Groundwater dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of becho and koka area

Groundwater dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area A Thesis submitted to School of Earth Sciences By: Alemu Mesele Presented in Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Science in Hydrogeology Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia June ,2017 Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area Signature page Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Alemu Mesele, entitled: Groundwater dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science (Hydrogeology) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality Signed by the Examining Committee: Examiner Signature Date Examiner _Signature Date _ Advisor Signature Date _ Chair of School or Graduate Program Coordinator i MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area Acknowledgements Above all I would like to thank the merciful and almighty God who made possible for me to begin and finish this work successfully I am very grateful of Prof.Tenalem Ayenew, my advisor, for his continuous and unlimited help, follow up, and guidance that he dedicated to me from the beginning to the end of my study This work could not have been materialized without his significant input and fruitful discussions My thanks extend to Dr Tilahun Azagegn for his relevant technical materials provided to my study A lot of thank goes to Mr Behailu Berehanu and Mr Tesfaye kiros for their incredible help specially during the field works My special thanks also to Mr.Yonas Mulugeta,renowned hydrogeologist from Ethiopian ATA (sustainable irrigation watershed development program) for his acquiring the necessary data I would like to thank my friends, for their admirable support and encouragement to the end of this paper, and groundwater grow future project in sub-Saharan African country for supporting me financially I would like to acknowledge Ministry of Water and Energy, Ethiopia Metrological Agency, Ethiopian Geological Survey, Ethiopian ATA, WWDSE, iDE Ethiopia (innovation for rural prosperity Tulu Bolo project), Becho and Illu woreda water, mineral and energy office, University of Gondar and all the staffs of the School of Earth Sciences for their indispensable effort in this work to achieve my objectives Finally, I want to express my profound thanks to all my family for their support, but in particular, my Dad (Mr Mesele Tesema) and Brother (Mr Debele Mesele) They have provided me with the means to achieve all my academic goals and without their continuo us encouragement and belief in me, I would not be the person I am today ii MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area Table of Contents iii Signature page i Acknowledgements ii List of Tables v List of Figures vi Acronyms and Abbreviations viii Abstract ix CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Problem Statement 1.3 1.3.1 Objectives General objective 1.3.2 Specific objective 1.4 Methodology 1.5 Materials used 1.6 Literature review of previous studies 1.7 Significance of the study 10 1.8 Structure of the Thesis 10 CHAPTER DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 11 2.1 Location 11 2.2 Physiography and relief 12 2.3 Drainage 13 2.4 Hydrograph analysis 14 2.5 Climate 17 2.6 Soil 23 2.7 Land use and land cover 25 CHAPTER GEOLOGY 26 3.1 Regional Geological Setting 26 3.1.1 Geology of the study area 27 3.2 Hydrogeology 30 CHAPTER HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION 34 4.1 Recharge estimation 34 4.1.1 General 34 iii MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area 4.1.2 Base flow 34 4.1.3 Estimating base flow 35 4.2 Water points of hand dug wells 39 4.2.1 Groundwater flow 41 4.3 Hydraulic property of the soil 43 4.3.1 Theory of operation 43 4.3.1.1 Field saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil 46 4.3.2 Transmissivity of the soil 53 4.4 Hydrochemistry and Isotope 57 4.4.1 Hydrochemistry 57 4.4.1.1 General 57 4.4.1.2 Sampling and Analysis 57 4.4.1.3 Evaluation of Hydrochemical parameters 59 4.4.1 3.1 Physical Parameters 59 4.4.1 3.2 Major Cations 62 4.4.1 3.3 Major anions 63 4.4.1 3.5 Water Types 64 4.4.1 3.6 Standards of water for irrigation