Program Authors Dr Jay K Hackett Professor Emeritus of Earth Sciences University of Northern Colorado Dr Richard H Moyer Dr Gerald F Wheeler Executive Director National Science Teachers Association Bank Street College of Education New York, NY Professor of Science Education and Natural Sciences University of Michigan–Dearborn Contributing Authors Dr JoAnne Vasquez Sally Ride Science San Diego, CA Elementary Science Education Consultant NSTA Past President Member, National Science Board and NASA Education Board Mulugheta Teferi, M.A Principal, Gateway Middle School St Louis Public Schools St Louis, MO Dinah Zike, M.Ed Dinah Might Adventures LP San Antonio, TX Kathryn LeRoy, M.S Dr Sally Ride Lucille Villegas Barrera, M.Ed Elementary Science Supervisor Houston Independent School District Houston, TX Dr Stephen F Cunha Professor of Geography Humboldt State University Arcata, CA American Museum of Natural History New York, NY Executive Director Division of Mathematics and Science Education Miami-Dade County Public Schools, FL Contributing Writer Dr Dorothy J T Terman Albuquerque, NM Ellen Grace Science Curriculum Development Consultant Former K–12 Science and Mathematics Coordinator Irvine Unified School District, CA The American Museum of Natural History in New York City is one of the world’s preeminent scientific, educational, and cultural institutions, with a global mission to explore and interpret human cultures and the natural world through scientific research, education, and exhibitions Each year the Museum welcomes around four million visitors, including 500,000 schoolchildren in organized field trips It provides professional development activities for thousands of teachers; hundreds of public programs that serve audiences ranging from preschoolers to seniors; and an array of learning and teaching resources for use in homes, schools, and community-based settings Visit www.amnh.org for online resources Students with print disabilities may be eligible to obtain an accessible, audio version of the pupil edition of this textbook Please call Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic at 1-800-221-4792 for complete information B Published by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, of McGraw-Hill Education, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Two Penn Plaza, New York, New York 10121 Copyright © 2008 by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, network storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning Science Content Standards for California Public Schools reproduced by permission, California Department of Education, CDE Press, 1430 N Street, Suite 3207, Sacramento, CA 95814 is a trademark of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Printed in the United States of America ISBN 0-02-284381-7/6 (079/055) 10 09 08 07 06 Content Consultants Rick MacPherson, Ph.D Program Director The Coral Reef Alliance San Francisco, CA Bonnie J Brunkhorst, Ph.D Barbara Messmer Scott Hays Bret Harrison Roseville City School District K-8 Teacher (retired) Coffee Creek Elementary Washington Union School District Carmel USD Frank Ledesma Elementary Soledad USD Soledad, CA Kathy Jones Abraham Lincoln Elementary Simi Valley USD Simi Valley, CA Joy Peoples Riverside USD Elizabeth Ramsey Bel Air Elementary Andrew Rodarte Easterby Elementary Department of Fresno USD Geological Sciences, California State University Rhonda Simard San Bernardino, CA Franklin Elementary Franklin USD Hector Córdova Mireles, Ph.D Physics Department California State Polytechnic University Pomona, CA Editorial Advisory Board Gus Dalis, Ed.D Education Consultant Torrance, CA Jeri Starkweather Calwa Elementary Fresno USD Lauri Talbott Carr Elementary Torrance USD Chico USD Nancy Maguire Westpark Elementary Irvine, CA Bettina Pierce Elementary Science Specialist Irvine USD Vince Sipkovich Educator/Science Consultant/Writer Huntington Beach, CA Melissa Smith Dawn Vollmar Canyon Lake Middle School Foulks Ranch Elementary Lake Elsinore USD Elk Grove USD Lindsay Waterman Judith Sydner-Gordon Debbie Drab Alamo Elementary Long Beach USD Sandra S Wilbur Carolyn Fong Los Angeles USD Chaparral Elementary Capistrano USD Canfield Elementary School Los Angeles, CA Joyce Garcia Janet Yamaguchi La Seda Elementary Rowland USD Nancy Howe Martin Luther King Academy Alisal USD Linda D King Principal, Muscoy Elementary San Bernardino City USD Michael Harris Teacher Reviewers Chico USD Vicky Ann Buckley Karen Kohn Helen Logan Hays Las Virgenes USD K-8 Teacher (retired) Ukiah USD Coffee Creek Elementary School District Carmel USD U.S Grant Elementary Colton Joint USD Colton, CA Donna Lowe Cherryland Elementary Hayward USD Jerrie Martin La Veta Elementary Orange USD Orange, CA Christina Lambie Highland Elementary West Contra