California science grade 5 (13)

California Science Content Standards 466 Science Handbook Units of Measurement 468 Measure Time 470 Measure Length .4 Measure Mass 472 Measure Volume 473 Measure Weight/Force 474 Measure Temperature 475 Use a Hand Lens 476 Use a Microscope 477 Use Calculators 478 Use Computers 480 Make Graphs 482 Make Tables 484 Make Charts 485 Make Maps 486 487 Glossary Index .511 ▶ A magnifying glass, or hand lens, makes the small details of this azalea flower easier to observe 465 Plate Tectonics and Earth’s Structure Plate tectonics accounts for important features of Earth’s surface and major geologic events As a basis for understanding this concept: a Students know evidence of plate tectonics is derived from the fit of the continents; the location of earthquakes, volcanoes, and midocean ridges; and the distribution of fossils, rock types, and ancient climatic zones b Students know Earth is composed of several layers: a cold, brittle lithosphere; a hot, convecting mantle; and a dense, metallic core c Students know lithospheric plates the size of continents and oceans move at rates of centimeters per year in response to movements in the mantle d Students know that earthquakes are sudden motions along breaks in the crust called faults and that volcanoes and fissures are locations where magma reaches the surface e Students know major geologic events, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain building, result from plate motions f Students know how to explain major features of California geology (including mountains, faults, volcanoes) in terms of plate tectonics g Students know how to determine the epicenter of an earthquake and know that the effects of an earthquake on any region vary, depending on the size of the earthquake, the distance of the region from the epicenter, the local geology, and the type of construction in the region Shaping Earth’s Surface Topography is reshaped by the weathering of rock and soil and by the transportation and deposition of sediment As a basis for understanding this concept: a Students know water running downhill is the dominant process in shaping the landscape, including California’s landscape b Students know rivers and streams are dynamic systems that erode, transport 466 sediment, change course, and flood their banks in natural and recurring patterns c Students know beaches are dynamic systems in which the sand is supplied by rivers and moved along the coast by the action of waves d Students know earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and floods change human and wildlife habitats Heat (Thermal Energy) Heat moves in a predictable flow from warmer objects to cooler objects until all the objects are at the same temperature As a basis for understanding this concept: a Students know energy can be carried from one place to another by heat flow or by waves, including water, light and sound waves, or by moving objects b Students know that when fuel is consumed, most of the energy released becomes heat energy c Students know heat flows in solids by conduction (which involves no flow of matter) and in fluids by conduction and by convection (which involves flow of matter) d Students know heat energy is also transferred between objects by radiation (radiation can travel through space) Energy in the Earth System Many phenomena on Earth’s surface are affected by the transfer of energy through radiation and convection currents As a basis for understanding this concept: a Students know the sun is the major source of energy for phenomena on Earth’s surface; it powers winds, ocean currents, and the water cycle b Students know solar energy reaches Earth through radiation, mostly in the form of visible light converting these sources to useful forms and the consequences of the conversion process c Students know heat from Earth’s interior reaches the surface primarily through convection b Students know different natural energy and material resources, including air, soil, rocks, minerals, petroleum, fresh water, wildlife, and forests, and know how to classify them as renewable or nonrenewable d Students know convection currents distribute heat in the atmosphere and oceans e Students know differences in pressure, heat, air movement, and humidity result in changes of weather c Students know the natural origin of the materials used to make common objects Ecology (Life Sciences) Organisms in ecosystems exchange energy and nutrients among themselves and with the environment As a basis for understanding this concept: a Students know energy entering ecosystems as sunlight is transferred by producers into chemical energy through photosynthesis and then from organism to organism through food webs b Students know matter is transferred over time from one organism to others in the food web and between organisms and the physical environment c Students know populations of organisms can be categorized by the functions they serve in an ecosystem d Students know different kinds of organisms may play similar ecological roles in similar biomes e Students know the number and types of organisms an ecosystem can support depends on the resources available and on abiotic factors, such as quantities of light and water, a range of temperatures, and soil composition Resources Sources of energy and materials differ in amounts, distribution, usefulness, and the time required for their formation As a basis for understanding this concept: a Students know the utility of energy sources is determined by factors that are involved in Investigation and Experimentation Scientific progress is made by asking meaningful questions and conducting careful investigations As a basis for understanding this concept and addressing the content in the other three strands, students should develop their own questions and perform investigations Students will: a Develop a hypothesis b Select and use appropriate tools and technology (including calculators, computers, balances, spring scales, microscopes, and binoculars) to perform tests, collect data, and display data c Construct appropriate graphs from data and develop qualitative statements about the relationships between variables d Communicate the steps and results from an investigation in