Course Student Edition Stephen Hake ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This book was made possible by the significant contributions of many individuals and the dedicated efforts of a talented team at Harcourt Achieve Special thanks to: • Melody Simmons and Chris Braun for suggestions and explanations for problem solving in Courses 1–3, • Elizabeth Rivas and Bryon Hake for their extensive contributions to lessons and practice in Course 3, • Sue Ellen Fealko for suggested application problems in Course The long hours and technical assistance of John and James Hake on Courses 1–3, Robert Hake on Course 3, Tom Curtis on Course 3, and Roger Phan on Course were invaluable in meeting publishing deadlines The saintly patience and unwavering support of Mary is most appreciated – Stephen Hake Staff Credits Editorial: Jean Armstrong, Shelley Farrar-Coleman, Marc Connolly, Hirva Raj, Brooke Butner, Robin Adams, Roxanne Picou, Cecilia Colome, Michael Ota Design: Alison Klassen, Joan Cunningham, Deborah Diver, Alan Klemp, Andy Hendrix, Rhonda Holcomb Production: Mychael Ferris-Pacheco, Heather Jernt, Greg Gaspard, Donna Brawley, John-Paxton Gremillion Manufacturing: Cathy Voltaggio Marketing: Marilyn Trow, Kimberly Sadler E-Learning: Layne Hedrick, Karen Stitt ISBN 1-5914-1884-4 © 2007 Harcourt Achieve Inc and Stephen Hake All rights reserved No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, in whole or in part, without permission in writing from the copyright owner Requests for permission should be mailed to: Paralegal Department, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887 Saxon is a trademark of Harcourt Achieve Inc 048 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Stephen Hake has authored five books in the Saxon Math series He writes from 17 years of classroom experience as a teacher in grades through 12 and as a math specialist in El Monte, California As a math coach, his students won honors and recognition in local, regional, and statewide competitions Stephen has been writing math curriculum since 1975 and for Saxon since 1985 He has also authored several math contests including Los Angeles County’s first Math Field Day contest Stephen contributed to the 1999 National Academy of Science publication on the Nature and Teaching of Algebra in the Middle Grades Stephen is a member of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and the California Mathematics Council He earned his BA from United States International University and his MA from Chapman College EDUCATIONAL CONSULTANTS Nicole Hamilton Heidi Graviette Melody Simmons Consultant Manager Richardson, TX Stockton, CA Nogales, AZ Brenda Halulka Benjamin Swagerty Joquita McKibben Atlanta, GA Moore, OK Consultant Manager Pensacola, FL Marilyn Lance Kristyn Warren East Greenbush, NY Macedonia, OH Ann Norris Mary Warrington Wichita Falls, TX East Wenatchee, WA John Anderson Lowell, IN Beckie Fulcher Gulf Breeze, FL iii CONTENTS OVERVIEW Table of Contents v Letter from the Author xvii How to Use Your Textbook xviii Introduction to Problem Solving Section Lessons 1–10, Investigation Section 72 Lessons 11–20, Investigation Section 139 Lessons 21–30, Investigation Section 202 Lessons 31–40, Investigation Section 277 Lessons 41–50, Investigation Section 346 Lessons 51–60, Investigation Section 415 Lessons 61–70, Investigation Section 479 Lessons 71–80, Investigation Section 545 Lessons 81–90, Investigation Section 10 610 Lessons 91–100, Investigation 10 Section 11 675 Lessons 101–110, Investigation 11 Section 12 731 Lessons 111–120, Investigation 12 Appendix: Additional Topics in Algebra 785 Glossary with Spanish Terms 859 Index 897 iv Saxon Math Course TA B LE O F CO NTE NT S TA B LE O F CO N T E N T S Integrated and Distributed Units of Instruction Section Lessons 1–10, Investigation Math Focus: Number & Operations • Measurement Distributed Strands: Number & Operations • Algebra • Geometry • Measurement • Data Analysis & Probability • Problem Solving Lesson • Number Line: Comparing and Ordering Integers Maintaining & Extending Lesson 12 • Operations of Arithmetic Facts pp 6, 12, 19, 26, 31, 36, 41, 47, 54, 60 Lesson 19 • Addition and Subtraction Word Problems Lesson 26 • Multiplication and Division Word Problems Lesson 31 • Fractional Parts Lesson 36 • Converting Measures Power Up Mental Math Strategies pp 6, 12, 19, 26, 31, 36, 41, 47, 54, 60 Problem Solving Strategies pp 6, 12, 19, 26, 31, 36, 41, 47, 54, 60 Enrichment Early Finishers pp 11, 25, 40, 53 Lesson 41 • Rates and Average • Measures of Central Tendency Lesson 47 • Perimeter and Area Lesson 54 • Prime Numbers Lesson 10 60 • Rational Numbers • Equivalent Fractions Investigation 68 • The Coordinate Plane Activity Coordinate Plane Table of Contents v TA B LE O F CO N T E N T S Section Lessons 