Costa USD Richmond, CA Alice Moomjean Cortada Elementary El Monte USD El Monte, CA Michelle Orgon Needham Intermediate Lodi USD Lodi, CA Sue Parsons Richard Bard Elementary Hueneme USD Navelencia Middle School Pt Hueneme, CA Reedley, CA Task Force Escondido USD Joanne Hemmings Jennifer Weibert Discovery Science Center Santa Ana, CA Susan Gomez Zwiep Assistant Professor Science Education Cal State University Diane Carnahan Long Beach K–12 Alliance/WestEd David M Harris Dennis Hatland Sharon Pendola St Alban’s Country Day School Roseville, CA Lisa Robinson Marengo Elementary South Pasadena USD South Pasadena, CA Roberta Sanchez Lindberg Schweitzer Elementary San Diego USD San Diego, CA Naomi Griswold Rio Hondo Elementary Downey USD Downey, CA NBCT Los Angeles USD iii iv What is Science? Observation Question and Hypothesis Experiment Collect Data 10 Conclusion 12 Forming a Hypothesis 14 Recording Data 15 Testing a Hypothesis 16 Evaluating Evidence 17 Asking New Questions 18 This student is observing a changing color C v CHAPTER Earth’s Ecosystems 20 Literature: Behind the Redwood Curtain 22 Lesson Introduction to Earth’s Ecosystems 24 Inquiry Skill Builder: Compare 38 Lesson Photosynthesis: The Basic Process of Life 40 Writing in Science 52 Lesson Microscopic Organisms on Earth 54 Reading in Science 64 Lesson Earth’s Food Chains, Webs, and Pyramids 66 Math in Science 78 Lesson Earth’s Cycles for Life 80 Inquiry Investigation 90 Chapter Review and Test Practice 92 B Animals and plants share a lake ecosystem vi CHAPTER Earth’s Land and Water 96 Literature: Mojave 98 Lesson Earth’s Land Biomes 100 Inquiry Skill Builder: Sequence 1 Lesson Earth’s Water Ecosystems 1 Reading in Science 128 Inquiry Investigation 130 Lesson Ecosystems in California 132 Writing in Science 148 Math in Science 149 Chapter Review and Test Practice 150 Frozen Frogs 154 Careers in Science 156 B The members of this wolf pack live in the taiga vii CHAPTER Heat Energy 158 Literature: Sun-Powered Speed 160 Lesson Heat Flow 162 Inquiry Skill Builder: Experiment 172 Lesson Waves 174 Reading in Science 184 Lesson Fuels: Our Major Energy Source 186 Writing in Science 196 Math in Science 197 Lesson Heat Transfer in Solids and Fluids 198 Inquiry Investigation 206 Chapter Review and Test Practice 208 B This rocket must burn a tremendous amount of fuel to escape Earth’s atmosphere viii CHAPTER Energy in the Earth System 212 Literature: Lasers: A Scientific Breakthrough 214 Lesson Electromagnetic Spectrum Inquiry Skill Builder: Form a Hypothesis 226 Lesson Solar Radiation 228 Reading in Science 238 Lesson The Power of Convection Currents 240 Writing in Science 252 Math in Science 253 Inquiry Investigation 254 Chapter Review and Test Practice 256 Out of Sight! 260 Careers in Science 262 C A prism shows the “rainbow” of colors that make up the spectrum of visible light ix CHAPTER Plate Tectonics and Earth’s Structure 264 Literature: Cracked Plates 266 Lesson Earth’s Moving Plates 268 Inquiry Skill Builder: Draw Conclusions 278 Lesson Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory 280 Inquiry Skill Builder: Make a Model 294 Lesson Earthquakes 296 Writing in Science 306 Math in Science 307 Lesson Volcanoes 308 Inquiry Investigation 322 Lesson How Plate Tectonics Affects California 324 Reading in Science 332 Chapter Review and Test Practice 334 CHAPTER Shaping Earth’s Surface 338 Literature: Surf vs Sand 340 Lesson Atmospheric Pressure, Temperature, and Weather 342 Inquiry Skill Builder: Analyze Data 354 Lesson Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition 356 Writing in Science 366 Lesson Rivers and Streams 368 Reading in Science 378 Lesson Beaches and Wave Erosion 380 Inquiry Investigation 388 x Lesson Changing Habitats 390 Math in Science 404 Chapter Review and Test Practice 406 CHAPTER Earth’s Resources 410 Literature: Plug Into the Moon 41 Lesson Sources of Energy 414 Inquiry Skill Builder: Communicate 426 Lesson Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources 428 Reading in Science 440 Inquiry Investigation 442 Lesson Uses of Resources 444 Writing in Science 456 Math in Science 457 Chapter Review and Test Practice 458 Understanding Earthquakes 462 Careers in Science 464 B Oil field in Huntington Beach, California xi Earth’s Ecology CHAPTER Plants as Water Filters 125 Explore Activities Do different ecosystems contain different organisms? 25 A California Food Web 143 How does light affect plants? 41 Skill Builders and Investigations Sequence 116 What is an estuary? 130 What can you see through a microscope? 55 How can you model a food chain? 67 Earth’s Energy How does water recycle itself? 81 CHAPTER Quick Labs Testing Soil pH 33 Explore Activities How can you measure heat flow? 163 Leaves 47 Observing Protists 61 Your Food Chain 71 How can you change the sound a string makes? 