written reports and oral presentations e Recognize whether evidence is consistent with a proposed explanation f Read a topographic map and a geologic map for evidence provided on the maps and construct and interpret a simple scale map g Interpret events by sequence and time from natural phenomena (e.g., the relative ages of rocks and intrusions) h Identify changes in natural phenomena over time without manipulating the phenomena (e.g., a tree limb, a grove of trees, a stream, a hillslope) 467 Units of Measurement Temperature Weight and Mass ▶ The temperature is 77 degrees Fahrenheit That is the same as 25 degrees Celsius ▶ This baseball bat weighs 32 ounces 32 ounces is the same as pounds The mass of the bat is 907 grams ▶ Water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit Length and Area ▶ Water freezes at degrees Celsius 468 ▶ A classroom is 10 meters wide and 20 meters long That means the area is 200 square meters Science Handbook Volume of Fluids Weight/Force ▶ This bottle of juice has a volume of liter That is a little more than quart ▶ A student weighs 85 pounds That is a force of 380.8 newtons Table of Measurements International System of Units (SI) English System of Units Temperature Water freezes at 0° C (degrees Celsius) and boils at 100°C Temperature Water freezes at 32°F (degrees Fahrenheit) and boils at 212°F Length and Distance 1,000 meters (m) = kilometer (km) 100 centimeters (cm) = meter (m) 10 millimeters (mm) = centimeter (cm) Length and Distance 5,280 feet (ft) = mile (mi) feet (ft) = yard (yd) 12 inches (in.) = foot (ft) Volume 1,000 milliliters (mL) = liter (L) cubic centimeter (cm3) = milliliter (mL) Volume of Fluids quarts (qt) = gallon (gal) pints (pt) = quart (qt) cups (c) = pint (pt) fluid ounces (oz) = cup (c) Mass 1,000 grams (g) = kilogram (kg) Weight 2,000 pounds (lb) = ton (T) 16 ounces (oz) = pound (lb) 469 Measure Time You use timing devices to measure how long something takes to happen Some timing devices you use in science are a clock with a second hand and a stopwatch Which one is more accurate? Comparing a Clock and Stopwatch minutes 25 seconds Look at a clock with a second hand The second hand is the hand that you can see moving It measures seconds 75 hundredths of a seconds Get an egg timer with falling sand or some device like a wind-up toy that runs down after a certain length of time When the second hand of the clock points to 12, tell your partner to start the egg timer Watch the clock while the sand in the egg timer is falling When the sand stops falling, count how many seconds it took Record this measurement Repeat the activity, and compare the two measurements Switch roles with your partner Look at a stopwatch Click the button on the top right This starts the time Click the button again This stops the time Click the button on the top left This sets the stopwatch back to zero Notice that the stopwatch tells time in minutes, seconds, and hundredths of a second Repeat the activity in steps 2–4, using the stopwatch instead of a clock Make sure the stopwatch is set to zero Click the top right button to start timing the reading Click it again when the sand stops falling 470 More About Time Use the stopwatch to time how long it takes an ice cube to melt under cold running water How long does an ice cube take to melt under warm running water? Match each of these times with the action you think took that amount of time a 00:14:55 Taking a shower b 44:39:45 Saying the Pledge of Allegiance c 10:23:00 Recess Science Handbook Measure Length Find Length with a Ruler Look at the ruler below Each centimeter is divided into 10 millimeters How long is the paper clip? centimeter = 10 millimeters Continue to move the meterstick and make chalk marks until the meterstick meets or overlaps the right edge of the board Record the length of the chalkboard in centimeters by adding all the measurements you’ve made Remember, a meterstick has 100 centimeters Estimating Length Try estimating the length of objects in the room Then measure the length, and compare the estimation with the measurement The length of the paper clip is centimeters plus millimeters You can write this length as 3.2 centimeters Place a ruler on your desk Lay a pencil against the ruler so that one end of the pencil lines up with the left edge of the ruler Record the length of the pencil Line up the meterstick with the left edge of the chalkboard Make a chalk mark on the board at the right end of the meterstick Move the meterstick so that the left edge lines up with the chalk mark Keep the stick level Make another mark on the board at the right end of the meterstick Area is the amount of surface something covers To find the area of a rectangle, multiply the rectangle’s length by its width For example, the rectangle here is centimeters long and centimeters wide Its area is cm x cm = square centimeters You write the area as cm2 cm Find Length with a Meterstick Measuring Area cm To find the area of a parallelogram you multiply the base times the height Two triangles can fit together to form a parallelogram You can use the formula for finding the area of a parallelogram to find the area of a triangle You multiply the base of the triangle times the height of the triangle and then multiply it by 1/2 471 Measure Mass Mass is the amount of matter an object has You use a balance to measure mass To find the mass of an object, you balance it by using objects with masses you know Let’s find the mass of a box of crayons Measure the Mass of a Box of Crayons Place the balance on a flat, level surface Check that the two pans are empty and clean Make sure the empty pans are balanced with each other The pointer should point to the middle mark If it does not, move the slider a little to the right or left to balance the pans Gently place a box of crayons on the left pan This pan will drop lower More About Mass The mass of your crayons was probably less than 100 g You may not have enough masses to balance a pineapple It has a mass of about 1,000 g That’s the same as kg, because kilo means “1,000.” Estimating Mass Once you become familiar with the mass of objects, you can try estimating the masses of objects Then you can compare the estimation with the actual mass Add masses to