Volunteering motives and personal well being evidence from vietnam

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY International School of Business Lai Nguyen Minh Hung Volunteering Motives and Personal Well-being: Evidence from Vietnam MASTER OF BUSINESS Ho Chi Minh City – Year 2016 UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY International School of Business Lai Nguyen Minh Hung Volunteering Motives and Personal Well-being: Evidence from Vietnam ID: 22140019 MASTER OF BUSINESS SUPERVISOR: Dr Nguyen Thi Mai Trang Ho Chi Minh City – Year 2016 Table of Contents Abstract Research background Literature reviews 2.1 Volunteering Motives and Personal Well-being 2.2 Moderating role of personality traits on relationship between Volunteering Motives and Personal Well-being 15 Methodology 19 3.1 Design and Samples 19 3.2 Samples description 22 3.3 Measurement 22 Data analysis and results 23 4.1 Volunteering Motives analysis 23 4.2 Final measurement model 24 Discussion 27 5.1 Implications for volunteering leaders 28 5.2 Limitations and further research 29 References 31 Supported Information 41 A: Questionnaire Vietnamese 41 B: Questionnaire English 45 C: Tables and Figures 48 Abstract This study investigates the impact Volunteering Motives on Personal Wellbeing of Volunteers in Hochiminh, Vietnam The result of this paper will support volunteering clubs to maintain a good volunteering environment by applying these volunteering motives to their organizations Structural equation modeling was employed to test the impact, using the sample of 313 volunteers from volunteering clubs around Hochiminh city The result show that Volunteering Motives has positive impact on the Personal Well-being of volunteers Furthermore, this study also aims at investigating the moderating effect of Personality traits on the relationship between Volunteering Motives and Personal Well-being The result indicates that the impact of Volunteering Motives on Personal Well-being is not different in terms of Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness Nevertheless, differences appear in Extraversion and Openness group Based on this consequence, volunteering clubs could adjust their organization to foster these motives to maintain and attract skilled volunteers Research background The motivation of people to volunteer has long fascinated in academic researches (Reeder, Davison, Gipson, & Hesson-McInnis, 2001; Rehberg, 2005) Understanding the underlying motivational concerns of those who volunteer has been a topic occupying much of the literature related to volunteering (Boz & Palaz, 2007; Mannino, Snyder & Omoto, 2011) What actually motivates a person to volunteer is a complex and contrary argument, some people suppose that individuals doing volunteering because they want to develop themselves and learn experiences (Clary & Snyder, 1999; Hallmann & Harms, 2012; Gage & Thapa, 2012), others contend that people are motivated to volunteer by their altruistic motives and self-interest (Sherer, 2004; Rehberg, 2005; Geiser, Okun, & Grano, 2014) Understanding these motivations can be the great assistance to organizations in attracting and retaining volunteers Firstly, organizations can use information on motivations to attract potential volunteers by tailoring recruitment messages to closely match their motivational needs Secondly, in assessing the motivational needs of new volunteers, organizations can ensure effective placement of volunteers into activities that meet their expectations Thirdly, by understanding their volunteers’ motives, organizations can seek to maintain volunteer satisfaction by ensuring these motivations are fulfilled Recently, volunteering has played more and more important roles in business, society and community (Faulkner & Davies, 2005; Prabhu, Hanley & Kearney, 2008) Considering business aspect, entrepreneur supposes that corporate volunteering is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) (Do Paco & Cláudia Nave, 2013) In Vietnam, especially Hochiminh city, there are some kinds of volunteering organizations established and operating recently such as Vi Cong Dong volunteering club (www.vicongdong.vn) or Net But Xanh volunteering club (www.netbutxanh.com), both are non-profit organizations (NPO) Beside, many companies have their corporate social responsibility (CSR) division such as Vinamilk, FPT, Vina Capital (Dinh Dung, 2012) In general, CSR becomes a prevailing term in recent years, it is defined by four