FOCUS ON PHYSICAL SCIENCE (1)

New York, New York Columbus, Ohio Chicago, Illinois Peoria, Illinois Woodland Hills, California Science nline ca8.msscience.com Check out the following features on your Online Learning Center: Study Tools • Focus On Physical Science The Palomar Observatory in north San Diego County is home to many telescopes including the Hale Telescope The 5.1m Hale Telescope is used nightly for astronomical studies • • • • • • • • Virtual Labs Microscopy Links Periodic Table Links Career Links Prescreened Web Links WebQuest Project Science Fair Ideas Internet Labs Interactive Tables • Interactive Time Line • Animated Illustrations Lesson Self-Check Quizzes Chapter Test Practice Standardized Test Practice Vocabulary PuzzleMaker Interactive Tutor For Teachers Multilingual Science Glossary • Teacher Bulletin Board Study to Go • Teaching Today, and much Online Student Edition more! BrainPop Movies • • • • • • • • • • Extensions Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher The National Geographic features were designed and developed by National Geographic’s Children’s Books and Education Division Copyright © National Geographic The name “National Geographic” and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of National Geographic and their use, without prior written permission, is strictly prohibited Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN-13: 978-0-07-879440-7 ISBN-10: 0-07-879440-4 Printed in the United States of America 10 079/043 10 09 08 07 Introduction to Investigation and Experimentation 9.a, 9.b, 9.c, 9.e, 9.f, 9.g Unit Motion and Forces 42 Chapter Motion 44 1.a, 1.b, 1.c, 1.d, 1.e, 1.f, 9.b, 9.d, 9.e, 9.f Chapter Forces 84 2.a, 2.b, 2.c, 2.d, 2.e, 2.f, 9.a, 9.d, 9.g Chapter Density and Buoyancy 126 8.a, 8.b, 8.c, 8.d, 9.f Unit Structure of Matter 168 Chapter Understanding the Atom 170 3.a, 3.f, 7.b, 9.e Chapter Combining Atoms and Molecules 214 3.a, 3.b, 3.c, 3.f, 7.c, 9.a, 9.e Chapter States of Matter 250 3.d, 3.e, 9.e, 9.g Chapter The Periodic Table and Physical Properties 286 3.f, 5.d, 7.a, 7.b, 7.c, 9.a, 9.e Unit Chemical Interactions 332 Chapter Chemical Reactions 334 3.b, 3.f, 5.a, 5.b, 5.c, 7.c, 9.a, 9.e Chapter Acids and Bases in Solution 376 5.e, 7.c, 9.a, 9.b, 9.e Chapter 10 Chemistry of Living Systems 418 3.c, 6.a, 6.b, 6.c, 9.c Unit Earth in Space 456 Chapter 11 Our Solar System 458 2.g, 4.c, 4.d, 4.e, 9.a, 9.e Chapter 12 Stars and Galaxies 504 2.g, 4.a, 4.b, 4.c, 4.d, 9.d iii The California Science Teacher Advisory Board provided valuable input in the development of the 2007 edition of Focus On Physical Science They helped create the scope and sequence of the Student Edition, provided content and pedagogical comments, and provided feedback for the Teacher Wraparound Edition iv Charles Beecroft 8th Grade Science Teacher Columbia School District Redding, CA Douglas Fisher Director of Professional Development City Heights Educational Collaborative San Diego, CA Patricia Juárez Coordinator III Sacramento City Unified School District Sacramento, CA Tom Castro Science Teacher Martinez JHS/ Martinez USD Martinez, CA Mindi Fisher Leadership Team Administrator Peninsula Union School District Samoa, CA Kathy Molnar Professional Development Mentor Etiwanda School District Etiwanda, CA Lisa L Cordes Science Department Chair Rivera Middle School/ El Rancho USD Pico Rivera, CA Frederick W Freking Faculty Advisor University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA Carol Orton Teacher Bernardo Heights Middle School San Diego, CA Justin Cunningham EdD Coordinator, Small School District Services San Diego, County Office of Education San Diego, CA Nancy Frey Associate Professor of Literacy San Diego State University San Diego, CA Joycalyn Peoples Science Specialist Riverside Unified School District Riverside, CA Richard Filson Science Department Chair Edison High School, Stockton Unified School District Stockton, CA Maria C Grant Teacher Hoover High School/ San Diego City School and San Diego State University San Diego, CA Wendi L Rodriguez Teacher Heritage/Snowline JUSD Phelan, CA Bruce Fisher Distinguished Teacher in Residence Humboldt State University Arcata, CA Patrick Horton Science Teacher Day Creek Intermediate School Etiwanda, CA Gladys Sorensen Science Department Chair Patrick Henry Middle School Grenada Hills, CA Patty Horton Professional Development Provider Etiwanda School District Etiwanda, CA Granger B Ward California Superintendent and Former Science Teacher San Diego, CA Authors Laurel Dingrando, MAT Secondary Science Coordinator Garland Independent School District Garland, TX Douglas Fisher, PhD Director of Professional Development and Professor City Heights Educational Collaborative, San Diego State University San Diego, CA Science nline Learn more about the authors