the right pan until the pans are balanced Add the numbers on the masses that are in the right pan The total is the mass of the box of crayons in grams Record this number After the number write a g for “grams.” How many kilograms all these masses add up to? Estimate which of these objects has a mass greater than kilogram Then use the balance to check your estimate ▶ Your science textbook ▶ A box of tissues 472 Science Handbook Measure Volume Volume is the amount of space something takes up In science you usually measure the volume of liquids by using beakers and graduated cylinders These containers are marked in milliliters (mL) Measure the Volume of a Liquid Look at the beaker and at the graduated cylinder The beaker has marks for each 25 mL up to 300 mL The graduated cylinder has marks for each mL up to 100 mL The surface of the water in the graduated cylinder curves up at the sides You measure the volume by reading the height of the water at the flat part What is the volume of water in the graduated cylinder? How much water is in the beaker? They both contain 75 mL of water Pour 50 mL of water from a pitcher into a beaker Find the Volume of a Solid Start with 50 mL of water in a graduated cylinder Place a small rock in the water The water level rises Measure the new water level Subtract 50 mL from the new reading The difference is the volume of the rock Record the volume in cm3 Estimating Volume Once you become familiar with the volumes of liquids and solids, you can estimate volumes Estimate the amount of liquid in a glass or can Estimate the volume of an eraser Now pour the 50 mL of water into a graduated cylinder 473 Measure Weight/Force You use a spring scale to measure weight An object has weight because the force of gravity pulls down on the object Therefore, weight is a force Weight is measured in newtons (N) like all forces Measure the Weight of an Object Look at a spring scale like the one the students are holding See how many newtons it measures See how the measurements are divided The spring scale shown here measures up to N It has a mark for every 0.1 N Hold the spring scale by the top loop Put the object to be measured on the bottom hook If the object will not stay on the hook, place it in a net bag Then hang the bag from the hook Let go of the object slowly It will pull down on a spring inside the scale The spring is connected to a pointer The pointer on the spring scale shown here is a small bar Wait for the pointer to stop moving Read the number of newtons next to the pointer This is the object’s weight The mug in the picture weighs N More About Spring Scales You probably weigh yourself by standing on a bathroom scale This is a spring scale too The force of your body stretches a spring inside the scale The dial on the scale is probably marked in pounds—the English unit of weight One pound is equal to about 4.5 newtons ◀ A bathroom scale, a grocery scale, and a kitchen scale are some spring scales you may have seen 474 Index Caribbean Sea — Continents heating-and-air-conditioning technician, 262 physics teacher, 262 tree-core technician, 156 wildlife biologist, 156 Caribbean Sea, sand on beaches in, 384 Caribou, 113 Carnivores, 72, 108 polar, 114 Cars energy conversions in engines of, 419 fuel efficiency of, 421 hybrid, 197 pollution from, 422 solar-powered, 418 Cascade Range, 318, 329 Cashmere, 450 Catalina Island, California, 135 Cell(s) guard, 46 of microscopic organisms, 58 nucleus of, 58 plant, 31 water in, 30 Central Valley, 328 Challenger Deep, 275 Chang Heng, 462 Chaparrals, 136–137 Charts, 38 Chemical reactions, 190 Chemical weathering, 359 Chemosynthesis, 122 Chlorophyll, 43, 47 Chloroplasts, 43, 46 Cilia, 60 Ciliates, 60, 61 Cinder cone volcanoes, 314–315 Climate(s), 236 as abiotic factor, 27 altitude and, 345 definition of, 102–103, 344 global variations in, 344–345 Mediterranean, 134–135 solar radiation and, 103, 231, 234–235 in tropical rain forests, 104 weather vs., 344 Clothing, textiles for, 450, 451* Clouds, 83, 348 air pressure and, 347 formation of, 233 Coal, 189, 417, 419, 422 as evidence of continental drift, 272 Coastal deserts, 107 Coastline, sea breezes along, 247 Coast Ranges, 329 Cochlea, 179 Coelacanth, 292 Cold deserts, 107 Coleus plant, 43 Collared lizard, 107 Collection, 83 Colorado Desert, 138, 139 Colorado River, 31 Colors of sand on beaches, 384, 386 Communication skills, 426–427 Communities, 35 Comparison skills, 38–39 Composite volcanoes, 315 Composting, 88 Compound leaves, 46 Compound light microscopes, 56, 57 Compression waves, 180 Computer modeling of earthquakes, 333 Conclusions, drawing, 278–279 Concrete, 452 Condensation, 83, 232, 348 Condor, California, 73, 145 Conduction, 200–201, 203, 206–207* Conductivity, thermal, 204 Conductors, 170 Cones, 140 Conifers, 140 Conservation, 438 See also Recycling of soil, 32 of water, 124 Conservation biologists, 128 Construction materials, 447 Consumers, 69, 71 in California ecosystems, 144–145 definition of, 69 in energy pyramid, 76 in land food webs, 72 microscopic, 56, 58, 60–61, 62 primary, 71, 72 secondary, 71, 72 tertiary, 71, 72 Continental crust, 286 Continental drift, 270–273 See also Plate tectonics evidence for, 272–273 from fossils, 272–273 from ocean floor, 275 from rocks, 272 from seafloor spreading, 274–275 Continents, movement of, 269* 513 Contour lines — Divergent boundaries Contour lines, 294 Convection, 202–203, 206–207* Convection currents, 203, 240–251, 254–255*, 288 definition of, 243 El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 248–249 in oceans, 246–248 underground, 250 in water, 207* wind and, 244–245, 248 at work, 243 Convective flow, 288 in mantle, 289 Convergent boundaries, 291, 318 Cooper’s hawk, 79 Copper, uses of, 447 Core of Earth, 250, 284, 285 Coriolis effect, 244, 247, 350–351 Cost-effectiveness, 420 Crab, galatheid, 52 “Cracked Plates,” by Nicola Jones, 267 Craters, volcanic, 311 Creosote bush, 107, 139 Crickets, 144 Criswell, David, 413 Crust of Earth, 250, 284, 285 formation of, 291 types of, 286 Current(s) See also Convection currents ocean, 103, 246–248 deepwater, 247 sand deposited by, 384 sea breezes, 247, 351 shorelines and, 383 surface, 246–247 solar radiation and, 231 winds and, 235 Cuticle, 46 