components layouted into a pyramid The bottom of this pyramid is economic responsibilities, business needs to earn the profit firstly The upper one is legal responsibilities, business has to obey the law and related-obligations The higher one is ethical responsibilities; it embodies standards, norms, expectations that reflect concerns for what consumers, employees, shareholders, community as fair The top one of this pyramid is philanthropic responsibilities, it encompasses corporate actions that are in response to society’s expectation to help business be good corporate citizens (Caroll, 1991) Considering society and community aspect, if we type word “volunteering” on Google, we could easily find some information related to this key word The need and the role of volunteering are increased significantly due to the social, medical, economic problems and the changes of environment, climate Particularly, in 2014, Vietnam collected 1,054 million blood units, this number only served 58% the demand of blood and surprisingly 92% of these blood units received were provided by volunteering activities (Huynh Hai, 2015; Minh Duc, 2015) Weekly, monthly, on the internet, we could read at least several newspapers writing about volunteers providing food and beverage for homeless or miserable people (Phuong Trang, 2016) Occasionally, we meet volunteers working at traffic lights or appearing at the hot spots of traffic jams under the bad weather in Vietnam (Nhu Lich, Hoang Phan & Trieu Duong, 2014) Annually, in July, a lot of students from different universities in Hochiminh City spend their time on helping Grade-12 students on final exam-to-University or College (Thuan Giang, 2015) Moreover, when it comes to rainy season or dry season, the center of Vietnam often faces a lot of bad weather, disaster, drought, flood and storm However, many young people are volunteering to fight with the nature and help others to overcome this worse circumstance (Quynh Anh, 2016) And most of them are unpaid volunteers Our questions are why rational people devote their valuable time for stressful and much responsible works in difficult situation, difficult weather, day and night? What motives encouraging people to undertake these hard responsibilities and keep them stay with volunteering works? Why young people accept to sacrifice many hours a week taking part in potentially dangerous job without any payment? What factors appeal volunteers to participate in volunteering clubs or keep them on the unpaid job? Why some volunteers are satisfied with volunteering jobs and devote their spare time to work for volunteering activities We strongly believe that understanding these motives help organizations increase the satisfaction for sustained volunteers Several researches supposed that volunteers start their volunteering work because of some motives such as: they want to help difficult people, they want to learn skills and experience, they expect the identity in community, they want to extent their relationship or improve their career (Clary, Snyder, Ridge, Copeland, Stukas, Haugen & Meine, 1998; Clary & Snyder, 1999) Furthermore, they continue their volunteering work if their motives are fulfilled (Grant, 2012; Lester, Tomkovick, Wells, Flunker & Kickul, 2005; Clary et al.,1998) Grant (2012) has raised an idea that sustained volunteering is driven by the satisfaction of their motives, however, this scholar did not focus particularly on the relationship between motives and Personal Well-being Clary et al (1998) indicated the relationship between motives and satisfaction, but they have passed the role of Personal Well-being Veerasamy, Sambasivan, and Kumar (2015) has underlined the significant impact of motives on Personal Wellbeing, however, in this study, motives and Personal Well-being plays the role of independent variables instead of dependent variables Actually, despite these factors are very important to attract and develop volunteering forces, not many researches have been conducted to investigate the relationship between these motives and Personal Well-being of volunteers in Hochiminh City, Vietnam Besides the study of the volunteering ‘s motives, in this study, we would like to understand about the volunteers’ personality traits Volunteers often encounter with stressful unpaid job and several jobs are very dangerous (Duc Hung, 2016) In some cases, the working condition is difficult for them (Nguyen Hong Quan, 2015) It raises a question that whether