International business 5th griffin chapter 10

international cooperation among nations international business, 5th edition chapter 10 Chapter Objectives • Explain the importance of the GATT and the WTO to international business • Contrast the different forms of economic integration among cooperating countries • Analyze the opportunities for international businesses created by completion of the EU’s internal market • Describe the other major trading blocs in today’s world economy 10-2 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade • Developed as part of the Havana, Cuba, conference in 1947 • Provided forum for trade ministers to discuss barriers to international trade 10-3 The Role of the GATT The GATT’s goal was to promote a free and competitive international trading environment benefiting efficient producers by sponsoring multilateral negotiations to reduce tariffs, quotas, and other nontariff barriers 10-4 Table 10.1 GATT Negotiating Rounds 10-5 Most Favored Nation (MFN) Principle The most favored nation principle requires that any preferential treatment granted to one country must be extended to all countries 10-6 Exceptions to the MFN Principle • Members permitted to lower tariffs to developing countries without lowering them for more developed countries • Regional arrangements promote economic integration (e.g., EU and NAFTA) 10-7 Goals of the World Trade Organization (WTO) • Promote trade flows by encouraging nations to adopt nondiscriminatory, predictable trade policies • Reduce remaining trade barriers through multilateral negotiations • Establish impartial procedures for resolving trade disputes among members 10-8 Differences between WTO and GATT • GATT focused on promoting trade in goods; WTO’s mandate includes – trade in goods – trade in services – international intellectual property protection – trade-related investment • WTO’s enforcement powers are stronger 10-9 Figure 10.1 The WTO’s Principles of the Trading System 10-10 Forms of Economic Integration Free Trade Area Customs Union Common Market Economic Union Political Union 10-14 Figure 10.2 Forms of Economic Integration 10-15 European Union (EU) • Most important regional trading bloc • 25 member countries • 455.3 million population • Combined GDP of $12.7 trillion 10-16 Map 10.1 The European Union 10-17 Governing Organizations of the EU • The Council of the European Union • The European Commission • The European Parliament • The European Court of Justice 10-18 The first meeting of the European Commission after the enlargement of the EU to 25 members 10-19 Figure 10.3 The Co-Decision Procedure 10-20 Three Pillars of the Maastricht Treaty • A new agreement to create common foreign and defense policies among members • A new agreement to cooperate on police, judicial, and public safety matters • The old familiar European Community, with new provisions to create an economic and monetary union among member states 10-21 Components of the Treaty for Europe (Treaty of Amsterdam) • A strong commitment to attack the EU’s chronic high levels of unemployment • A plan to strengthen the role of the European Parliament by expanding the number of areas that require use of the co-decision procedure • Establishment of a two-track system 10-22 Treaty of Nice • Sought to reduce the risk of political gridlock as the number of members increase – reduced number of areas where unanimity is required for Council approval – adjusted number of votes assigned to each Council member 10-23 Major Regional Trade Associations 10-24 • AFTA • ECOWAS • ANCOM • EU • APEC • EFTA • CACM • GCC • CARICOM • MERCOSUR • CEMAC • NAFTA • CER • SADC Map 10.2 Free Trade Agreements in Central and South America and the Caribbean 10-25 Map 10.3 The ASEAN Members 10-26 Map 10.4 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Initiative (APEC) 10-27 Map 10.5 Free Trade Agreements in Africa 10-28 ... America and the Caribbean 10- 25 Map 10. 3 The ASEAN Members 10- 26 Map 10. 4 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Initiative (APEC) 10- 27 Map 10. 5 Free Trade Agreements in Africa 10- 28 ... European Court of Justice 10- 18 The first meeting of the European Commission after the enlargement of the EU to 25 members 10- 19 Figure 10. 3 The Co-Decision Procedure 10- 20 Three Pillars of the... trade-related investment • WTO’s enforcement powers are stronger 10- 9 Figure 10. 1 The WTO’s Principles of the Trading System 10- 10 WTO Challenges • The Cairns Group • Multifibre Agreement • General