Cyanobacteria, 58 Cycle(s) defined, 83 for life, 80–91 carbon cycle, 84–85, 90–91* nitrogen cycle, 86–87, 90–91* plants and, 88 water cycle, 82–83, 90–91*, 231, 232–233, 436 Cyclones, 352 Cynognathus, 272, 273 514 Dams consequences of, 423 definition of, 423 flooding caused by breaking, 396 for hydroelectric power, 436, 437 natural, 399 Data analysis, 354–355 David, Leonard, “Plug In to the Moon” by, 413 Death, carbon cycle and, 84 Death Valley, 138, 324, 330, 360 Decay, carbon cycle and, 84 Deciduous forests, 101*, 110–111, 140 animals in, 111 Decomposers, 56, 69, 71, 110 definition of, 69 microscopic, 62 nitrogen cycle and, 87 plant recycling and, 88 Deepwater currents, 247 Deer, 111, 142 Deltas, 373, 376 Density buoyancy and, 202 definition of, 284 measuring, 285* ocean currents and, 246 Deposition, 360, 361, 364 by flowing water, 371, 373, 376 at mouth of river, 376 in watershed, 374 Deserts, 29, 31, 100, 101, 103, 106–107 arroyos in, 375 in California, 138–139, 144 coastal deserts and cold deserts, 107 hot and dry deserts, 106 semideserts, 107 Desert pupfish, 378 Desert tortoise, 138–139 Deuterium, 434 Devastated Area, 393 Dew point, 348 Diamonds, 284–85 Diatoms, 59 Di Bonaventura, Maria Pia, 64–65 Dinoflagellates, 59 Disasters, natural See Natural disasters Distance, energy and, 223* Divergent boundaries, 290–291 Index DNA of fungi — Energy DNA of fungi, 65 Doors, natural resources used in, 453 Dormancy, 29 Dormant volcanoes, 317 Dry-steam fields, 441 Dunes, sand, 361 Eagles, 78, 79 Ear, 179 Ear canal, 179 Eardrum, 179 Earth See also Plate tectonics structure of, 250, 280–287 core, 250, 284, 285 crust, 250, 284, 285, 286, 291 mantle, 250, 284, 285, 287, 289 model of, 281* pressure and temperature of, 285 scientific study of, 282–283 seismic waves and, 283 subdivisions of, 286–287 surface of glaciers and, 364 natural disasters affecting, 390–403, 391*, 399* reshaping of, 360–361 Earthquakes, 276, 296–305, 297*, 392, 398–399, 462–463 building structures to withstand, 400, 401 in California, 298, 299, 304, 398 epicenter of, 300, 301 fault zones and, 299 focus of, 300, 301 habitats and, 392, 393, 398–399 locations of, 298–299 measurement of, 302–303, 462–463 intensity, 303 magnitude, 302 myths and stories about, 462 predicting, 332–333, 400–401 preparing for, 304 safety measures, 301*, 304 scientific study of, 300–301 tectonic plates and, 276 tsunamis caused by, 394–395 Ecologists, 34 Ecology, 34 Economy, dependence on fossil fuels, 432 Ecosystems, 24–37 See also Water ecosystems abiotic factors in, 27, 28–33 soil, 32–33 sunlight, 28 temperature, 28–29 water, 30–31 wildfires, 137 biotic factors (living things) in, 25*, 26, 27, 34–35 communities, 35 populations, 34–35 roles of, 36 in California, 132–147, 133* chaparrals, 136–137 consumers in, 144–145 deserts, 138–139, 144 forests, 140–141 Mediterranean climate and, 134–135 nonnative plants and animals in, 146 producers in, 142–143 definition of, 26–27 energy in, 42 lake, 62 microscopic organisms in, 62 Eddies, 352 Efficiency, 421 of hydroelectric power plants, 423 Electricity, 413, 440 See also Energy sources Electromagnetic radiation, 218–225 harmful, 224 ionizing, 222, 223 non-ionizing, 222 from Sun to Earth, 220, 221 useful, 222–223 Electromagnetic spectrum, 182, 216–219 Electromagnetic waves, 182, 218 Electron microscopes, 57 Elements, recycling of, 69 Elephant seal, 34 Elevations, high vs low, 307 El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 248–249 Emergent layer, 104 Emission of radiant energy, 220–221 Emperor Seamounts, 267 Endangered species, 107* in California, 145 Energy, 85 See also Energy sources; Fuel(s) burning fuel for, 191 definition of, 164 distance and, 223* to work, 192–193 in ecosystems, 42 515 Energy conversion — Flowing water of flowing water, 370 in food, 187* food chains to trace paths of, 70, 71, 76 importance of, 416 insulation and use of, 443 kinetic, 165, 166, 176, 194 light, 191 microwave, 222, 413 motion and, 164 potential, 165, 194 radiant, 220–221 thermal, 167, 206* See also Heat waves and, 176 Energy conversion, 418–419 Energy efficiency, 421 of different types of light bulbs, 429* Energy pyramids, 76 Energy sources, 414–425, 434–435 See also Fossil fuels alternative, 417, 420 consequences of using, 422–423 cost-effectiveness of, 420 definition of, 416 efficiency of, 421 geothermal, 417, 420, 440–441 Lunar Solar Power (LSP) system, 413 nonmonetary costs of using, 424 nonrenewable, 189, 430, 432–433 renewable, 189, 431, 434–437 solar, 40, 42, 230–231 See also Solar radiation types of, 417 Engines, 192–193 Environment, energy use and, 424 Epicenter, 300, 301 Epidermis, 44 of leaf, 46 Equator, 28 solar radiation at, 350 Erosion of beaches, 341, 366, 382–383 shorelines created by, 383 by flowing water, 371, 373 from glaciers, 364 rate of, 362 stream, 357* in watersheds, 374–375 Eruptions, volcanic classification of, 316–317 modeling, 309* Estuaries, 126, 130–131*, 376 Ethanol, 189, 435 Euglena, 61 516 Eukaryotes, 58 Evaporation, 48, 83, 120, 232, 235 definition of, 348 Evergreens, 140 Explanatory writing, 306 Expository writing, 52–53, 148, 252 Extinct volcanoes, 317 Extrusion blow-molding, 449 Fabrics, 450–451 False feet (pseudopods), 60, 61 Farmers, 464 Faults, 299 detecting movement along, 401 Fault zones, 299 Feeding behavior, 34 Feldspar, 386 Ferns, 111 Fertilizers, 87* Fibrous roots, 44 Fictional narrative, 456 Filaments, 58 Filter feeders, 72 Fires caused by earthquakes, 398 natural, 109 wildfires, 135, 137, 238–239, 245 Fish, in food chain, 122 Fission, 433 Fissures, 310 Flagella, 60, 61 Flagellates, 60 Fleece, synthetic, 451 Floaters, 123 Flooding, arroyos formed by, 374–375 Flood plain, 371, 373, 374, 396 Floods, 396–397 benefits of, 397 causes of, 396, 399 habitats and, 392, 393, 396–397 long-term effects of, 402 predicting, 400 tsunamis and, 394 Flowing water, 356, 368, 371 See also Floods; Rivers and streams deposition by, 371, 373 effect on watersheds, 374–375 Index Fluids — Grasslands erosion by, 371, 373 speed of, factors influencing, 370, 389* Fluids, heat transfer in, 198–205 See also Gas(es); Liquid(s) by conduction, 200–201, 203 by convection, 202–203 rate of, 204, 204* Focus of earthquake, 300, 301 Fog, 342 Folded mountains, 329* Food, energy in, 