there are any outstanding personality traits in volunteers that could help them overcome these difficulties and how these personality traits affect their Personal Wellbeing There are several researches studying about personality traits of individuals, some traits are listed such as: Openness to Experience, Extraversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness (John, Naumann & Soto, 2008; Rammstedt & John, 2007) However, these factors are applied to whole and general individuals not particular people working in volunteering field Veerasamy et al (2015) has studied about the relationship between personality traits as independent variables and life satisfaction as dependent variable, however, they did not mention the role of personality traits as moderators Furthermore, their research was surveyed based on health care volunteers working in Malaysia – a developed country not a developing nation as Vietnam Therefore, in this paper, we study the effect of personality traits on the relationship between Volunteering Motives and Personal Well-being John, Naumann, and Soto (2008) conducted a study to identify what are the main personality traits of an individual In this study, they have shown the big five personality traits: Openness to Experience, Extraversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness A study supposed some factors keep volunteers on their unpaid jobs that are Values, Understanding, Social, Career, Protective, Enhancement (Clary & Snyder, 1999) Smith (1994) supposed that volunteers are not totally generous, therefore, “Desire to Help Others” is not actually main motivated factor for developing and maintaining volunteering programs He believes that volunteering has positive relation with costs and benefits Fletcher and Major (2004) and Fisher and Ackerman (1998) supposed that people want to help others due to some reason such as: purposeful, selfless, and humanitarian motives; self-interest, such as accumulating career-related experience; social objectives, like pro-social behaviors, social-role enhancement, and social role recognition This article attempts to identify what kinds of typical characteristic found in volunteers, which factors affecting volunteers’ Personal Well-being Therefore, this study examines the relationship between these Volunteering motives and volunteers’ Personal Well-being The objectives of this study to: - investigate the impact of Volunteering Motives on Personal Well-being of volunteers, and then examine the moderating effects of Personality Traits on relationship between Volunteering Motives and Personal Well-being The contribution of this article is to support profit and non-profit organizations and foster these factors in their volunteering activities to attract, maintain and increase the number of volunteers in Hochiminh City and other locations which have few volunteering organizations but demand for volunteering is very high According to Thoits and Hewitt (2001), people who have great well-being tend to spend more time in volunteering, it represents the relation between well-being and intention to involve in volunteering activities Furthermore, this study shows some typical personality traits of volunteers and this helps volunteering organizations identify and recruit proper volunteers for their volunteering projects Literature reviews This study proposes that Volunteering Motives (M) has a positive effect on Personal Well-being (PWB) Further, it also posits that Personality Traits such as Openness, Extraversion, Neuroticism, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness play the role of moderators Figure supposes a conceptual model for this relationship Nguyen Nhu, Le Thanh, & Hoai Nhon (2015, June 13) Deploying volunteers for “Tiep suc mua thi” 2015 (“Tưng bừng xuất quân ‘Tiếp sức mùa thi’ năm 2015”) Thanh Nien News Retrieved from http://thanhnien.vn/gioi-tre/tungbung-xuat-quan-tiep-suc-mua-thi-nam-2015-573726.html Nguyen Hong Quan (2015, July 2) After the smile of volunteers Tiep Suc Mua Thi (“Phía sau nụ cười tình nguyện tiếp sức mùa thi” Lao Dong News Retrieved from http://laodong.com.vn/giao-duc/phia-sau-nu-cuoi-tinh-nguyen-tiep-sucmua-thi-348886.bld Olsen, S O., Tudoran, A A., Honkanen, P., & Verplanken, B (2016) Differences and similarities between impulse buying and variety seeking: A personality‐based perspective Psychology & Marketing, 33(1), 36-47 Pavot, W., Diener, E D., Colvin, C R., & Sandvik, E (1991) Further validation of the