175 Fertilizers 87 How can you use the energy of the Sun? 187 Skill Builders and Investigations Compare 38 How does heat flow from one material to another? 199 What factors affect the carbon, water, and nitrogen cycles? 90 Quick Labs Different Objects, Different Temperatures 169 CHAPTER Explore Activities What are Earth’s biomes like? 101 What are water ecosystems like? 119 What are California’s ecosystems? 133 Quick Labs Endangered Species 107 xii Traveling Sound Waves 181 What materials can reduce friction? 193 Which warms faster? 204 Skill Builders and Investigations Experiment 172 What happens when Earth’s surface breaks? 297 What are conduction and convection? 206 How can you make a model volcano erupt? 309 CHAPTER How plate movements affect California? 325 Explore Activities Which material best heats water? 217 Quick Labs Model Plate Movement 275 How can light energy create motion? 229 Measuring Density 285 How does heat move in liquids and gases? 241 Cooling Candle Lava 319 Quick Labs Distance and Energy 223 Solar Still 233 Expanding and Contracting Air 245 Skill Builders and Investigations Form a Hypothesis 226 Earthquake Safety 301 Folded Mountains 329 Skill Builders and Investigations Draw Conclusions 278 Make a Model 294 What are some of the characteristics of volcanic rock? 322 CHAPTER What can convection currents do? 254 Explore Activities Where does precipitation come from? 343 Earth’s Structure How does the steepness of a slope affect stream erosion? 357 CHAPTER Explore Activities Are the continents moving? 269 How can you make a model of Earth’s interior? 281 How can you map a watershed? 369 What is sand? 381 How volcanic eruptions affect habitats? 391 xiii Quick Labs Measuring Humidity 349 Layers of Sediment 361 Changing the Land 375 How Waves Affect Beaches 385 Local Natural Disaster 399 Skill Builders and Investigations Analyze Data 354 What can change a river? 388 CHAPTER Explore Activities What factors affect the efficiency of a solar oven? 415 How energy efficient are different types of lightbulbs? 429 What are objects made of? 445 Quick Labs The Power of Water 423 Fuel Supply 433 Sources of Clothes 451 Skill Builders and Investigations Communicate 426 How can you classify a renewable resource? 442 D This student is making a model that shows a volcano erupting xiv California Science Content Standards 466 Science Handbook Units of Measurement 468 Measure Time 470 Measure Length 47 Measure Mass 472 Measure Volume 473 Measure Weight/Force 474 Measure Temperature 475 Use a Hand Lens 476 Use a Microscope 477 Use Calculators 478 Use Computers 480 Make Graphs to Organize Data 482 Make Tables to Organize Information 484 Make Charts to Organize Information 485 Make Maps to Show Information 486 487 Glossary Index 511 xv In the Classroom • Read all of the directions Make sure you understand them Be Careful,” When you see “ follow the safety rules • Listen to your teacher for special safety directions If you not understand something, ask for help • Wash your hands with soap and water before an activity • Be careful around a hot plate Know when it is on and when it is off Remember that the plate stays hot for a few minutes after it is turned off • Wear a safety apron if you work with anything messy or anything that might spill • Clean up a spill right away, or ask your teacher for help • Tell your teacher if something breaks If glass breaks, not clean it up yourself • Wear safety goggles when your teacher tells you to wear them Wear them when working with anything that can fly into your eyes or when working with liquids xvi • Keep your hair and clothes away from open flames Tie back long hair, and roll up long sleeves • Keep your hands dry around electrical equipment • Do not eat or drink anything during an experiment • Put equipment back the way your teacher tells you to • Dispose of things the way your teacher tells you to • Clean up your work area after an activity, and wash your hands with soap and water In the Field • Go with a trusted adult—such as your teacher, or a parent or guardian • Do not touch animals or plants without an adult’s approval The animal might bite The plant might be poison ivy or another dangerous plant Responsibility • Treat living things, the environment, and one another with respect ... Reading in Science 238 Lesson The Power of Convection Currents 240 Writing in Science 252 Math in Science 253 Inquiry... learning Science Content Standards for California Public Schools reproduced by permission, California Department of Education, CDE Press, 1430 N Street, Suite 3207, Sacramento, CA 958 14 is a... Photosynthesis: The Basic Process of Life 40 Writing in Science 52 Lesson Microscopic Organisms on Earth 54 Reading in Science 64 Lesson Earth’s