187* Food chains, 71*, 76, 231 See also Consumers; Decomposers; Producers in chaparral ecosystems, 136 definition of, 70 forest, 70 links in, 71 modeling, 67* in ocean, 122–123 raptors in, 78–79 Food vacuoles, 60 Food webs, 76 California, 143* definition of, 72 land, 72–73 marine, 74–75 in ocean, 123 Foraminifera, 384 Forest(s) boreal (taiga), 101*, 112 in California, 140–141 deciduous, 101, 110–111, 140 animals in, 111 floor of, 105 food chains of, 70 old-growth, 141 redwood, 142 Foresters, 34 Fort Tejon earthquake of 1857, 304 Fossil evidence of continental drift, 272–273 Fossil fuels, 84, 188–189, 432, 434 consequences of using, 422 cost-effectiveness of, 420 development of, 416 nonmonetary costs of, 424 as nonrenewable resource, 189, 430, 432 solar radiation and, 231 types of, 417 uses of, 432, 454 Foundations of buildings, 452 Foxes, 31, 145 Frequency, 177, 178 Fresh water, 124–125 wetlands, 36, 125 Friction, 193, 193* Frogs, tree, 104 “Frozen Frogs,” 154–155 Fuel(s), 186–195 See also Energy sources; Fossil fuels alternatives to oil, 454 burning of, 190–191, 194 definition of, 188 efficiency of, 421 supply of, 433* Fumaroles, 320 Fungus/fungi, 64–65, 73, 88, 110, 111 Fusion, 434–435 Galatheid crab, 52 Gamma rays, 219, 224 Gas(es) methane, 84, 189, 190 molecules in, 164, 166 movement of heat in, 241* natural, 417, 433* sound travel through, 181 Gasoline, 454 Geographers, 34 Geologic map, 294, 295 Geologists, 34, 271 Geothermal energy, 417, 420, 440–441 Geysers, 320, 417, 441 Giant kelp, 75 Giraffes, 231 Glaciers, 240, 364 Glass, 453 Glassmakers, 200 Global Positioning System (GPS) technology, 333 Global Seismic Network (GSN), 332 Global warming, 84 Global winds, 244 Glossopteris, 272, 273 Glucose See Blood sugar Golden eagle, 79 Gondwanaland, 271 Granite, 286, 312 Grasses unique to California, 142 Grasslands, 101*, 108–109 savannas, 109 517 Gravity — Inquiry skills Gravity air pressure and, 346 landslides and, 363 stream development and, 372 water power and, 437 Gray hawk, 79 Great blue heron, 379 Great horned owl, 111 Great Plains, 108 Greenhouse effect, 84 Greenhouse gases, beach erosion and, 341 Green plants, 58, 69 Groundwater, 83 Guard cells, 46 Gulf Stream, 243, 246 Gypsum, 453 Habitats, 36 estuary, 126, 130–131*, 376 natural disasters and, 390–403, 391*, 399* earthquakes, 392, 393, 398–399 floods, 392, 393, 396–397 impact on people and wildlife, 392–393 landslides, 392, 393, 398–399 long-term effects of, 402 predicting, 400–401 tsunamis, 394–395 volcanic eruptions, 392–393, 402 Salton Sea, 378–379, 396 Hail, 349 Half Dome, Yosemite National Park, 358 Hawaii, 267, 318–319 Hawaiian eruptions, 316 Hawaiian Islands, 250 Hawks, 79 Hearing sound, 179 Heat from burning, 190 definition of, 167 movement in liquids and gases, 241* temperature vs., 166–167 Heat energy, 206 Heat flow, 162–171 See also Energy definition of, 168 direction of, 167, 168–169 measuring, 163*, 168 mechanism of, 169 from one material to another, 199* 518 Heating, solar, 253 Heating-and-air-conditioning technicians, 262 Heat transfer, 198–205 by conduction, 200–201, 203 by convection, 202–203 rate of, 204, 204* Herbivores, 72, 108 Hermes copper butterfly, 144 Herons, 125 Highways, seismically safe, 304 History of Science infrared radiation, 184–185 quake predictors, 332–333 Hot-air balloons, 166, 242 Hot and dry deserts, 106 Hot spots, 319 Hot springs, 320 Hot-water vents, 52 Houses natural resources used to build, 452–453 underground, 252 Humidity, 345, 348 measuring, 349* relative, 348 Humpback whale, 66, 247 Humus, 32 Hurricanes, 352 Hybrid vehicles, 197, 454 Hydroelectric plants, 417, 419 Hydroelectric power, 423, 435 advantages and disadvantages of, 437 dependence on solar energy, 436–437 efficiency of, 423 Hydrothermal vents, 52–53, 122 Hypotheses, forming, 226–227 Icebergs, 240 Ice sheets, 364 Igneous rocks, 287, 312, 313 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami of 2004, 306, 395 Inferences, making, 378 Infrared radiation, 182, 184–185, 219, 222, 261 Inquiry skills communicating, 426–427 comparison, 38–39 data analysis, 354–355 drawing conclusions, 278–279 Index Insects — Leaves hypothesis formation, 226–227 modeling, 294–295 sequencing, 116–117 Insects unique to California, 144 Insulation, 170 energy use and, 443* Insulator(s), 170 plastic as, 449 Integer addition and subtraction, 307 Intensity of earthquakes, 303 Intermittent volcanoes, 317 International Space Station, 220 Intertidal zone, 74, 121 Ionizing radiation, 222, 223 Iron, uses of, 447 Irrigation, 31 Island arcs, volcanic, 318–319 Islands, barrier, 385 Isles of Scilly, 243 Jerboa, 106 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 333 Jet stream, 249 Jones, Nicola, “Cracked Plates” by, 267 Joshua Tree National Park, California, 100 Joshua trees, 139, 142 Kangaroo rat, 144 Kelp, giant, 75 Kelso Dunes Jerusalem cricket, 144 Keystone species, 36, 139 Kinetic energy, 165, 166, 176, 194 Kit fox, 31, 139 Klamath Mountains, 329 Krill, 66 La Conchita, California, 363 Laguna Beach, 362 Lahars, 393 Lake(s), 124 as ecosystem, 62 oxbow, 375 Salton Sea, 378–379 Land, absorption of heat energy by, 236 Land biomes, 100–115 defined, 102 deserts, 29, 31, 100, 101, 103, 106–107 arroyos in, 375 in California, 138–139, 144 coastal deserts and cold deserts, 107 hot and dry deserts, 106 semideserts, 107 grasslands, 101*, 108–109 savannas, 109 polar regions, 114 taigas, 101*, 112 temperate deciduous forests, 101*, 110–111, 140 animals in, 111 tropical rain forests, 29, 101*, 104–105, 116 tundras, 101*, 103, 112, 113 Land breezes, 351 Land food webs, 72–73 carnivores, 72 herbivores, 72 omnivores, 73 predators, 73 scavengers, 73 Landforms, volcanic, 314 Landscapes, floods and changing, 397 Landslides, 362–363, 398–399 damage from, 399 factors in, 363, 398–399 habitats and, 392, 393, 398–399 long-term effects of, 402 La Niña, 248, 249 Laser light, 215 Laser measuring systems for earthquake prediction, 400–401 “Lasers: A Scientific Breakthrough,” 215 Lassen Peak, 311, 392–393 Lassen Volcanic National Park, 330 Laurasia, 271 Lava, 52–53 candle, 319* impact on people and wildlife, 392–393 Lava flows, 316 Lava rocks, 311 Leaves, 47*, 48 compound, 46 functions of, 47 519 Leeuwenhoek, Anton van — Meet a Scientist parts