satisfaction with life scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being measures Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 149-161 Phuong Trang (2016, March 11) FPT reserved 34 billions VND for charity (“FPT dành gần 34 tỷ đồng làm từ thiện”) VNExpress News Retrieved from http://suckhoe.vnexpress.net/tin-tuc/suc-khoe/fpt-danh-gan-34-ty-dong-lam-tuthien-3368538.html?utm_source=search Peterson, R A (1994) A meta-analysis of Cronbach's coefficient alpha Journal of Consumer Research, 21(2), 381-391 Prabhu, V R., Hanley, A., & Kearney, S (2008) Evaluation of a hospital volunteer program in rural Australia Australian Health Review, 32(2), 265-70 37 Quynh Anh (2016, March 18) Redcross Vietnam urgently supports 4.235 billion VND for 11 provinces having severe drought, salination (“Trung ương hội Chữ thập đỏ Việt Nam cứu trợ khẩn cấp bước đầu 4,235 tỷ đồng cho 11 tỉnh bị hạn hán, xâm nhập mặn”) Vietnam Red Cross Society Retrieved from http://www.redcross.org.vn/redcross2/vn/home/InfoDetail.jsp?area=1&cat=200 2&ID=18174 Rammstedt, B., & John, O P (2007) Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the big five inventory in English and German Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 203-212 Rehberg, W (2005) Altruistic individualists: Motivations for international volunteering among young adults in Switzerland Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 16(2), 109-122 Reeder, G D., Davison, D M., Gipson, K L., & Hesson-McInnis, M S (2001) Identifying the motivations of African American volunteers working to prevent HIV/AIDS AIDS Education and Prevention, 13(4), 343-354 Sherer, M (2004) National service in Israel: Motivations, volunteer characteristics, and levels of content Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 33(1), 94-108 Smith, D H (1994) Determinants of voluntary association participation and volunteering: A literature review Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 23(3), 243-263 Soto, C J (2015) Is happiness good for your personality? Concurrent and prospective relations of the big five with subjective well‐being Journal of Personality, 83(1), 45-55 38 Steenkamp, J B E M., & Van Trijp, H C M (1991) The use of LISREL in validating marketing constructs International Journal of Research in Marketing, 8(4), 283-299 Steel, P., Schmidt, J., & Shultz, J (2008) Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being Psychological Bulletin, 134(1), 138 Thuan Giang (2015, July 23) Telling touching stories (“Kể lại câu chuyện cảm động”) TiepSucMuaThi News Retrieved from http://tsmt.org/thong-tincan-thiet/thong-tin/328-ke-lai-nhung-cau-chuyen-cam-dong Tuthien (2014, July 4) Introducing voluntary group in Hochiminh City (“Giới thiệu nhóm từ thiện khu vực TP.HCM) Tuthien News Retrieved from http://www.tuthien.vn/v/nhom-tu-thien/gioi-thieu-cac-nhom-thien-nguyen-taikhu-vuc-tphcm_765.html Thanh Hoa (2015, November 28) International Charitable Fair 2015: 18 countries, 60 kiosks (“Hội chợ từ thiện quốc tế 2015: 18 nước, 60 gian hàng”) The Saigontimes News Retrieved from http://www.thesaigontimes.vn/139086/Hoicho-tu-thien-quoc-te-2015-18-nuoc-60-gian-hang.html Thanh Long (2016, March 11) Altruistic spread (“Lan tỏa nghĩa tình”) Nhan Dan News Retrieved from http://www.nhandan.com.vn/tphcm/item/28983702-lantoa-nghia-tinh.html Thompson, E R (2008) Development and validation of an international English bigfive mini-markers Personality and Individual Differences, 45(6), 542-548 39 Thoits, P A., & Hewitt, L N (2001) Volunteer work and well-being Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42(2), 115-131 Veerasamy, C., Sambasivan, M., & Kumar, N (2015) Life satisfaction among healthcare volunteers in Malaysia: Role of personality factors, volunteering motives, and spiritual capital Voluntas, 26(2), 531-552 40 Supported Information A: Questionnaire Vietnamese Bảng câu hỏi (Tiếng Việt) Ảnh hưởng Động lực thiện nguyện lên hài lòng Tình nguyện viên tham gia hoạt động thiện nguyện Xin chào quý anh chị, Em tên Lại Nguyễn Minh Hưng – học viên theo học Viện đào tào Quốc tế trường Đại học Kinh tế TP.HCM Hiện em thực đề tài nghiên cứu tính cách động lực tình nguyện viên tham gia hoạt động công tác xã hội Trong bảng khảo sát sai, anh chị cần chọn câu trả lời mà theo anh chị phù hợp với Rất mong anh chị dành chút thời gian quý báu để hỗ trợ em nghiên cứu Xin cảm ơn quý anh chị! Hướng dẫn Vui lòng trả lời hết câu hỏi Mỗi câu hỏi bạn cần chọn câu trả lời Nếu chọn vui lòng đánh