11–20, Investigation Math Focus: Number & Operations • Geometry Distributed Strands: Number & Operations • Algebra • Measurement • Geometry • Problem Solving Lesson 11 72 • Percents Maintaining & Extending Lesson 12 78 • Decimal Numbers Facts pp 72, 78, 85, 92, 97, 103, 108, 114, 120, 126 Lesson 13 85 • Adding and Subtracting Fractions and Mixed Numbers Mental Math Strategies pp 72, 78, 85, 92, 97, 103, 108, 114, 120, 126 Lesson 14 92 • Evaluation • Solving Equations by Inspection Problem Solving Strategies pp 72, 78, 85, 92, 97, 103, 108, 114, 120, 126 Lesson 15 97 • Powers and Roots Lesson 16 103 • Irrational Numbers Lesson 17 108 • Rounding and Estimating Lesson 18 114 • Lines and Angles Lesson 19 120 • Polygons Lesson 20 126 • Triangles Investigation 132 • Pythagorean Theorem Activity Pythagorean Puzzle vi Saxon Math Course Power Up Enrichment Early Finishers pp 107, 119, 125 TA B LE O F CO NTE NT S Section Lessons 21–30, Investigation Math Focus: Number & Operations Distributed Strands: Number & Operations • Algebra • Geometry • Problem Solving Lesson 21 139 • Distributive Property • Order of Operations Lesson 22 146 • Multiplying and Dividing Fractions Lesson 23 153 • Multiplying and Dividing Mixed Numbers Lesson 24 159 • Adding and Subtracting Decimal Numbers Lesson 25 163 • Multiplying and Dividing Decimal Numbers Lesson 26 169 • Transformations Activity Describing Transformations Maintaining & Extending Power Up Facts pp 139, 146, 153, 159, 163, 169, 176, 181, 186, 192 Mental Math Strategies pp 139, 146, 153, 159, 163, 169, 176, 181, 186, 192 Problem Solving Strategies pp 139, 146, 153, 159, 163, 169, 176, 181, 186, 192 Enrichment Early Finishers pp 158, 180, 185, 191 Lesson 27 176 • Laws of Exponents Lesson 28 181 • Scientific Notation for Large Numbers Lesson 29 186 • Ratio Lesson 30 192 • Repeating Decimals Investigation 197 • Classifying Quadrilaterals Table of Contents vii TA B LE O F CO N T E N T S Section Lessons 31–40, Investigation Math Focus: Algebra • Measurement Distributed Strands: Number & Operations • Algebra • Geometry • Measurement • Data Analysis & Probability • Problem Solving Lesson 31 202 • Adding Integers • Collecting Like Terms Lesson 32 210 • Probability Power Up Facts pp 202, 210, 218, 223, 229, 237, 245, 250, 257, 264 Lesson 33 218 • Subtracting Integers Mental Math Strategies pp 202, 210, 218, 223, 229, 237, 245, 250, 257, 264 Lesson 34 223 • Proportions • Ratio Word Problems Problem Solving Strategies pp 202, 210, 218, 223, 229, 237, 245, 250, 257, 264 Lesson 35 229 • Similar and Congruent Polygons Enrichment Lesson 36 237 • Multiplying and Dividing Integers • Multiplying and Dividing Terms Lesson 37 245 • Areas of Combined Polygons Lesson 38 250 • Using Properties of Equality to Solve Equations Lesson 39 257 • Circumference of a Circle Lesson 40 264 • Area of a Circle Investigation 271 • Drawing Geometric Solids Activity Sketching Prisms and Cylinders Using Parallel Projection Activity Sketching Pyramids and Cones Activity Create a Multiview Drawing Activity One-Point Perspective Drawing viii Maintaining & Extending Saxon Math Course Early Finishers pp 217, 222, 244, 263, 270 Extensions p 275 TA B LE O F CO NTE NT S Section Lessons 41–50, Investigation Math Focus: Number & Operations • Algebra Distributed Strands: Number & Operations • Algebra • Geometry • Measurement • Problem Solving Lesson 41 277 • Functions Maintaining & Extending Lesson 42 287 • Volume Facts pp 277, 287, 294, 300, 308, 313, 319, 326, 330, 336 Lesson 43 294 • Surface Area Activity Surface Area of a Box Mental Math Strategies pp 277, 287, 294, 300, 308, 313, 319, 326, 330, 336 Lesson 44 300 • Solving Proportions Using Cross Products • Slope of a Line Problem Solving Strategies pp 277, 287, 294, 300, 308, 313, 319, 326, 330, 336 Lesson 45 308 • Ratio Problems Involving Totals Power Up Enrichment Early Finishers pp 307, 341 Lesson 46 313 • Solving Problems Using Scientific Notation Lesson 47 319 • Graphing Functions Lesson 48 326 • Percent of a Whole Lesson 49 330 • Solving Rate Problems with Proportions and Equations Lesson 50 336 • Solving Multi-Step Equations Investigation 342 • Graphing Transformations Table of Contents ix ... Interpret Data x Saxon Math Course Maintaining & Extending Power Up Facts pp 34 6, 35 4, 36 0, 36 7, 37 5, 38 2, 38 9, 39 4, 400, 406 Mental Math Strategies pp 34 6, 35 4, 36 0, 36 7, 37 5, 38 2, 38 9, 39 4, 400, 406... 294, 30 0, 30 8, 31 3, 31 9, 32 6, 33 0, 33 6 Lesson 43 294 • Surface Area Activity Surface Area of a Box Mental Math Strategies pp 277, 287, 294, 30 0, 30 8, 31 3, 31 9,... 38 9, 39 4, 400, 406 Problem Solving Strategies pp 34 6, 35 4, 36 0, 36 7, 37 5, 38 2, 38 9, 39 4, 400, 406 Enrichment Early Finishers pp 35 3, 36 6, 37 4, 38 1, 39 9 TA B LE O F CO NTE NT S Section Lessons 61–70,