purpose 67 4.4.2 Stable isotopes 69 4.4.2.1 General 69 4.4.2.2 δ 18 O and δ2 H Stable isotopes of hand dug well water in the study area 70 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 73 5.1 Conclusions 73 5.2 Recommendations 76 References 77 Appendices 82 iv MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area List of Tables Table 2.1 The hydrological stations in the study area 16 Table 2.2 Meteorological stations within and the surrounding of the study area and data recorded years -17 Table 2.3 mean monthly rainfall of the study area -18 Table 2.4 Monthly maximum mean and minimum mean temperature variability of the four stations in the study area -20 Table 2.5 Monthly mean temperature(o c) of the study area -20 Table 2.6 Monthly mean relative humidity of the area in % 21 Table 2.7 Mean monthly sunshine hours of the selected meteorological station s of the surrounding area -22 Table 2.8 Mean monthly wind speed (m/s) of the surrounding stations of the area -23 Table 4.1 Mean monthly river flow, base flow, surface runoff and base flow index in the study area in m3 /s -36 Table 4.2 Mean annual base flow, surface runoff, recharge and precipitation Awash river at Hombole, Modjo, Teji and Awash river at Bello gauging stations using baseflow excel spread sheet program 37 Table 4.3 Soil field saturated hydraulic conductivity test results -49 Table 4.4 Estimated transmissivity of the soil 54 Table 4.5 Results of chemical analysis of water samples 58 Table 4.6 Classification of water samples of the study area based on hardness 62 Table 4.7 Hydrochemical types of individual anions and cations and water classification of the study area -65 Table Groundwater classification using SAR values Sabrina et al (2005, as cited in USDA, 1954) -67 Table 4.9 SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio) values for hand dug well of the water samples -67 Table 4.10 Number of case of the water samples referenced with SAR values -68 Table 4.11 Stable isotopes of Hydrogen and oxygen data 71 v MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area List of Figures Figure 1.1 Explains measurements of soil field saturated hydraulic conductivity by using Guelph permeameter within the study area - Figure 1.2 Guelph Permeameter Kit (2800K1) components in Carrying Case (Source: Soil Moisture Equipment CORP, 1985) -5 Figure 2.1 Location map of the study area -11 Figure 2.2 DEM of the study area and the surrounding area 12 Figure 2.3 Map showing the drainage and the DEM of the study area -13 Figure 2.4 Explain mean monthly rainfall (mm) and river discharge (m3 /s) at selected stations 15 Figure 2.5 Mean monthly discharge flow of the selected gauging stations in the main Awash river -16 Figure Figure Figure Figure 2.6 The selected hydrological stations within the study area 16 2.7 Mean monthly rainfall distributions of Koka area and surrounding area 18 2.8 Mean monthly rainfall distributions of Becho area and surrounding area 19 2.9 Mean annual rainfall distributions of Koka and Becho areas and surrounding area 19 Figure 2.10 Monthly mean temperature (°c) distributions for four stations of the study area 21 Figure 2.11 Monthly mean relative humidity of the study area 22 Figure 2.12 Monthly mean sunshine hours of surrounding stations in the study area -22 Figure 2.13 Monthly mean wind speeds of the surrounding area -23 Figure 2.14 Characteristics of black cotton soil in Becho area -24 Figure 2.15 Soil types of the study area (after WWDSE,2008) -24 Figure 3.1 pumice unit -28 Figure 3.2 Simplified geological map of study area (modified from WWDSE, 2008 and ATA ,2014) - 30 Figure 3.3 Hydrogeological map of the study area (modified from WWDSE, 2008 and ATA,2014) -33 Figure 4.1The incoming and outgoing fluxes associated with the water balance of a river system (source: Charles ,2002) -35 Figure 4.2 Total flow and four base flow separation methods for river gauge: Awash river at Hombole (1983-2015) 37 Figure 4.3 Total flow and four base flow separation methods for river gauge: Modjo river (19682005) -38 Figure 4.4 Total flow and four base flow separation methods for river gauge: Teji river (19832011) 38 vi MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area Figure 