dấu  Phần 1: Thông tin Phỏng vấn Tên: Số điện thoại: Bạn là:  Nam Nữ S1 Bạn tham gia công việc tình Có (Vui lòng trả lời tiếp) nguyện nào? Không (Vui lòng dừng bảng câu hỏi đây, xin cảm ơn) Phần 2: Mỗi câu hỏi, vui lòng lựa chọn câu trả lời bạn cho phù hợp với bạn Chọn, vui lòng đánh dấu  Xin lưu ý: – Hoàn toàn không đồng ý – Hoàn toàn đồng ý Tôi thấy người hòa đồng, thân thiện             Tôi thấy người kín đáo, trầm lặng Tôi thấy người thích tán gẫu, nói nhiều             Tôi thấy người đồng cảm, nồng hậu 41     Tôi thấy người khó tính, hay gây gỗ     Tôi thấy người tử tế thân thiện với người Tôi thấy người đáng tin cậy, có tính kỷ luật cao   Tôi thấy người bất cẩn, cẩu thả   Tôi thấy người có hệ thống   Tôi thấy người bừa bộn không xác     Tôi thấy người hay lo âu, buồn phiền Tôi thấy người điềm tĩnh, ổn định cảm xúc     Tôi thấy người dễ dàng bị lo lắng, căng thẳng Tôi thấy người sẵn sàng cho trải   nghiệm mới, phức tạp 15 Tôi thấy người bình thường, không thích sáng tạo   16 Tôi thấy người sáng tạo, giàu trí tưởng tượng   Phần 3: Mỗi câu hỏi, vui lòng lựa chọn câu trả lời bạn cho phù hợp với bạn Chọn, vui lòng đánh dấu  Xin lưu ý: – Hoàn toàn không đồng ý – Hoàn toàn đồng ý 17 Tôi quan tâm đến người may mắn   18 Tôi thực quan tâm đến người chăm sóc   19 Tôi có lòng thương người cần giúp đỡ   20 Tôi cảm thấy giúp đỡ người khác việc quan trọng     21 Tôi sẵn sàng làm việc cho quan trọng với   22 Hoạt động thiện nguyện giúp cảm thấy quan trọng 23 Hoạt động thiện nguyện làm tăng lòng tự trọng     24 Hoạt động thiện nguyện khiến thấy hữu ích 25 Hoạt động thiện nguyện giúp cảm thấy vui vẻ   26 Hoạt động thiện nguyện giúp kết nối người bạn   27 Bạn tình nguyện viên   28 Người thân muốn tham gia hoạt động thiện nguyện   29 Những người quen thường chia sẻ mối quan tâm đến   hoạt động thiện nguyện 30 Những người quen đánh giá cao hoạt động thiện   nguyện 31 Hoạt động thiện nguyện quan trọng số người   thân 32 Hoạt động thiện nguyện giúp có công việc mà   thích 33 Tôi có thông tin hữu ích cho công việc   nghiệp (thông qua hoạt động thiện nguyện.) 34 Hoạt động thiện nguyện giúp khám phá định   hướng nghề nghiệp khác (thông qua công việc thiện nguyện) 35 Hoạt động thiện nguyện giúp thành công lĩnh vực   mà chọn (nhờ vào học từ hoạt động Thiện nguyện)   36 Hoạt động thiện nguyện giúp cho CV xin việc ấn tượng   37 Hoạt động thiện nguyện giúp quên cảm xúc tiêu cực 10 11 12 13 14 42                                                                                                                            Thông qua hoạt động thiện nguyện, thấy hòa đồng     39 Hoạt động thiện nguyện giúp giảm bớt cảm giác tội lỗi     thấy may mắn so với người khác 40 Hoạt động thiện nguyện giúp giải nhiều vấn đề cá     nhân (nhờ vào học từ hoạt động thiện nguyện)     41 Hoạt động thiện nguyện giúp vượt qua nhiều vấn đề cá nhân     42 Tôi hiểu lý việc làm 43 Hoạt động thiện nguyện giúp học khía cạnh     từ việc 44 Hoạt động thiện nguyện giúp học nhiều điều từ     kinh nghiệm thực tế 45 Hoạt động thiện nguyện giúp học cách ứng xử với     người 46 Hoạt động thiện nguyện giúp khám phá     điểm mạnh thân Phần 4: Mỗi câu hỏi, vui lòng lựa chọn câu trả lời bạn cho phù hợp với bạn Vui lòng khoanh tròn mức độ từ đến 10 cho câu hỏi với: 1: Hoàn toàn đồng ý 10: Hoàn toàn không đồng ý 47 Tôi hài lòng với điều kiện sống 10 11 48 Tôi hài lòng với sức khỏe 10 11 49 Tôi hài lòng với đạt sống 10 11 50 Tôi hài lòng với mối quan hệ cá nhân 10 11 51 Tôi hài lòng với an toàn 10 11 52 Tôi hài lòng phần cộng đồng 10 11 53 Tôi hài lòng với an toàn tương lai 10 11 Phần 5: Một số thông tin thêm 54.Thu nhập hàng tháng bạn là? 45 56.Nghề nghiệp Sinh viên Công nhân Nhân viên văn phòng Quản lý Tự doanh Khác 57.Trung bình năm, bạn tham gia hoạt động thiện nguyện  20 lần 58.Bạn hoạt động thiện nguyện bao lâu?  < năm  – năm  – 10 năm 38 43          59.Bạn thường hoạt động thiện nguyện tổ chức nào? (Có thể chọn nhiều tổ chức)  > 10 năm  Trong công ty  Tổ chức phi Chính phủ / phi Lợi Nhuận  Nhóm bên (CLB tự thành lập) Xin cảm ơn quý anh chị hỗ trợ, chúc quý anh chị ngày vui vẻ! 44 B: Questionnaire English Questionnaire (English version) Impacts of Volunteering Motives on Volunteers’ Personal Well-being Hello Sir & Madam!, My name is Lai Nguyen Minh Hung - student studying at ISB - University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City Currently, I’m working on a research project about the characteristics and motives of the volunteers participating in the volunteering works