of, 46 photosynthesis and, 46–47 simple, 46 Leeuwenhoek, Anton van, 57 Legends (on maps), 294 Lenses on microscopes, 57 Levees, 397, 400 Life carbon and, 85 cycles for, 80–91 carbon cycle, 84–85, 90–91* nitrogen cycle, 86–87, 90–91* plants and, 88 water cycle, 82–83, 90*–91*, 231, 232–233, 436 Light See also Sun/sunlight infrared, 222, 261 laser, 215 plants and, 41* ultraviolet, 219, 224, 260 visible, 219, 222, 260 colors of, 218 wavelengths of, 221 Light bulbs, energy efficiency of, 429* Light energy, 191 Lightning, 86 Light waves, 182 Limestone, sand from eroded, 386 Lions, 70, 109, 136 Liquids molecules in, 164, 166 movement of heat in, 241* sound travel through, 181* Literature magazine articles, 161, 215, 267, 341, 412–413 poems, 23, 99 Lithosphere, 286, 318 Lithospheric plates, 286, 287 Living things See Biotic factors Lizards, 107 Local winds, 244 Long-eared owl, 79 Los Angeles Basin, 328, 329 Los Angeles earthquake of 1994, 398 Low-pressure system, 352 Lunar Solar Power (LSP) system, 413 Lyretail anthias, 120 Lystrosaurus, 273 520 Macaws, 104 Magazine articles “Cracked Plates,” 267 “Lasers: A Scientific Breakthrough,” 215 “Plug In to the Moon,” 413 “Sun-Powered Speed,” 161 “Surf vs Sand,” 341 Magma, 52, 287, 310, 311, 313, 320 Magma chambers, 311 Magnetite, 386 Magnitude of earthquake, 302 Manatees, 424 Maned wolf, 109 Mantle, 250, 284, 285, 287 convective flow in, 289 Maple trees, 47 Maps, 294 Marble, 312 Marine food webs, 74–75 intertidal zone, 74, 121 ocean zones, 75 Marine organisms, sand formed from remains of, 384, 386 Marine terraces, 383 Maser, 215 Masibay, Kim Y., “Surf vs Sand” by, 341 Materials raw, 446–447 synthetic, 448–449, 453 Math in Science annual cost of solar heating, 253 converting measurements, 149, 197 integer addition and subtraction, 307 mean, 404–405 percent calculation, 457 ratios, 78–79 Matter, states of, 164 Mauna Loa, 315 McCormack, Fiona, “Sun-Powered Speed” by, 161 Mean, calculating the, 404–405 Meandering streams, 371, 372, 373 Meanders, 373, 375 Measurements, converting, 149, 197 Mechanical (physical) weathering, 359 Mediterranean climate, 134–135 Meet a Scientist Di Bonaventura, Maria Pia, 64–65 Sterling, Eleanor, 128–129 Index Mercalli scale — Nonrenewable resources Mercalli scale, 303 Mesosaurus, 273 Metals, everyday materials made from, 447 Metamorphic rocks, 312, 313 Methane, 84, 189, 190 Microbiologists, 64 Microscopes, 55*, 57 compound, 56, 57 electron, 57 Microscopic organisms, 27, 54–63 classification of, 58 consumers, 56, 60–61, 62 decomposers, 62 definition of, 56 producers, 56, 58–59, 61, 62 roles in ecosystems, 62 studying, 57, 64–65 Microwaves, 182, 218–219, 222, 413 Midnight zone, 75 Mid-ocean ridge, 274–275 Migration, 29 Milne, John, 332 Minerals, 32 everyday materials made from, 447 most common, 386 as nonrenewable resources, 430 in sand, 386 textiles made from, 450 Mining, strip, 422 Model-making skills, 294–295 Mohair, 450 “Mojave,” by Diane Siebert, 99 Mojave Desert, 106, 138, 139, 142 Molecules, 243 motion of, 164, 165, 166 state of matter and, 164, 166 Monetary costs of energy use, 420, 421, 424 Monkeys, 105 Moon, Lunar Solar Power (LSP) system on, 413 Mosses, 111 Motion, energy and, 164 Mountain belts, 318 Mountain breezes, 245 Mountain lion, 136 Mountain ranges, 307 formation of, 276, 291, 318 Mountains, 103 folded, 329* winds and, 245 Mouth of river, 376 Mushrooms, 62, 69 Natural disasters, 390–403, 391*, 399* earthquakes See Earthquakes floods, 392, 393, 394, 396–397, 399, 400, 402 impact on people and wildlife, 392–393 landslides, 362–363, 392, 393, 398–399, 402 long-term effects of, 402 predicting, 400–401 tsunamis, 306, 394–395 volcanic eruptions, 309*, 316–317, 392–393, 401, 402 Natural fires, 109 Natural gas, 417 use of, 433* Natural resources, 430–431 nonrenewable, 189, 430, 432–433 conservation of, 438 fossil fuels as, 189, 430, 432 nuclear fuels as, 433 renewable, 189, 431, 434–437 classifying, 442*–443* types of, 434–435 sustainability of, 431 uses of, 444–455 fuels for transportation, 454 materials used in common objects, 444, 445*, 446–447 plastic, 448–449 shelters, 452–453 textiles, 450–451* Nekton, 123 Nelson, Chad, 341 Neritic zone, 121 New Orleans floods of 2005, 397 Niches, 36 Nitrates, 87 Nitric acid, 86 Nitric oxide, 84 Nitrites, 87 Nitrogen, uses of, 86–87 Nitrogen cycle, 86–87, 90*–91* Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, 86–87 Noises, landslides triggered by, 363 Non-ionizing radiation, 222 Nonmonetary costs of energy use, 424 Nonrenewable resources, 189, 430, 432–433 conservation of, 438 fossil fuels, 189, 430, 432 nuclear fuels, 433 521 North American Plate — Physics teachers North American Plate, 326, 327, 328 Northern spotted owl, 141 North Pole, 28, 114 Nuclear energy, 433 Nuclear fuels, 433 Nuclear fusion, 434–435 Nuclear power plants, 423 Nucleus of cell, 58 Nylon, 450 Objective lens, 57 Ocean(s), 83, 120–123 absorption of heat energy by, 236 abyssal zone, 121 bathyal zone, 121 energy pyramids for, 76 food chains in, 122–123 food webs in, 123 intertidal zone, 121 neritic zone, 121 oceanic zone, 121 organisms in, 123 salt levels in, 131* zones of, 75, 121 Ocean currents, 103, 246–248 deepwater, 247 sand deposited by, 384 sea breezes, 247, 351 shorelines and, 383 surface, 246–247 Ocean floor, evidence of continental drift from, 275 Oceanic crust, 286 Oceanic plates, 318 Oceanic zone, 121 Ocean trenches, 275, 275*, 291 Ocean waves beach erosion by, 382–383 effect on beaches, 385* tsunami, 394–395 Ocular lens, 57 Oil, 417 See also Petroleum use of, 433*, 454 Old Faithful geyser, 320 Old-growth forests, 141 Olivine, 384 Omnivores, 73 Orchids, 104 522 Organisms See also Microscopic organisms in ecosystems, 25* in ocean, 123 in soil, 32–33 Ossicles, 179 Otters, 124 “Out of Sight!,” 260–261 Owls, 79, 111, 141 Oxbow lakes, 375 Oxygen, 43, 190 as plant waste product, 85 Pacific Plate, 267, 291, 326, 327, 328 Paintings, protecting from fungi, 64–65 Paints, natural resources in, 453 Palmyra Atoll, 128–129 Pampas, 108 Pangaea, 271 Paramecium, 54, 61 Parasites, 60 Parent rock, 32 Paricutín, 314 Parrots, 28 Pelée, Mount, 315, 317 Peléean eruptions, 317 Penguins, 29, 114, 234 Peninsular Ranges, 328 Percent calculation, 457 Permafrost, 113 Personal narrative, 