‘This is a clearly written and beautifully presented text The style is ideal for those who are new or nervous about statistics, as it supports their understanding in a friendly and easy to follow way.’ SEVENTH EDITION Dr Jennifer Murray, Edinburgh Napier University ‘In teaching statistics to undergraduates for a number of years, I have found this textbook provides an accessible yet sophisticated grounding in conceptual and practical aspects of quantitative psychology I recommend it without reservation.’ Professor Richard Rowe, University of Sheffield Statistics without Maths for Psychology, 7th edition, will help you gain the confidence to apply statistical concepts and use SPSS to analyse data within your studies and future independent research This new edition has been fully revised and is suitable for use with SPSS version 23 and earlier Key features: • Full-colour design and screenshots of the steps you need to take when using SPSS to help build an understanding of and confidence in analysing data • Up-to-date examples from the literature to keep you informed of current research • Activities related to the literature help you learn how to understand and interpret research findings • Interviews with researchers bring statistics to life showing their important role in psychological discoveries • Multiple choice questions at the end of each chapter enable you to check your understanding and progress Suitable for students taking a course in psychology, applied psychology, social science and other related fields Christine P Dancey is Emeritus Professor of Psychology at the University of East London John Reidy is Head of Academic Operations in the Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics at Sheffield Hallam University Christine Dancey and John Reidy SEVENTH EDITION Dancey and Reidy www.pearson-books.com Statistics without Maths for Psychology Highly praised for its clear, straightforward approach, Statistics without Maths for Psychology, 7th edition, provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to statistics and SPSS This widely used and trusted textbook is packed with examples, activities and questions to help you test your learning and deepen your understanding in a practical and manageable way Statistics without Maths for Psychology Front cover image © Miyoung Han / EyeEm / Getty Images CVR_DANCE_07_28856.indd 20/03/2017 09:38 Statistics Without Maths for Psychology F00 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856 Contents.indd 30/03/2017 21:26 British Psychological Society standards in Quantitative Methods in Psychology The British Psychological Society (BPS) accredits psychology degree programmes across the UK It has set guidelines as to which major topics should be covered within quantitative methods in psychology We have listed these topics below and indicated where in this textbook each is covered most fully BPS guidelines on the teaching of quantitative methods in psychology Which chapters? Descriptive and summary statistics 3, and Probability theory and The normal distribution 3, and Statistical inference and Confidence intervals Mean and error bar graphs Non-parametric alternatives to t-tests 16 Tests of proportions Cramer’s Phi as a measure of association in contingency tables — McNemar’s test of change — Bivariate correlation and linear regression and 12 The analysis of variance 10, 11 and 15 Non-parametric alternatives to one factor analyses of variance 16 The choice of an appropriate statistical analysis F00 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856 Contents.indd 30/03/2017 21:26 Statistics Without Maths for Psychology Seventh Edition Christine P Dancey University of East London John Reidy Sheffield Hallam University Harlow, England • London • New York • Boston • San Francisco • Toronto • Sydney Dubai • Singapore • Hong Kong • Tokyo • Seoul • Taipei • New Delhi Cape Town • São Paulo • Mexico City • Madrid • Amsterdam • Munich • Paris • Milan F00 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856 Contents.indd 30/03/2017 21:26 PEARSON EDUCATION LIMITED Edinburgh Gate Harlow CM20 2JE United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)1279 623623 Web: www.pearson.com/uk First published 1999 (print) Second edition 2002 (print) Third edition 2004 (print) Fourth edition 2008 (print) Fifth edition 2011 (print) Sixth edition 2014 (print and electronic) Seventh edition published 2017 (print and electronic) © Pearson Education Limited 1999, 2002, 2004, 2008, 2011 (print) © Pearson Education Limited 2014, 2017 (print and electronic) The rights of Christine P Dancey and John Reidy to be identified as authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 The print publication is protected by copyright Prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, distribution or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, permission should be obtained from the publisher or, where applicable, a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom should be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Barnard’s Inn, 86 Fetter Lane, London EC4A 1EN The ePublication is protected by copyright and must not be copied, reproduced, transferred, distributed, leased, licensed or publicly performed or used in any way except as specifically permitted in