In this survey, there is no right or wrong answer, you only need to choose the answer that supposed to be best fit to you I hope that you could reserve your precious time to fill this survey Thank you so much! Instruction Please fill all these question below You only need to choose one option for each question If you choose, please stick  Respondents’ information Section 1: Name: Mobile Number: Sex: Male Female S1 Have you worked any volunteering jobs in your life? Yes (Please answer next question) No (Please stop the questionnaire here, thank you) Section 2: For each question, please choose one option only for which is most suitable to you: Choose, please stick  Note: – Strongly Disagree – Strongly Agree I see myself as someone who is outgoing,    enthusiastic (Extraversion) I see myself as someone who is reserved, quiet    (Extraversion, R) I see myself as someone who is chatty, talkative    (Extraversion) I see myself as someone who is sympathetic,    warm (Agreeableness) I see myself as someone who is critical,    quarrelsome (Agreeableness, R) I see myself as someone who is kind, friendly to    other (Agreeableness) I see myself as someone who is dependable, self   45                             disciplined (Conscientiousness)    I see myself as someone who disorganized, careless (Conscientiousness, R)    I see myself as someone who is punctuality, systematic (Conscientiousness)    10 I see myself as someone who is messy, inaccurate (Conscientiousness, R)    11 I see myself as someone who is anxious, easily upset (Neuroticism)    12 I see myself as someone who is calm, emotionally stable (Neuroticism, R)    13 I see myself as someone who is nervous, tense (Neuroticism)    14 I see myself as someone who is open to new experiences, complex (Openness to Experience)    15 I see myself as someone who is conventional, uncreative (Openness to Experience, R)    16 I see myself as someone who is creative, lively imagination (Openness to Experience) Section 3: For each question, please choose one option only for which is most suitable to you: Choose, please stick  Note: – Strongly Disagree – Strongly Agree 17 I am concerned about those less fortunate than    myself 18 I am genuinely concerned about the particular    group I am serving 19 I feel compassion toward people in need    20 I feel it is important to help others    21 I can something for a cause that is important to    me 22 Volunteering makes me feel important    23 Volunteering increases my self-esteem       24 Volunteering makes me feel needed 25 Volunteering makes me feel better about myself       26 Volunteering is a way to make new friends 27 My friends are volunteers    28 People I’m close to want me to volunteer    29 People I know share an interest in community    service 30 Others with whom I am close place a high value on    community service 31 Volunteering is an important activity to the people    I know best 32 Volunteering can help me to get my foot in the    door at a place where I would like to work 33 I can make my contacts that can help my business    or career 34 Volunteering allows me to explore different career    options 35 Volunteering will help me to succeed in my chosen    46                                                                           profession      Volunteering experience will look good on my resume      37 No matter how bad I’ve been feeling, volunteering helps me to forget about it      38 By doing volunteering I feel less lonely 39 Doing volunteer work relieves me of some of the      guilt over being more fortunate than others 40 Volunteering helps me work through own personal      problems 41 Volunteering is a good escape from my own      troubles 42 I can learn more about the cause for which I am      doing 43 Volunteering allows me to gain a new perspective      on things 44 Volunteering lets me learn things through direct,      hands on experience 45 I can learn how to deal with a variety of people           46 I can explore my own strengths Section 4: For each question, please choose one option only for which is most suitable to you Please rounding number from to 10 for each question 1: No Satisfaction at all 10: Completely Satisfied 47 How satisfied are you with your standard of living? 10 11 48 How satisfied are you with your health? 10 11 49 How satisfied are you with what you are achieving 10 11 in life? 50 How satisfied are you with your personal 10 11 relationships? 