised.
II RELATIVE PRONOUNS:
1 Who: Làm chủ cách, thay thế cho người
Whom: Làm tân cách, thay thế cho người
N(person) + Who + V
+ S + V = Whom S + V
Whose: Sở hữu cách
N1 + Whose + N2 + V
2 Which: - Thay thế cho 1 danh từ chỉ vật
-Thay thế cho 1 mệnh đề N(thing) + Which + V
+ S + V
3 That: - Thay cho Who hoặc Which
- Không dùng sau dấu phẩy và giới từ (không làm tân ngữ của giới từ)
Note 1: 6 trường hợp bắt buộc dùng That:
- Danh từ đứng trước vừa chỉ người vừa chỉ vật (Ex: John really likes places and people that he met in his
vacation.)
- Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, first và last
- Thay cho các đại từ bất định: anybody, nobody, nothing…
- Sau các từ all, only (duy nhất) và very (Chính là) (Ex: I bought the only book that they had in that store)
- Trong cấu trúc nhấn mạnh (It’s the teacher that I really like)
- Đứng đầu câu + Clause (Ex: That he recovered so soon seemed a miracle to us)
Note 2: Có thể đưa giới từ lên trước ĐTQH khi danh từ là tân ngữ của giới từ (Đặc biệt lad các từ chỉ số lượng
như All of, both of, a lot of, some of, either of, neither of…) -Chỉ dùng với Whom và Which
Ex: Miss Parker, with whom we studied last year, is a very nice teacher.
Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.
I have 2 brothers, both of whom are doctors.
He asked me a lot of questions, all of which I can’t answer.
III RELATIVE ADVERB:
1 Where: = In which (Địa điểm lớn: City, country…)
= At which (Địa điểm nhỏ: Shop, street, station…)
2 When: = At which (Giờ, phút) (Có thể thay bằng That)
= On which (Thứ, ngày, tháng, năm…)
3 Why: (Có thể thay bằng That)
…the reason why + Clause
IV OMIT RELATIVE PRONOUN:
-Khi MĐQH đóng vai trò là tân ngữ trong MĐQH hạn định
Trang 2Ex: The professor I met at college last night is our new neighbor.
- Khi mệnh đề quan hệ đóng vai trò là tân ngữ của giới từ trong MĐQH hạn định
Ex: Miss Parker we studied with last year is a very nice teacher.
V REDUCE RELATIVE CLAUSE
1 Với V-ing (Chủ động)
1.1 Thì tiếp diễn:
Ex: The woman who is sitting next to the window is my English teacher.
The woman sitting next to the window is my English teacher.
1.2 Hành động diễn ra hàng ngày, thói quen:
Ex: Students who do exercise everyday are really studious.
Students doing exercise everyday are really studious.
1.3 Những động từ mang tính chất thông báo:
Tell, require, say, ask, demand, inform, forbid
Ex: I like a friend who tells the truth to me every time.
I like a friend telling the truth to me every time.
1.4 Những từ chỉ ước muốn:
Believe, hope, want, wish, expect
Ex: Christians are the ones who believe in the God.
Christians are the ones believing in the God.
2 Past participate (PII)
2.1 Câu bị động:
Ex: In our city, there are many houses which are built in 19th century.
In our city, there are many houses built in 19 th century.
2.2 There be + Noun+ V-ing
PII
Ex: There are 3 students born in Phu Tho in my class.
There are many people having BA in my company.
3 To V
The first
The last
The very
Superlatives
Mệnh đề chỉ số lượng To V
4 Ta có thể rút gọn khi MĐQH có cụm giới từ, cụm tính từ, hoặc cụm danh từ (MĐQH có “Be”)
Who + Be + Pre-phrase
Which Adj-phrase
That N-phrase
Ex: The book which is on the table is mine The book on the table is mine.
The dress which is suitable for working here is very expensive
The dress suitable for working here is very expensive.
Hanoi, which is the capital of Vietnam, is very beautiful.
Hanoi, capital of Vietnam, is very beautiful.