4.5 Total flow and four base flow separation methods for river gauge: Awash river at Bello (1987-2014) -39 Figure 4.6 Hand dug wells 40 Figure 4.7 Distribution of inventoried water points within the study area and the surrounding Area -41 Figure 4.8 Groundwater level contour lines and the general groundwater flow -42 Figure 4.9 TDS distribution and contour map of the study area 43 Figure 4.10 In hole constant head permeameter setup (Source: Soil Moisture Equipment CORP, 1985) 44 Figure 4.11 saturated zone around well (saturation bulb) (Source: Soil Moisture Equipment CORP, 1985) -45 Figure 4.12 Measurements of Kfs by Guelph permeameter in Becho area -47 Figure 4.13 Measurements of Kfs by Guelph permeameter in Koka area -48 Figure 4.14 Distribution of field saturated hydraulic conductivity(Kfs) of soil data points within the study area -50 Figure 4.15 Distribution of field saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil -51 Figure 4.16 The map showing that distribution of soil field saturated hydraulic conductivity in the study area -52 Figure 4.17 Contour map of soil field saturated hydraulic conductivity(Kfs) within the study area 53 Figure 4.18 Data points of transmissivity of soils and the related HDW within the study area -55 Figure 19 Distribution of estimated transmissivity map of the study area 56 Figure 20 Distributions of water sampling points Within the study are -58 Figure 4.21 Relation between TDS and EC of the inventoried water points in the study area 60 Figure 4.22 TDS distribution map of the study area 61 Figure 4.23 Piper Plot diagram representation of water types of the study area 66 Figure 4.24 Distributions of isotope data points of 18 O and H in the study area -71 Figure 4.25 Plot of δ H ‰ versus δ 18 O‰ of HDW water in the study area along with the LMWL and GMWL 72 vii MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area Acronyms and Abbreviations AA Addis Ababa ATA Agricultural Transformation Agency BF Base Flow BFS Base flow separation DEM Digital Elevation Model EC Electrical Conductivity EVDSA Ethiopian Valleys Development Studies Authority GNIP Global Network of Isotopes In Precipitation GSE Geological Survey of Ethiopia HDW Hand Dug Well IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency ITCZ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone Kfs Field Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity m.a.s.l Meter above Sea Level MBF Mean Base Flow MRF Mean River Flow MSRO Mean Surface Runoff SAR Sodium Adsorption Ratio SWL Static Water Level T Transmissivity TDS Total Dissolved solids TF Total Flow USDA U.S Department of Agriculture WHO World Health Organization WWDSE Water Works Design and Supervision Enterprise viii MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area Abstract The present study area is located in upper Awash river basin, in central part of the country, which covers a total area of about 2780 Km2 The elevation ranges from 1519 to 2300 m.a.s.l Becho and Koka areas were the focused areas for this specific research The main objective of the present study was to provide detail information on the groundwater flow and characterize the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka areas which will be vital information for future sustainable use of the groundwater resource From long term mean monthly rainfall data, Becho and Koka areas receive 1141.6 and 914.4 mm mean annual rainfall respectively Flow records at, Teji and Modjo river; Awash river at Hombole and Bello were selected for estimating recharge by BFS Results from BFS by using excel spreadsheet program showed that the mean annual recharge for Becho and Koka areas were found to be 79 mm and 104.1 mm respectively Based on groundwater level and TDS contour map the local groundwater flow direction in Becho area is tends to be the main Awash river Whereas local groundwater flow direction in Koka area is tends to be towards lake koka The average estimated soil field saturated hydraulic conductivity in Becho and Koka areas are 0.000421 and 0.00107 cm/sec respectively In Becho area medium field saturated hydraulic conductivity values are come from due to the presence of alluvial deposits during the wet season, which