writing by the publishers, as allowed under the terms and conditions under which it was purchased, or as strictly permitted by applicable copyright law Any unauthorised distribution or use of this text may be a direct infringement of the authors’ and the publisher’s rights and those responsible may be liable in law accordingly All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners The screenshots in this book are reprinted by permission of Microsoft Corporation Pearson Education is not responsible for the content of third-party internet sites ISBN: 978-1-292-12885-6 (print) 978-1-292-12889-4 (PDF) 978-1-292-13027-9 (ePub) British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for the print edition is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dancey, Christine P., author | Reidy, John, author Statistics without maths for psychology / Christine P Dancey, University of East London, John Reidy, Sheffield Hallam University Seventh Edition | New York : Pearson, [2017] | Revised edition of the authors' Statistics without maths for psychology, 2014 LCCN 2016059329| ISBN 9781292128856 (print) | ISBN 9781292128894 (pdf) ISBN 9781292130279 (epub) LCSH: SPSS for Windows | Mathematical statistics | Psychology Statistical methods LCC BF39 D26 2017 | DDC 150.1/5195 dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016059329 10 21 20 19 18 17 Print edition typeset in 10/12pt Times New Roman PS Pro by SPi Global Printed in Slovakia by Neografia NOTE THAT ANY PAGE CROSS REFERENCES REFER TO THE PRINT EDITION F00 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856 Contents.indd 30/03/2017 21:26 Christine would like to dedicate this book to Donna Wiles and Linda Perkins Our close friendship and support for each other is very important to me You are both strong, beautiful and fantastic people Thanks a million, for everything John would like to dedicate this book to Ollie … super schnotz (100% Schnauzer) F00 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856 Contents.indd 30/03/2017 21:26 F00 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856 Contents.indd 30/03/2017 21:26 Brief contents Preface xvi Guided tour xx Acknowledgements xxii 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Variables and research design Introduction to SPSS 25 Descriptive statistics 42 Probability, sampling and distributions 97 Hypothesis testing and statistical significance 134 Correlational analysis: Pearson’s r 174 Analyses of differences between two conditions: the t-test 217 Issues of significance 246 Measures of association 265 Analysis of differences between three or more conditions 298 Analysis of variance with more than one IV 328 Regression analysis 377 Analysis of three or more groups partialling out effects of a covariate 414 Introduction to factor analysis 446 Introduction to multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) 481 Non-parametric statistics 516 Answers to activities and SPSS exercises 551 Appendix 1: Table of z-scores and the proportion of the standard normal distribution falling above and below each score 592 Appendix 2: Table r to zr 595 Index F00 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856 Contents.indd 597 30/03/2017 21:26 F00 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856 Contents.indd 30/03/2017 21:26 Contents Preface xvi Guided tour xx Acknowledgements xxii Variables and research design Chapter overview 1.1 Why teach statistics without mathematical formulae? 1.2 Variables 1.3 Levels of measurement 1.4 Research designs 1.5 Between-participants and within-participants designs Summary Multiple choice questions References Answers to multiple choice questions Introduction to SPSS Chapter overview 2.1 Basics 2.2 Starting SPSS 2.3 Working with data 2.4 Data entry 2.5 Saving your data 2.6 Inputting data for between-participants and within-participants designs 2.7 Within-participants designs Summary SPSS exercises Descriptive statistics Chapter overview 3.1 Samples and populations 3.2 Measures of central tendency F00 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856 Contents.indd 1 16 20 21 24 24 25 25 25 25 30 31 34 36 39 40 40 42 42 42 45 30/03/2017 21:26 Find more at www.downloadslide.com Appendix Table r to zr r zr r zr r zr r zr r zr 0000 000 2000 203 4000 424 6000 693 8000 1.099 0050 005 2050 208 4050 430 6050 701 8050 1.113 0100 010 2100 213 4100 436 6100 709 8100 1.127 0150 015 2150 218 4150 442 6150 717 8150 1.142 0200 020 2200 224 4200 448 6200 725 8200 1.157 0250 025 2250 229 4250 454 6250 733 8250 1.172 0300 030 2300 234 4300 460 6300 741 8300 1.188 0350 035 2350 239 4350 466 6350 750 8350 1.204 0400 040 2400 245 4400 472 6400 758 8400 1.221 0450 045 2450 250 4450 478 6450 767 8450 1.238 0500 050 2500 255 4500 485 6500 775 8500 1.256 0550 055 2550 261 4550 491 6550 784 8550 1.274 0600 060 2600 266 4600 497 6600 793 8600 1.293 0650 065 2650 271 4650 504 6650 802 8650 1.313 0700 070 2700 277 4700 510 6700 811 8700 1.333 0750 075 2750 282 4750 517 6750 820 8750 1.354 0800 080 2800 288 4800 523 6800 829 8800 1.376 0850 085 2850 293 4850 530 6850 838 8850 1.398 0900 090 2900 299 4900 536 6900 848 8900 1.422 0950 095 2950 304 4950 537 6950 858 8950 1.447 1000 100 3000 310 5000 549 7000 867 9000 1.472 1050 105 3050 315 5050 556 7050 877 9050 1.499 1100 110 