at ca8.msscience.com Jennifer Gonya, PhD Cindy Klevickis, PhD Science Content Consultant Professor of Integrated The Ohio State University Science and Technology Columbus, OH James Madison University Harrisonburg, VA David G Haase, PhD Professor of Physics and Isaac Turiel, PhD Director of The Science Retired Staff Scientist House Lawrence Berkeley North Carolina State National Laboratory, University Berkeley, CA Raleigh, NC Margaret K Zorn, MS Science Writer Yorktown, VA Dinah Zike, MEd Educational Consultant Dinah-Might Activities, Inc San Antonio, TX National Geographic Education Division Washington, D.C Series Consultants Content consultants reviewed the chapters in their area of expertise and provided suggestions for improving the effectiveness of the science instruction Science Consultants Richard Allen, PhD University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA Karamjeet Arya, PhD San Jose State University San Jose, CA Teaster Baird, PhD San Francisco State University San Francisco, CA Natalie Batalha, PhD San Jose State University San Jose, CA Robin Bennett, MS University of Washington Seattle, WA William B N Berry, PhD University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA Alan Gishlick, PhD National Center for Science Education Oakland, CA Diane Clayton, PhD NASA Santa Barbara, CA Juno Hsu, PhD University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA Susan Crawford, PhD California State University Sacramento, CA Martha Jagucki, MS Geologist Columbus, OH Monika Kress, PhD San Jose State University San Jose, CA Steve Lund, PhD University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA Michael Manga, PhD University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA Stephen F Cunha, PhD Lee Kats, PhD Humboldt State University Pepperdine University Arcata, CA Malibu, CA Kate Schafer, PhD Aquamarine Research Mountain View, CA Jennifer A Dever, PhD Christopher Kim, PhD University of San Francisco Chapman University San Francisco, CA Orange, CA Julio G Soto, PhD San Jose State University San Jose, CA Alejandro Garcia, PhD San Jose State University San Jose, CA v Dr Edward Walton California Polytechnical Institute Pomona, CA VivianLee Ward National Health Museum Washington, DC Math Consultant Reading Consultant Safety Consultant Grant Fraser, PhD California State University Los Angeles, CA ReLeah Cossett Lent Author/Educational Consultant Alford, FL Jeff Vogt, MEd Federal Hocking Middle School Stewart, OH Series Teacher Reviewers Each Teacher Reviewer reviewed at least two chapters, providing feedback and suggestions for improving the effectiveness of the science instruction Joel Austin Roosevelt Middle School San Francisco, CA Bret Harrison Frank Ledesma Elementary Soledad, CA Lori Poublon-Ramirez Herman Intermediate School San Jose, CA Nicole Belong Coronado Middle School Coronado, CA Rick Hoffman Kastner Intermediate School Fresno, CA Martha Romero E O Green Junior High School Oxnard, CA Patrick Brickey Lakeview Junior High School Santa Maria, CA Kimberly Klein Barstow Intermediate School Barstow, CA Arlene Sackman Earlimart Middle School Earlimart, CA Mary Pilles Bryant Henry J Kaiser High School Fontana, CA David Kulka South Peninsula Hebrew Day School Sunnyvale, CA Rex Scates Herman Intermediate School San Jose, CA Edward Case Washington Academic Middle School Sanger, CA Robert Sherriff Winston Churchill Middle School Carmichael, CA Monaliza Chian E O Green Junior High School Oxnard, CA Kathleen Magnani Center Junior High School Antelope, CA Maria Mendez Simpson School Programs Coordinator/ Birch Aquarium La Jolla, CA Valesca Lopez Dwyer Park View Middle School Yucaipa, CA Tara McGuigan Monroe Clark Middle School San Diego, CA Lorre Stange Laytonville Elementary School Laytonville, CA Kathryn Froman North Davis Elementary School Davis, CA Shelia Patterson K–12 Alliance-California Oceano, CA Louann Talbert Laytonville Middle School Laytonville, CA Brian Gary Margaret Landell Elementary Cypress, CA Sharon Pendola St Albans Country Day School Roseville, CA Gina Marie Turcketta St Joan of Arc School Los Angeles, CA Jeanette George-Becker Roosevelt Elementary School San Gabriel, CA vi Christina Lambie Highland Elementary School Richmond, CA .. .Science nline ca8.msscience.com Check out the following features on your Online Learning Center: Study Tools • Focus On Physical Science The Palomar Observatory... Education Division Washington, D.C Series Consultants Content consultants reviewed the chapters in their area of expertise and provided suggestions for improving the effectiveness of the science. .. Educational Collaborative, San Diego State University San Diego, CA Science nline Learn more about the authors at ca8.msscience.com Jennifer Gonya, PhD Cindy Klevickis, PhD Science Content Consultant