covers the most upper parts of the soils While in koka area the soil has medium to high field saturated hydraulic conductivity, since the area has primary porosity due to dominated by the lacustrine deposits Hydrochemica l study indicated the presence of two major water types in the study area These are CaHCO3 and Na-HCO3 The Ca-HCO3 is dominant in Becho area, while Na-HCO3 is dominant in Koka area Using SAR values in USDA (1954) groundwater classification, in Becho and Koka areas the shallow groundwater has been classified as excellent and good for irrigation purpose respectively In both areas, the stable isotopes signature of the Hand dug well water characterized by depleted isotopic signature From the result of isotopic signature, the recharge for depleted hand dug well water is from the precipitation In Becho and Koka areas are estimated transmissivity values range from 0.03 to 19.70 m2 /d and 0.97 to 57.27m2 /d respectively Because of the lacustrine deposits, Koka area has relatively high transmissivity values compared to Becho area Key words: Aquifer characterization, Field saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs), Groundwater dynamics, Hand dug well, Upper Awash basin ix MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area Appendix 4: Hand dug wells data 4.1: HDW Primary data in Becho area Date 04/01/2017 04/01/2017 04/01/2017 04/01/2017 04/01/2017 04/01/2017 04/01/2017 04/01/2017 04/01/2017 04/01/2017 04/01/2017 04/01/2017 04/01/2017 04/01/2017 04/01/2017 04/01/2017 05/01/2017 05/01/2017 05/01/2017 05/01/2017 05/01/2017 05/01/2017 05/01/2017 05/01/2017 05/01/2017 05/01/2017 05/01/2017 05/01/2017 05/01/2017 05/01/2017 ID AB1 AB2 AB3 AB4 AB5 AB6 AB7 AB8 AB9 AB10 AB11 AB12 AB13 AB14 AB15 AB16 AB17 AB18 AB19 AB20 AB21 AB22 AB23 AB24 AB25 AB26 AB27 AB28 AB29 AB30 Locality name Koritu Koritu Chora jigidumida jigidumida jigidumida jigidumida jigidumida Alengo Tullu Alengo Tullu Alengo Tullu Alengo Tullu Alengo Tullu Alengo Tullu Alengo Tullu Alengo Tullu Tefki Tefki Nano kersa Nano kersa Nano kersa Nano kersa Nano kersa Nano kersa Nano kersa Nano kersa Nano kersa Nano kersa Nano kersa Nano kersa Gw elev (amsl) 2050.2 2052.5 2049.7 2052 2051.3 2052 2049.3 2053.1 2054.8 2056.5 2057 2055 2051.6 2053.4 2052.5 2052.3 2043 2047 2047.8 2056 2051.5 2056.5 2058.5 2053.3 2053 2064 2057.4 2059.1 2054 2054.7 UTM SWL( m) E N Elv (m) 432357 432334 432434 431957 431712 431599 431536 431153 430310 429320 429248 429242 429142 429423 429630 429768 446467 446257 446269 446163 446361 446447 446423 445770 445584 444319 444261 444173 444258 444311 977585 977574 978248 978288 978050 977831 977721 977152 977177 977231 977143 976959 976806 976516 976072 975985 978252 978115 980159 980312 980748 980846 981088 980981 981024 981353 981473 981654 981620 981671 2063 2065 2061 2064 2064 2065 2062 2066 2069 2072 2073 2071 2067 2070 2068 2068 2050 2055 2055 2064 2059 2065 2067 2061 2061 2074 2069 2071 2066 2067 12.8 12.5 11.3 12 12.7 13 12.7 12.9 14.2 15.5 16 16 15.4 16.6 15.5 15.7 7.2 7.5 8.5 8.5 7.7 10 11.6 11.9 12 12.3 Well depth (m) 23 32 22.8 28 26 27 29 30 31 30 20 32 28 30 24 23 11.5 8.5 9.5 8.5 10 10.5 9.5 11 12 14 14.5 15 13.5 Physical parameters PH T(o c) 7.7 7.8 7.52 7.56 7.54 7.6 7.5 7.6 7.3 7.3 7.5 7.1 7.2 7.6 7.3 7.5 7.8 7.6 7.7 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.3 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.7 7.4 25 25 25 21 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 EC μS 681 682 863 860 883 816 809 708 788 845 707 752 816 767 933 833 574 706 593 616 629 568 962 633 654 865 895 766 777 1036 87 MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia TDS Mg/l 407 409 518 515 531 490 485 426 476 507 428 449 491 459 556 498 343 425 356 370 378 341 578 380 393 518 538 459 444 622 Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area 06/01/2017 06/01/2017 AB31 AB32 Keta Asgori Keta Asgori 2077.5 2076.8 423850 423961 968718 968288 2098 2093 20.5 16.2 25 23 7.1 6.9 25 25 398 415 238 248 06/01/2017 06/01/2017 AB33 AB34 Jato Jato 2068 2082.4 424781 424863 967604 967598 2076 2094 11.6 10 13 6.9 6.7 25 25 553 509 333 305 06/01/2017 06/01/2017 AB35 AB36 Jato Jato 2076.3 2077 424946 425216 967729 967984 2088 2085 11.7 