Trang 3RELATIVE CLAUSE EXERCISES
I Fill in the blank with a suitable relative pronoun or relative adverb:
1 The place I went to school is a quiet town
2 My brother, has a moustache, is studying architecture
4 The time I broke my leg is one of my worst memories
5 ………… Toni a bad student got the scholarship of a famous university makes us so astonished
6 The man I saw on TV is a famous writer
7 The Hotel Tyrol, I stayed when I was in Italy, was a really nice hotel
8 She is the very girl is my dreamy girl
9 I’m working for a firm main office is in London
10 The firm employs five hundred people makes video recorders
11 The work increases a lot when the boss is away is always interesting
12 She has invited a hundred of guests, many of ………… I don’t know
13 All songs and singers ………… is in this show are very beautiful
14 He never says anything ………… makes me unhappy
15 David drives so fast, ……… is very dangerous
II Choose the best answers:
1 Anyone scholastic record is above average can apply for the scholarship
2 Florida, the Sunshine State, attracts many tourists every year
3 Is this the address to you want the passage sent?
4 They expect that the new book will be bought by people interested in English history
5 “Do you have the book the teacher?”
6 “Were you able to locate the person wallet you found?”
7 The movie last night was terrific
8 The rumor ………… we heard yesterday is not true
9 I have seventeen students, most of speak English very well
10 “Is Dr Brown the person you wish to speak?”
11 Sunday is that day ………… which we have a day off
12 “Have you ever met the man ………… over there? ”
13 London is the city in ………… I was born
15 That was the reason ………… he didn’t marry her
III Rewrite the following sentences, use relative clause and add the comma “,” if necessary:
1 I live in Croydon, it’s near London
Trang 42 The detective knew all the answers He solved the mystery.
3 I met an old friend He told me all about a book he’d just read
4 Len is giving a big party Len has finally found a new job
5 He has arranged a staff meeting The meeting starts at 10 o’clock tomorrow
6 My favorite film is Casablanca, made in 1942
7 The girls were hungry and decided to have a meal
8 This is Brenda She lives upstairs
9 Someone found the money and was given a reward
10 A simplified edition is easier to read than the original It’s shorter
11 Ms Fortune was a writer Her body was found in the cellar
12 This is Mr Smith His son Bill plays in our team
13 Someone made the arrangements It was Karen
14 That is Peter He is the “hot” boy in my school
15 A woman’s jewels were stolen A police officer was staying in the same hotel The woman was interviewed by him
IV.Reduce the relative clauses by using V-ing/V-ed/to V/ N-phrase/adj-phrase:
1 Drivers who intend to take the car with them are advised to make early reservation
2 We haven’t had an opportunity to think over the proposals that were made at the last meeting
3 Three armed men crossed the river that marks the frontier
4 We had to eat standing up because we hadn’t anything that we could sit on and the grass was too wet
5 There are more than 50 proposals that will be discussed at the conference
6 HITC is a high building which was built 15 years ago
7 Neil Armstrong was the first man who set foot on the moon
8 My papers are all over the place I wish I had a box that I could keep them in
9 All aliens who are living in this country have been asked to register with the police
10 The chemist gave her the tablets, which were taken 3 times daily
11 Food that passes from the mouth to the stomach goes through a tube which is called the
esophagus
12 William, who is a lawyer and who wants to become a judge, works very hard
13 In hot weather, many people enjoy lemonade, which is a drink that is made of lemon juice, water and sugar
14 William Shakespeare’s father, who was a glove maker and a town official, owned a shop in Stratford
Trang 515 I was awakened by the sound of laughter which came from the room which was next door to mine
at the motel
16 Hundreds of volunteers went to a northern village yesterday to reinforce fire fighters who are trying
to save a settlement which is threatened by a forest fire The fire started when a cigarette ignited oil, which was leaking from a machine which is used to cut timber
17 One of the most important foodstuffs in the world is flour, which is a fine powder that is made by grinding wheat or other grains
18 All students in university hope that they will get a job which is suitable for them/
19 Whenever you need, I will do everything that is necessary to help you
20 Uncle Ho, who is a great man of Vietnam, was born in Nghe An province
Exercise 2: Rewrite these sentences with the same meaning:
A holiday in Scotland
1 We spent our holiday in Scotland last year Scotland is in the north of Great Britain
Last year we ………
2 People live in Scotland They are called Scots
The people ………
3 We first went to Edinburgh Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland
We first ………
4 Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh He wrote the Sherlock Holmes stories
Arthur Conan Doyle ………
5 Then we visited a lake It is in the Highlands
The lake ……… …
6 Loch Ness is 37 km long People know it for its friendly monster
Loch Ness ………
7 There we met an old man He told us that he had seen Nessie
An old man ………
8 We then travelled to a mountain The mountain is near the town of Fort William
We then ………
9 The mountain is the highest mountain in Great Britain It is called Ben Nevis
The mountain ………
10 I sent you a postcard It was written on the summit of Ben Nevis
The postcard ………