51 How satisfied are you with how safe you feel? 10 11 52 How satisfied are you with feeling part of your 10 11 community? 53 How satisfied are you with your future security? 10 11 Section 5: Further information 54.How much is your income monthly? 45 56.Your occupation: Student Worker Office Staff Manager Self-employment Other 57 Anually, how many time you participate in  20 times  < year  – years  – 10 years  > 10 years  In the company  Non-Government / NonProfit  Self-established Club Thank you so much for your help ! C: Tables and Figures Table 1: Measurements Variables Screening Question Code S1 S2 Extraversion E1 E2 E3 A1 A2 A3 C1 Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness to Experience C2 C3 N1 N2 N3 N4 O1 O2 O3 Value Enhancement VA1 VA2 VA3 VA4 VA5 EN1 EN2 EN3 EN4 EN5 Item Have you worked any volunteering jobs in your life? Do you have any intention to continue volunteering activities? I see myself as someone who is outgoing, enthusiastic I see myself as someone who is reserved, quiet (R) I see myself as someone who is chatty, talkative I see myself as someone who is sympathetic, warm I see myself as someone who is critical, quarrelsome (R) I see myself as someone who is kind, friendly to other I see myself as someone who is dependable, selfdisciplined I see myself as someone who disorganized, careless (R) I see myself as someone who is punctuality, systematic I see myself as someone who is messy, inaccurate (R) I see myself as someone who is anxious, easily upset I see myself as someone who is calm, emotionally stable (R) I see myself as someone who is nervous, tense I see myself as someone who is open to new experiences, complex I see myself as someone who is conventional, uncreative (R) I see myself as someone who is creative, lively imagination I am concerned about those less fortunate than myself I am genuinely concerned about the particular group I am serving I feel compassion toward people in need I feel it is important to help others I can something for a cause that is important to me Volunteering makes me feel important Volunteering increases my self-esteem Volunteering makes me feel needed Volunteering makes me feel better about myself Volunteering is a way to make new friends 48 Reference Olsen et al., 2016 7-point likert Clary et al., 1998 5-point likert Variables Social Code SO1 SO2 SO3 SO4 SO5 Career CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4 Protective CA5 PR1 PR2 PR3 PR4 Understanding PR5 UN1 UN2 UN3 Personal Wellbeing Demographic Questions UN4 UN5 PWB1 PWB2 PWB3 PWB4 PWB5 PWB6 PWB7 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 Item My friends are volunteers People I’m close to want me to volunteer People I know share an interest in community service Others with whom I am close place a high value on community service Volunteering is an important activity to the people I know best Volunteering can help me to get my foot in the door at a place where I would like to work I can make my contacts that can help my business or career Volunteering allows me to explore different career options Volunteering will help me to succeed in my chosen profession Volunteering experience will look good on my resume No matter how bad I’ve been feeling, volunteering helps me to forget about it By doing volunteering I feel less lonely Doing volunteer work relieves me of some of the guilt over being more fortunate than others Volunteering helps me work through own personal problems Volunteering is a good escape from my own troubles I can learn more about the cause for which I am doing Volunteering allows me to gain a new perspective on things Volunteering lets me learn things through direct, hands on experience I can learn how to deal with a variety of people I can explore my own strengths How satisfied are you with your standard of living? How satisfied are you with your health? How satisfied are you with what you are achieving in life? How satisfied are you with your personal relationships? How satisfied are you with how safe you feel? How satisfied are you with feeling part of your community? How satisfied are you with your future security? How much is your income monthly? Your Age Your occupation Annually, how many time you participate in Volunteering? How long have you often worked in volunteering? Which activities you often participate in ? (multianswer) Which volunteering organizations have you worked for? (multi-answer) 49 Reference Internationa l Well-being Group, 2013 11-point likert Table 2: Correlations between constructs