12.5 12 6.8 25 25 446 325 268 194 06/01/2017 06/01/2017 06/01/2017 AB37 AB38 AB39 Jato Jato Jato 2081 2077.8 2077.4 425317 428442 425681 967498 967554 967497 2094 2091 2093 13 13.2 15.6 14.5 15 20 6.8 7.1 25 25 25 342 323 337 205 195 202 06/01/2017 06/01/2017 06/01/2017 AB40 AB41 AB42 Jato Jato Keta Asgori 2084.5 2081 2071 425781 425813 425123 967558 967767 969144 2099 2096 2085 14.5 15 14 18 23 18 7.3 7.1 6.9 25 25 25 351 377 361 211 225 217 88 MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area 4.1.1: HDW secondary data in Becho area from Agricultural Transformation Agency (ATA ,2014) Date Locality name 9/4/2014 Golole Kiltu 9/4/2014 Tulu Kore 9/4/2014 Endode 9/4/2014 Hora 9/4/2014 Hide 9/4/2014 Kimoyo 9/4/2014 Arabsa 9/4/2014 Rare Sequ 10/4/2014 Kusaye 9/4/2014 Golin 11/4/2014 Gora Arkiso 11/4/2014 Awash Belo 11/4/2014 Awash Belo 11/4/2014 Awash Belo 12/4/2014 Atebela Gudisa 5/4/2014 Abebe 5/4/2014 Kamisa Sadafa 5/4/2014 Kamisa Sadafa 5/4/2014 Banja 5/4/2014 Godina 7/4/2014 Awash 7/4/2014 Arada Tokofa 7/4/2014 Arada Gudo 7/4/2014 Mendi Toffisa#1 9/4/2014 Mendi Toffisa#2 9/4/2014 Keta 9/4/2014 Wajitu 9/4/2014 Jiduka 9/4/2014 Jiduka 9/4/2014 Tefki 9/14/2014 Holota-Gole Lima Gw elev (amsl 2074 2180 2087 2087 2066 2104 2080 2073 2253 2209 2065 2051 2061 2060 2050.5 2123 2117 2117 2113 2119 2002 2096 2126 2263 2269 2077 2089 2069 2070.5 2057 2060.5 UTM SWL( m) E N Elv(m) 426663 984210 2079 431552 996120 2182 431266 992786 2095 430929 992786 2095 432924 984328 2070 426994 992931 2106 425009 986821 2084 422574 990009 2083 439484 996628 2259 438712 995145 2217 451274 979178 2069 435967 978086 2066 435605 978021 2067 446751 978534 2065 455617 971686 2053 434813 958627 2126 434931 958819 2122 434929 955825 2122 431318 959999 2126 428814 959981 2145 437226 967469 2022 433413 963354 2105 430503 960393 2140 408475 952876 2273 407460 953526 2278 424094 968971 2099 409122 975187 2103 418707 974898 2079 423375 973439 2089 441366 977899 2065 441901 981393 2066 8 4 10 15 2.5 5 13 26 20 14 10 22 14 10 18.5 5.5 Well depth (m) 18 10 12 10 10 22 10 10 25 10 18 14 28 22 10 15 50 36 24 15 12 19.5 10 Physical parameters PH T(o C) 6.9 6.9 23.5 24 26 21 23 22 26 23 22.5 21.5 24 25 26 27 23 22 23 24 23.5 24 22 26 25 23 22 21 23 24.5 26 23 7.3 21.5 7.18 7.53 7.5 7.1 7.3 6.9 7.45 7.4 6.8 6.7 6.8 7.2 6.9 6.8 7.2 6.7 6.8 7.2 7.3 6.9 7.2 7.6 7.4 7.5 6.9 7.4 7.5 7.4 EC( μS ) 319 676 356 501 405 622 240 708 565 257 309 720 949 320 190 396 300 204 459 354 307 186 575 140 944 908 1068 149 209 150 204 89 MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia TDS Mg/l 239 247 334 306 263 195 206 198 204 213 227 216 448 495 457 559 494 348 429 357 372 375 343 579 385 398 519 531 456 443 627 Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area 4.2: HDW Primary data in Koka area Date 29/12/2016 29/12/2016 29/12/2016 29/12/2016 29/12/2016 29/12/2016 29/12/2016 29/12/2016 29/12/2016 29/12/2016 29/12/2016 29/12/2016 29/12/2016 29/12/2016 29/12/2016 29/12/2016 29/12/2016 29/12/2016 29/12/2016 30/12/2016 30/12/2016 30/12/2016 30/12/2016 30/12/2016 30/12/2016 30/12/2016 30/12/2016 30/12/2016 30/12/2016 30/12/2016 ID Locality name AK1 AK2 AK3 AK4 AK5 AK6 AK7 AK8 AK9 AK10 AK11 AK12 AK13 AK14 AK15 AK16 AK17 AK18 AK19 AK20 AK21 AK22 AK23 AK24 AK25 AK26 AK27 AK28 AK29 AK30 Gorbta Gorbta Gorbta Gorbta Gorbta Gorbta Gorbta Gorbta Gorbta Gorbta Gorbta Gorbta Gorbta Gorbta Gorbta Gorbta Gorbta Gorbta shulki Bereket Bereket lafto lafto lafto lafto lafto lafto lafto lafto lafto Gw elev (amsl 1591 1591 1589.5 1591 1588 1585.25 1590.1 1590.3 1596.4 1591.8 1589.8 1588.5 1587 1586.6 1591.5 1590 1591 1592.5 1589 1511.3 1593.7 1592 1592.8 1600.5 1593 1594.7 1592.3 1596 1596.5 1592 UTM SWL( m) E N Elv( m) 501725 501416 501285 501211 501101 500978 500883 500827 500827 500699 500628 500596 500410 500417 500183 499690 499803 500978 501984 502627 502626 502542 502761 502604 502343 502398 502462 502105 501992 502097 931782 931857 931767 931807 931768 931761 931725 931672 931617 931596 931612 931478 931326 931253 931114 930768 930662 929324 930139 932763 933098 933881 934156 934067 934370 934405 934485 934540 934619 934722 1597 1595 1594 1595 1593 1589 1594 1594 1600 1595 1593 1592 1590 1590 1595 1595 1596 1595 