366–367 Persuasive writing, 196 Petioles, 49 Petrochemicals, 432 Petroleum, 417 plastic derived from, 448 Phloem, 44, 45 Photosynthesis, 40–51, 69 definition of, 43 importance of, 42–43 leaves and, 46–47 in microscopic producers, 58, 59 roots and, 44 solar radiation and, 231 stems and, 45 pH scale, 33 Physical (mechanical) weathering, 359 Physical property, 204 Physics teachers, 262 Index Phytoplankton — Prokaryotes Phytoplankton, 74, 122 Pigs, wild, 146 Pinatubo, Mount, 402 Pit vipers, 261 Plankton, 75, 122–123 Plant cells, 31 Plants See also Photosynthesis in California, 138–139, 142 Sierra Nevada foothills, 148 carbon cycle and, 84, 85 in chaparral ecosystems, 136 in deserts, 106, 107, 138–139 in estuaries, 126 everyday materials made from, 447 in grasslands, 108 green, 58, 69 light and, 41* in Mediterranean climates, 135 movement of water through, 48–49 need for water, 31 nitrogen sources for, 86 nonnative, 146 recycling of, 88 respiration in, 50 soil’s importance to, 32 subtropical, 243 sunlight and, 40–41 in taigas, 112 textiles made from, 450 in tundras, 113 as water filters, 125* Plastic(s), 448–449, 456 products made from, 448, 449, 451 recycled, 451 Plate boundaries, 290–291 fault zones along, 299 Plates, tectonic, 274, 290, 318 lithospheric, 286, 287, 326 movement of, 286, 288–289 Plate tectonics, 250, 290–291 See also Continental drift California and, 324–331, 325* lithospheric plates under, 326 notable features, 330 San Andreas Fault, 282, 291, 326, 327, 333 valleys and mountains of, 328–329 earthquakes and, 276 ocean trenches formed by, 275 seafloor spreading, 274–275 subduction zones, 318 as unifying theory, 292 volcanic activity and, 276 “Plug In to the Moon,” by Leonard David, 413 Plumbing in houses, 453 Poems “Behind the Redwood Curtain,” 23 “Mojave,” 99 Poison oak, 142 Polar bear, 114 Polar regions, 114 Pollution, 422 air, 422, 432 from burning fossil fuels, 422, 432, 454 energy sources and, 422–423 thermal, 423 water, 422 Polyethylene, 453 Polymerization, 448 Polymers, 448 Ponds, 124 Poppies, 42, 142 Population(s) as biotic factor, 34–35 connection of, 76 habitat of, 36 keystone species, 36 niches of, 36 Potential energy, 165, 194 Power, from light energy, 229* Prairie schooners, 108 Precipitation, 83, 232, 233, 348 sources of, 343* types of, 349 as water source for hydroelectric power, 436 Predators, 73 Predicting natural disasters, 332–333, 400–401 Pressure See also Air pressure Earth’s layers and, 285 root, 48 inside volcanoes, 323* Prevailing winds, 350 Prey, 73 Prickly pear, 106 Primary consumers, 71, 72 Producers, 68–69 in California ecosystems, 142–143 definition of, 69 in energy pyramids, 76 in marine food webs, 74 microscopic, 56, 58–59, 61, 62 primary, 74 Products of reaction, 190 Prokaryotes, 58 523 Protists — Rock(s) Protists, 60–61 observing, 61* Protozoans, 60, 61 Pseudopods (false feet), 60, 61 Pupfish, 378 P waves, 283, 300 Quartz, 386 Radiant energy, 220–221 Radiation electromagnetic, 218–225 harmful, 224 ionizing, 222, 223 non-ionizing, 222 from Sun to Earth, 220, 221 useful, 222–223 infrared, 182, 184–185, 219, 222, 261 solar, 221, 228–237 climate and, 231, 234–235 definition of, 231 Earth’s gain and loss of energy, 236 at equator, 350 power from, 229* Sun’s importance as energy source, 230–231 water cycle and, 231, 232–233 weather and, 231, 235 Radioactive waste, 423 Radiometers, 229 Radio waves, 182, 218, 219, 222 Rain, 349 acid, 422 causes of, 348 in deserts, 106 floods caused by, 396 speed of flowing water and, 370 watersheds and, 374–375 Rainbows, 216 Rain forests, tropical, 29, 101*, 104–105, 116 Ranger Rick, articles from “Frozen Frogs,” 154–155 “Out of Sight!,” 260–261 “Understanding Earthquakes,” 462–463 Raptors, 78–79 524 Rat, kangaroo, 144 Ratios, finding, 78–79 Raw materials, 446–447 Reactants, 190 Reactions, chemical, 190 Recycling, 438 See also Cycle(s): for life of air, 82 of elements, 69 of lithosphere, 318 by microscopic organisms, 62 of plants, 88 of plastics, 449 of textiles, 451 of water, 81* Red-eyed tree frog, 104 Red knots, 74 Red Rock Canyon State Park, 361 Red salamander, 111 Redwood National Park, California, 140 Redwood trees, 22–23, 142 Reeds, 124 Relative humidity, 348 Reservoirs, 436 Resources See Natural resources Respiration, 50 Reuse See also Recycling of plastics, 449 saving natural resources by, 438 of textiles, 451 Richter scale, 302 Ring of Fire, 319 River otters, 124 Rivers and streams, 124, 368–377 banks of, 371 dams and, 437 flooding of, 396–397 flow of, 368, 370–371 factors influencing, 370–371, 388–389* obstacles to, 371 rain and speed of, 370 length of, 149 levees along, 397 mouths of, characteristics of, 376 sand deposited by, 384 sources of, 372 stages of stream development, 372–373 watersheds of changing land of, 369*, 374–375* mapping, 369* Rock(s), 27, 250 age of, 272 everyday materials made from, 447 Index Rock cycle — Sierra Nevada evidence of continental drift from, 272 igneous, 287, 312, 313 lava, 311 metamorphic, 312, 313 molten (magma), 52, 287, 310, 311, 313, 320 parent, 32 sand as weathered, 384 sedimentary, 312, 313 semimolten, 287 serpentine, 143 silicate, 386 weathered, 32, 358–361 Rock cycle, 313 Roof shingles, 452 Root caps, 44 Root hairs, 44, 49 Root pressure, 48 Roots, 44, 48 Rubber, recycling of, 451 Russian River, California, 126 St Helens, Mount, 317, 401 St Pierre, town of, 315 Salamanders, 111 Salinity, 246 Salt from seawater, 232 Salt marshes, 125 Salton Sea, 378–379, 396 Saltwater inland sea, 378–379 San Andreas Fault, 282, 291, 326, 327, 333 Sand, 381*, 384 beach drift, 383, 384 composition of, 384 definition of, 386 identifying weathered parts of, 386 sandbars formed by, 385 types of, 386, 453 Sandbars, 385 Sand dunes, 361 Sandstone, 312 San Francisco Bay earthquake of 1989, 398 San Francisco earthquake of 1906, 298 San Joaquin kit fox, 145 Santa Ana River watershed, 374 Santa Ana winds, 137, 238–239, 244 Santa Rosa geothermal plant, 441 Satellites earthquake and plate motion tracking by, 333 rocket launch of, 191 wildfire data from, 239 Savannas, 109 Scanning electron microscopes (SEM), 57 Scarlet macaw, 104 Scavengers, 73, 145 Science, Technology, and Society changing Salton Sea, 378–379 clean steam power, 440–441 wildfires, 238–239 Sea