Value Protective Understanding Personal well-being 710** 408** 316** 554** 696** 090 Enhancement 710** 464** 471** 635** 738** 152** Social 408** 464** 486** 431** 439** 106 Career 316** 471** 486** 524** 480** 156** Protective 554** 635** 431** 524** 690** 107 Understanding 696** 738** 439** 480** 690** 128* 090 152** 106 156** 107 128* Value Personal well-being Enhancement Social Career ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed) c Listwise N=313 Table 3: CR – AVE – MSV – Square root AVE Personal Improvement CR AVE MSV MaxR(H) Protective Social Career Protective Personal Improvement 0.905 0.763 0.315 0.950 0.873 0.901 0.510 0.315 0.968 0.561 0.714 Social 0.816 0.534 0.284 0.973 0.419 0.522 0.731 Career 0.834 0.560 0.284 0.977 0.505 0.509 0.533 0.748 Enhancement 0.860 0.693 0.112 0.973 0.218 0.334 0.243 0.211 Enhancement 0.832 Table : Mean, standard deviation, CFA loadings in final measurement model Item VALUE : CR = 0.79 ; AVE = 0.442 VA1: I am concerned about those less fortunate than myself VA2: I am genuinely concerned about the particular group I am serving VA4: I feel it is important to help others VA5: I can something for a cause that is important to me ENHANCEMENT : CR = 0.701 ; AVE = 0.488 EN3: Volunteering makes me feel needed EN4: Volunteering makes me feel better about myself EN5: Volunteering is a way to make new friends SOCIAL : CR = 0.817 ; AVE = 0.535 SO1: My friends are volunteers SO2: People I’m close to want me to volunteer SO3: People I know share an interest in community service SO4: Others with whom I am close place a high value on community service CAREER : CR = 0.834 ; AVE = 0.561 CA1: Volunteering can help me to get my foot in the door at a place where I would like to work CA2: I can make my contacts that can help my business or career CA3: Volunteering allows me to explore different career options 50 Mean SD CFA loading 4.14 4.08 1.008 992 0.75 0.77 4.09 4.15 927 1.008 0.67 0.59 3.70 4.20 3.73 1.247 1.067 1.327 0.59 0.77 0.62 3.90 3.11 3.35 3.55 1.254 1.259 1.073 1.085 0.57 0.62 0.85 0.84 3.07 1.232 0.74 3.52 1.206 0.85 3.47 1.129 0.79 CA5: Volunteering experience will look good on my resume PROTECTIVE : CR = 0.906 ; AVE = 0.763 PR2: By doing volunteering I feel less lonely PR4: Volunteering helps me work through own personal problems PR5: Volunteering is a good escape from my own troubles UNDERSTANDING : CR = 0.891 ; AVE = 0.623 UN1: I can learn more about the cause for which I am doing UN2: Volunteering allows me to gain a new perspective on things UN3: Volunteering lets me learn things through direct, hands on experience UN4: I can learn how to deal with a variety of people UN5: I can explore my own strengths PERSONAL WELL-BEING : CR = 0.822 ; AVE = 0.401 PWB1: How satisfied are you with your standard of living? PWB2: How satisfied are you with your health? PWB3: How satisfied are you with what you are achieving in life? PWB4: How satisfied are you with your personal relationships? PWB5: How satisfied are you with how safe you feel? PWB6: How satisfied are you with feeling part of your community? PWB7: How satisfied are you with your future security? 3.29 1.253 0.59 3.58 3.43 1.141 1.081 0.86 0.78 3.41 1.120 0.97 4.01 4.04 899 915 0.73 0.83 4.22 974 0.89 4.33 3.98 936 1.000 0.80 0.66 7.19 6.87 6.19 1.903 2.113 2.024 0.66 0.53 0.79 7.02 6.65 7.86 1.979 2.317 1.827 0.66 0.55 0.56 6.01 2.309 0.64 Table 5: Hypothesis testing Hypothesis Group Estimate H1 H2 Full sample High Openness Low Openness High Extraversion 0.312 0.542 -0.151 0.517 pvalue 0.018 0.004 0.460 0.004 Low Extraversion High Conscientiousness Low Conscientiousness High Agreeableness Low Agreeableness High Neuroticism Low Neuroticism -0.134 0.025 0.195 0.167 0.092 0.186 0.169 0.530 0.786 0.061 0.166 0.311 0.066 0.070 H3 H4 H5 H6 51 Chi-square difference 6.263 p-value 5.326 0.021 0.737 0.39 1.794 0.18 0.144 0.70 0.012 ... impact of Volunteering Motives on Personal Well- being of volunteers and relationship between Motives and Personal Well- being under the effect of Personality Traits Here, Volunteering Motives explained:... role of Personal Well- being Veerasamy, Sambasivan, and Kumar (2015) has underlined the significant impact of motives on Personal Wellbeing, however, in this study, motives and Personal Well- being. .. of Volunteering Motives on Personal Well- being of volunteers, and then examine the moderating effects of Personality Traits on relationship between Volunteering Motives and Personal Well- being