1594 1519 1600 1599 1598 1606 1598 1602 1599 1601 1602 1598 4.5 3.75 3.9 3.7 3.6 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.5 5 2.5 7.7 6.3 5.2 5.5 7.3 6.7 5.5 Well Depth (m) 11 7.5 5.5 5.5 5.6 7.9 6.1 8.5 5.5 7.1 15.5 7.8 10.7 8.8 7.5 9.2 19 12 Physical parameters PH T(o C) EC (μS) TDS 8.04 7.73 8.01 8.4 8.02 7.7 7.82 8.13 7.61 7.61 7.9 7.97 8.4 8.1 7.7 8.01 8.02 7.96 8.02 7.83 7.8 7.62 7.71 7.81 8.24 8.08 7.9 25 31.4 35.6 25 25 25 31 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 26.5 25 23.1 23.3 25 25 25 25 25 25 1426 1496 2020 1554 1601 1468 1591 1556 1620 1563 2050 1576 2120 2240 2330 2800 2750 2200 1920 1539 1447 1754 1395 1660 2000 2700 2630 2100 2070 2000 854 812 1206 947 957 884 958 930 1046 878 1025 947 1301 1323 1394 1661 1663 1312 1156 920 870 1053 837 997 1203 1600 1580 1590 1244 1222 90 MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area 30/12/2016 AK31 lafto 1594 502008 934804 1600 7.8 25 2010 1314 30/12/2016 AK32 lafto 1599.8 501817 935014 1606 6.20 16 7.72 25 1249 746 30/12/2016 AK33 lafto 1591 501651 935266 1598 14 8.04 25 1728 1037 30/12/2016 AK34 lafto 1597.5 501753 935316 1605 7.5 10.5 8.13 25 1807 1086 30/12/2016 AK35 lafto 1595 501932 935187 1603 11 8.14 25 2400 1448 30/12/2016 AK36 lafto 1596 502927 934350 1603 16 7.56 23.4 1297 783 31/12/2016 AK37 Haruma 1588.5 506752 933787 1595 6.5 7.82 25 1648 989 31/12/2016 AK38 Haruma 1592 506663 933554 1595 9.5 7.94 23 1372 823 31/12/2016 AK39 Haruma 1591.5 506574 933385 1594 2.5 10 7.62 22.9 1719 1030 31/12/2016 AK40 Haruma 1588 506768 933359 1591 10.5 7.52 25 1239 744 31/12/2016 AK41 Haruma 1590 507116 933302 1592 8.5 7.80 25 4080 2460 31/12/2016 AK42 Haruma 1594 507071 933162 1596 3.5 7.81 18.4 937 560 31/12/2016 AK43 Haruma 1589 506974 933014 1591 8.30 22.9 1405 847 31/12/2016 AK44 Haruma 1589.1 507024 937821 1591 1.9 7.5 8.72 25 878 527 31/12/2016 AK45 Haruma 1587.7 506912 932702 1590 2.3 7.97 25 1780 1070 31/12/2016 AK46 Haruma 1585 506811 932832 1587 8.24 25 1050 620 31/12/2016 AK47 Haruma 1589.5 506699 933082 1592 2.5 8.49 25 1259 757 31/12/2016 AK48 Haruma 1591.5 500563 933165 1594 2.5 8.5 7.65 25 1258 754 31/12/2016 AK49 Haruma 1590 506401 933419 1594 7.42 25 1020 615 31/12/2016 AK50 Haruma 1587 506395 933364 1590 7.71 25 1082 648 31/12/2016 AK51 kelna 1585 506523 932958 1587 11 8.2 25 1471 883 31/12/2016 AK52 kelna 1591.5 506725 932427 1594 2.5 7.8 25 1657 938 31/12/2016 AK53 kelna 1590 504982 932479 1595 8.04 27 1873 1115 01/01/2017 AK54 koka 1496 503523 932760 1524 28 30 8.76 32 1693 1026 91 MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area 4.2.1: HDW secondary data in Koka area from Water Works Design and Supervisio n Enterprise (WWDSE,2008) Date 14/2/2008 9/2/2008 9/2/2008 9/2/2008 9/2/2008 9/2/2008 9/2/2008 9/2/2008 10/2/2008 9/2/2008 11/2/2008 11/2/2008 11/2/2008 11/2/2008 12/2/2008 Woreda Adaa Adaa Adaa Adaa Adaa Adaa Adaa Adaa Adaa Adaa Adaa Adaa Adaa Adaa Adaa Gw elev (amsl 1609 1635 1704 1940 1812 1773 1662 1816 1823 1819 1835 1878 1877 1872 1844 UTM SWL(m) E N Elv(m) 504000 504000 504000 504000 507000 510000 500000 510000 510000 509000 509000 503000 500000 502000 502000 935000 943000 947000 951000 953000 953000 888000 956000 958000 959000 961000 959000 960000 961000 964000 1627 1692 1732 1961 1835 1808 1687 1839 1847 1844 1845 1890 1911 1898 1873 18 57 28 21 23 35 25 23 24 25 10 12 34 26 29 Well depth (m) 18 58 28 21 23 36 26 23 25 26 11 16 34 26 30 Physical parameters PH T(o C) 8.01 8.02 7.96 8.02 7.83 7.8 7.62 7.71 7.81 8.24 8.08 8.13 8.14 7.56 7.82 23.4 25 23 22.9 25 25 18.4 22.9 25 31.4 35.6 25 25 25 31 EC( μS ) 878 1780 1050 1259 1258 1020 1082 1471 1657 1873 1693 1426 1496 2020 1554 TDS Mg/l 1086 1448 783 989 823 1030 744 965 560 847 947 957 884 958 930 92 MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area Appendix 5: The standardized data sheet format and calculations of Guelph permeameter Study Area Section 1: site information Date ID GPS Reading: E , N , Elevation(m) Site location _ Investigator _ Dominant soil type(s) _ Soil profile description (horizon depth Texture, structure, color,etc.) Site map Depth (cm) Description Comments and notes (topography, slope, vegetation, etc.): 93 MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area