breezes, 247, 351 Seafloor spreading, 274–275, 291, 292 Sea level, distance above, 103 Sea lions, 34 Sea otters, 75 Seasons changes in, 29 watersheds in different, 374 Sea turtles, 129, 292 Seawater, salt from, 232 Secondary consumers, 71, 72 Sediment, 361 See also Sand layers of, 361* on flood plain, 371, 374 at mouth of river, 376 movement along shore, 383 Sedimentary rocks, 312, 313 Seismically safe construction, 304 Seismic data, 332–333 Seismic waves (earthquake waves), 283, 299, 300 Seismographs, 300, 301, 463 Seismologists, 302, 463 Seismometers, 332 Semideserts, 107 Semimolten rocks, 287 Sense of sight, 260–261 Sequencing skills, 116–117 Sequoias, 140, 142 Serpentine rock, 143 Serval, 109 Sharp-shinned hawk, 79 Shasta, Mount, 324, 330 Sheep, bighorn, 144 Shelters, natural resources used for, 452–453 Shield volcanoes, 314–315 Shorelines, 382–383 Siding of houses, 453 Siebert, Diane, “Mojave” by, 99 Sierra Nevada, 138, 148, 329, 330 525 Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep — Sustainability Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep, 144 Sight, sense of, 260–261 Silicates, 386, 453 Silk, 450 Simple leaves, 46 Skills See Inquiry skills Skin, ultraviolet light’s effects on, 224 Skin cancer, 224 Skyscrapers, earthquake-resistant, 400, 401 Sleet, 349 Slopes, steepness of, 363 Smelting, 446 Smog, 422 Snow, 349 Snowmelts, floods caused by, 396 Soil(s) as abiotic factor, 32–33 conservation of, 32 floods and landslides enriching, 402 of grasslands, 108 layers, 32 nitrogen in, 86–87 pH of, 33* as renewable resource, 431 Solar cells, 417, 418 Solar collectors, 417 Solar energy, 417, 431, 435 dependence of hydroelectric power on, 436–437 Lunar Solar Power (LSP) system, 413 Solar heating, 253 Solar panels, 414, 435 Solar-powered cars, 161, 418 Solar radiation, 221, 228–237 climate and, 231, 234–235 definition of, 231 Earth’s gain and loss of energy, 236 at equator, 350 power from, 229* Sun’s importance as energy source, 230–231 water cycle and, 231, 232–233 weather and, 231, 235 Solar still, 233* Solids heat transfer in, 198–205 molecules in, 164, 166 sound travel through, 180–181 Sound of string, 175* Sound waves, 178–181 hearing, 179 materials that transmit, 181 movement of, 178 526 traveling, 180–181, 181* vibrations to produce, 178–179 Southeast Asia, tsunami in (2004), 395 Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN), 333 Southern Oscillation, 248–249 South Pole, 28, 114 Sparrow, black-throated, 139 Species endangered, 107*, 145 keystone, 36, 139 Spotted owl, 141 Springs, thermal, 274 Squids, 118 Squirrel monkeys, 105 Starthistle, yellow, 146 Steam, 164 geothermal energy from, 440–441 Steam engines, energy conversions in, 419 Steel, uses of, 447 Stems, plant, 45, 48 Steppes, 108 Sterling, Eleanor, 128–129 Stomata, 46, 48, 49 Streams, 124 See also Rivers and streams erosion by, 357* stages of development, 372–373 Strip mining, 422 Strombolian eruptions, 316 Subduction, 291, 318 Subduction zones, 318 Subsoil, 32 Sugar, 43 Sugarcane, 45 Sulfur dioxide, 422 Sunburns, 224 Sunlight zone, 75 “Sun-Powered Speed,” by Fiona McCormack, 161 Sun/sunlight, 25*, 27, 220 See also Photosynthesis as abiotic factor, 27, 28 climate and, 103 energy from, 40, 42 evaporation and, 120 forms of energy originating with, 416, 417 plants and, 40, 41* water cycle and, 83 wind and, 244 Suntans, 224 Surface currents, 246–247 Surface waves, 283 “Surf vs Sand,” by Kim Y Masibay, 341 Sustainability, 431 Index Swainson’s hawk — Vibrations Swainson’s hawk, 79 S waves, 283, 300 Synthetic materials, 448–451, 453 plastics, 448–449 textile fibers, 450–451 Systems, definition of, 26 Taigas (boreal forests), 101*, 112 Talapoin, 105 Tapirs, 104 Taproots, 44 Teachers, physics, 262 Tectonic plates, 290 Temperate deciduous forests, 101*, 110–111, 140 animals in, 111 Temperature(s) as abiotic factor, 28–29 air pressure and, 346 atmospheric, 233 average, of Earth, 236 of body, 30 of different objects, 169* Earth’s layers and, 285 global variations in, 344 heat vs., 166–167 kinetic energy and, 166 ocean currents and, 246 precipitation type and, 349 volcanic eruptions and worldwide drops in, 402 Terra satellite, 239 Tertiary consumers, 71, 72 Test practices, 94–95, 152–153, 210–211, 258–259, 336–337, 408–409, 460–461 Textiles, 450–451* Thailand, tsunami in (2004), 395 Theory, unifying, 292 Thermal conductivity, 204 Thermal energy, 167 See also Heat Thermal pollution, 423 Thermal springs, 274 Thermometers, 166, 169 Thorne’s hairstreak butterfly, 144 Tide-pool communities, 35 Topographic maps, 294, 295 Topsoil, 32 Tortoise, desert, 138–139 Townes, Charles, 215 Trade winds, 248, 350 Transform boundaries, 291 Transpiration, 48, 49 Transportation, 454 Transverse Ranges, 328–329 Tree-core technician, 156 Tree frogs, 104 Trees deciduous, 110 as renewable resource, 431, 435 Trenches, ocean, 275, 275*, 291 Triangulation, 301 Tricolored heron, 125 Tritium, 435 Tropical rain forests, 29, 101, 104–105, 116 Tsunamis, 306, 394–395 Tsunami-warning system, 395 Tufa towers, 386 Tundras, 101, 103, 112, 113 Turbines, 417, 419, 423, 435, 437 Turtles, sea, 129, 292 Twilight zone, 75 Ultraviolet light, 219, 224, 260 Underground convection currents, 250 Underground homes, 252 “Understanding Earthquakes,” 462–463 Understory, 105 Unifying theory, 292 U.S Environmental Protection Agency, 341 Uranium, 423, 433 USDA Forest Service, 239 Vacuoles, food, 60 Vacuum bottle, 170 Valley breezes, 245 Valleys, V-shaped, 372 arroyos, 374–375 Vegetation, in tropical rain forests, 104 Veins of leaves, 47, 49 Venn diagrams, 38, 39 Ventura Basin, 328, 329 Vesuvius, Mount, 315, 317 Vibrations, 177, 178–179 527 ... with the action you think took that amount of time a 00:14 :55 Taking a shower b 44:39: 45 Saying the Pledge of Allegiance c 10:23:00 Recess Science Handbook Measure Length Find Length with a Ruler... balance to check your estimate ▶ Your science textbook ▶ A box of tissues 472 Science Handbook Measure Volume Volume is the amount of space something takes up In science you usually measure the volume... much water is in the beaker? They both contain 75 mL of water Pour 50 mL of water from a pitcher into a beaker Find the Volume of a Solid Start with 50 mL of water in a graduated cylinder Place