Date _, Investigator _ Section 2: standardized procedure for permeameter readings and calculations Reservoir constants:(see label on permeameter) Combined reservoirs X 35.22 Inner reservoir Y 2.15 Depth of well hole _ cm2 cm2 Check reservoir used Note: In standardized procedure, the radius of the well hole is always 3.0cm 2nd set of readings with height of water in well (H 2) set at 10 cm 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 rate of water level change R2 (cm/mn) Water level change(cm) Water level in reservoir (cm) Time interval(mn) Time (mn) Reading Number rate of water level change R1 (cm/mn) Water level change(cm) Water level in reservoir (cm) Time interval(mn) Time(mn) Reading Number 1st set of readings with height of water in well (H1 ) set at cm 24 94 MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area 95 MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area Appendix 6: In situ soil field, saturated hydraulic conductivity test results of MB4 and MK7 Study Area :Becho Section 1: site information Date28/02/2017 ID:MB4 GPS Reading : E,432355 ,N,977702,Elevation(m) 2063 Site location locality/kebele/village :Koritu Investigator:Alemu Mesele Dominant soil type(s): clay loam Soil profile description (horizon depth Texture, structure, color,etc.) Site map Depth (cm) Description Brown to gray Moist soil Fine grain soil 14 cm Brown to Gray soil Medium to fine grained Slightly dry soil 14 cm Comments and notes (topography, slope, vegetation, etc.): Extremely flat area For irrigation purpose 96 MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area Date 28/02/2017, Investigator:Alemu Mesele Section 2: standardized procedure for permeameter readings and calculations Reservoir constants:(see label on permeameter) Combined Reservoirs X Inner Reservoir Y Depth of well hole 28 cm ✓ cm2 cm2 35.22 2.15 Check reservoir used Note: In standardized procedure, the radius of the well hole is always 3.0cm 2nd set of reading with height of water in well (H 2) set at 10 cm 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.0067 0.0067 0.0067 0.0067 0.01 0.0067 0.0067 0.0033 0.0067 0.0067 0.0067 0.0033 0.0033 0.0067 0.0033 0.0033 0.0033 0.0033 0.0067 0.0033 0.0033 0.00067 0.0033 0.0033 0.0033 0.0033 0.0033 0.0033 0.0033 0.0033 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600 620 640 660 680 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 16 16.5 17 17.5 17.9 18 18.4 18.6 19 19.4 19.8 20.4 20.8 21.3 21.6 22 22.5 22.8 23.2 23.7 24.2 24.6 25 25.5 25.7 26.2 26.7 27 27.5 27.9 28.2 28.5 28.8 29.1 29.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 rate of water level change R2 (cm/sec) Water level in reservoir (cm) Water level change(cm) Time interval( sec) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Time ( sec) 6.1 6.5 6.9 7.3 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.5 8.8 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.7 9.9 10 10.1 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.9 11 11.1 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9 12 12.1 Reading Number 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 rate of water level change R1 (cm/sec) Water level change(cm) 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 4120 450 480 510 540 570 600 630 660 690 720 750 780 810 840 870 900 930 960 990 1020 Water level in reservoir (cm) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Time interval( sec) Reading Number Time( sec) 1st set of readings with height of water in well (H1 ) set at cm 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.02 0.005 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.025 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.025 0.02 0.02 0.025 0.01 0.015 0.025 0.015 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.015 97 MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area calculations R the steady state of flow, is achieved when R is the same in the three consecutive time intervals For the first set of readings R1 = ( )/60 = 0.013 cm/se For the 2nd set of readings R2 = ( -)/60 = 0.025cm/se Kfs = ((0.0041) (35.22) Field (0.025)) Reservoir saturated R2 - ((0.0054) (35.22) (0.013)) reservoir constant = 0.00114 cm/se R1 Constant hydraulic conductivity om ((0.0572) (35.22) matrix reservoir (0.013) ) R1 = flux – ((0.0237) (35.22) (35.22) = 0.00532 cm2 /se reservoir R2 steady state constant constant rate of flow potential Alpha parameter = ( 0.00114) / (0.00532) = 0.21 cm-1 om Kfs Delta Theta = field saturated water content of soil in cm/cm - Ambient water content of soil in cm/cm = 0.002 cm3/cm3 = ( 0.015) - (0.013 ) = 0.002cm3/cm3 S = square root of 2(0.002) (0.00532) sorptivity Delta T heta Estimated = 0.0046 cm sec-1/2 matrix flux potential 98 MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area Study Area :Koka Section 1: site information Date:25/02/2017 ID :MK7 GPS Reading :E, 506513,N,933168 ,Elevation(m) :1596 Site location locality/kebele/village :Engugi Bekele Investigator: Alemu Mesele Dominant soil type(s):clay loam soil Soil profile description (horizon depth Texture, structure, color,etc.) Site map Depth (cm) Description Gray to black soil Dry soil Medium to fine grained soil 10 cm Moist soil edium to fine grained soil Gray to black soil 16 cm Comments and notes (topography, slope, vegetation, etc.): Flat Area For Irrigation purpose 99 MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area Date 25/02/2017, Investigator : Alemu Mesele Section 2: standardized procedure for permeameter readings and calculations Reservoir constants:(see label on permeameter) Combined Reservoirs X Inner Reservoir Y 35.22 2.15 Dep th of well hole:26 cm ✓ cm2 cm2 Check reservoir used Note: In standardized procedure, the radius of the well hole is always 3.0cm 2nd set of reading with height of water in well (H 2) set at 10 cm 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 -5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 13 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.6 13.9 14 14.1 14.3 14.6 14.9 15 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.9 16 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.5 16.9 17 17.1 17.2 17.5 17.6 17.9 18.2 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.02 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 22 22.1 22.3 22.5 22.7 22.9 23 23.1 23.2 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.9 24 24.1 24.2 24.5 24.6 24.8 25 25.1 25.2 25.4 25.5 25.8 26 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.5 26.7 26.9 27 27.1 27.4 27.6 27.8 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 rate of water level change R2 (cm/sec) Water level in reservoir (cm) Water level change(cm) Time interval( sec) Time ( sec) Reading Number rate of water level change R1 (cm/sec) Water level change(cm) Water level in reservoir (cm) Time interval( sec) Reading Number Time( sec) 1st set of readings with height of water in well (H1 ) set at cm -0.02 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.04 100 MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area calculations R the steady state of flow, is achieved when R is the same in the three consecutive time intervals For the first set of readings R1 = ( -)/60 = 0.02 cm/se For the 2nd set of readings R2 = ( )/60 = 0.04 cm/se Kfs = ((0.0041) Field (35.22) (0.04)) Reservoir saturated - ((0.0054) (35.22) (0.02)) = 0.00197cm/se reservoir constant R1 R2 Constant hydraulic conductivity om = matrix ((0.0572) (35.22) (0.02) ) reservoir R1 flux – ((0.0237) (35.22) (0.04) = 0.006903cm2 /se reservoir R2 steady state constant constant rate of flow potential Alpha parameter = (0.00197) / (0.006903) = 0.29 cm-1 om Kfs Delta Theta = field saturated water content of soil in cm/cm - Ambient water content of soil in cm/cm = 0.02 cm3/cm3 = (0.04) - (0.02 ) = 0.02 cm3/cm3 Estimated S = square root of 2(0.02) (_0.006903) = 0.016 cm sec-1/2 sorptivity Delta T heta matrix flux potential 101 MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia ... entitled: Groundwater dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science... their study MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area the different aquifers in the area at different... respectively MSc Thesis Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Groundwater Dynamics and aquifer characterization of the shallow aquifers of Becho and Koka area 1.7 Significance of the study The study may