3100 321 5100 563 7100 887 9100 1.528 1150 116 3150 326 5150 570 7150 897 9150 1.557 1200 121 3200 332 5200 576 7200 908 9200 1.589 1250 126 3250 337 5250 583 7250 918 9250 1.623 1300 131 3300 343 5300 590 7300 929 9300 1.658 Z03 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856.indd 595 29/03/2017 16:43 Find more at www.downloadslide.com 596 Statistics without maths for psychology r zr r zr r zr r zr r zr 1350 136 3350 348 5350 597 7350 940 9350 1.697 1400 141 3400 354 5400 604 7400 950 9400 1.738 1450 146 3450 360 5450 611 7450 962 9450 1.783 1500 151 3500 365 5500 618 7500 973 9500 1.832 1550 156 3550 371 5550 626 7550 984 9550 1.886 1600 161 3600 377 5600 633 7600 996 9600 1.946 1650 167 3650 383 5650 640 7650 1.008 9650 2.014 1700 172 3700 388 5700 648 7700 1.020 9700 2.092 1750 177 3750 394 5750 655 7750 1.033 9750 2.185 1800 182 3800 400 5800 662 7800 1.045 9800 2.298 1850 187 3850 406 5850 670 7850 1.058 9850 2.443 1900 192 3900 412 5900 678 7900 1.071 9900 2.647 1950 198 3950 418 5950 685 7950 1.085 9950 2.994 Figures in this table were computed by the authors Z03 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856.indd 596 29/03/2017 16:43 Find more at www.downloadslide.com Index Note: References to Figures and Tables are indicated by italic page numbers, references to Example boxes by bold page numbers, and references to footnotes by the suffix ‘n’ a priori comparisons see planned comparisons Aberson, Christopher 257 achieved significance level (ASL) 224n, 239, 252, 532 addiction, Facebook 205–6 adjacent scores/values in data 62 age-related differences in recognition memory 206–7 aggression and depression in rural women 398 alcohol consumption coordination relationship 150 driving ability 304, 307, 310, 316–17, 434–6 smoking/drinking relationship 266, 27, 276, 276–7, 279–81, 284, 285 sport participation relationship 83, 84–5 Alexander, B 449, 449, 456, 457, 466 Allan, S 449 Allen, K L 204, 204, 520 Alma, Manna 318, 318–19 alpha α criterion 143, 145, 146, 151, 490–1 Alt, M 191 Altman, D G analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) 414–45 guide to choosing 162 pre-existing groups 422–7 pretest–posttest designs 428–31 SPSS 416–20, 432–4 analysis of variance (ANOVA) 15, 16, 298–327 between-groups variance 300–1, 302–3, 312, 333, 334–5 Z04 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856.indd 597 descriptive statistics 307 Friedman’s test 538, 543–4 guide to choosing 162 MANOVA comparison 481, 482 more than one independent variable 328–76 multiple testing 309 one between-participants and one withinparticipants variable 332, 362–70 partitioning the variance 301–3 planned comparisons 308, 316–17 post-hoc tests 309–10 regression analysis 391, 394, 401–2 repeated-measures 312–19 sources of variance 333, 334–7, 352–6, 362 SPSS 305–6, 308, 313–15, 346–51, 359–61, 368–70 terminology 332–3 two between-participants variables 331, 333–51 two within-participants variables 331, 351–61 within-groups variance 300, 301–3, 312, 330, 331–2, 335 Analyze menu (SPSS) ANCOVA 432 ANCOVA see analysis of covariance anger, effects in negotiations 345–6 angry faces, effects of bared teeth on 358–9 ANOVA 298, 299, 351 central tendency measures 53, 55 Friedman’s test 541, 542–3 independent 300 Kruskal–Wallis analysis 541 29/03/2017 16:44 Find more at www.downloadslide.com 598 Index ANOVA (continued ) MANOVA 494, 502 related 399 SPSS 313–15, 359–61, 368–70 ANOVA see analysis of variance anxiety 4–5, 6, 90 attentional control relationship 185, 186, 338–9 Believability of Anxious Feelings and Thoughts Questionnaire (BAFT) 438–9 depression link 12, 13 maths anxiety and working memory in school children 87–8 memory performance 151–2 mindfulness relationship 182–3, 183, 190 relaxing music for sports competitive anxiety control 127 see also statistics anxiety/procrastination studies Armitage, C 56, 57 Arroll, M 203 ASL see achieved significance level association, measures of 265–96 attachment anxiety/avoidance 182–3, 183, 190 autism spectrum disorder children, social and emotional skills intervention for 502–3 average see mean Baddeley, A D 328–9 bar charts see error bar charts bared teeth, effects on detecting happy and angry faces 358–9 Barner, D 14 Batool, S 238 Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) 111, 466 Beck, A T 111 Behavioural Approach Test (BAT) 497, 498, 498, 499–501, 502 Believability of Anxious Feelings and Thoughts Questionnaire (BAFT) 438–9 Bender, R 206–7 Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) 205 between-participants (independent) designs 16, 19–20, 20, 36–9, 40 ANOVA 299, 300–1, 302–3, 312, 329–30, 331–2, 333–51, 362–70 error bar charts 125–6 ‘reasonable’ number of participants 485 t-test 217, 222, 223, 228–31 Z04 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856.indd 598 bi-directional hypotheses 152 Bilkman, L 257 bimodal distributions 83, 84, 85, 86 bin width 57 biofeedback in smartphone application and stress reduction 367–8 bivariate correlations 175–99 bivariate linear regression 377–98 blood, fear of 56–7 Bocklandt, S 533 Boddington, E L 256, 464, 464 Bonferroni test 315, 316, 344, 359, 492, 494 Borghi, L 289 box plots 61–6, 62, 63 distributions of data 85–6, 86 MANOVA 486, 487, 493, 497, 502 SPSS 66 Wilcoxon test 529 Box’s M test 485, 488, 489, 493, 496 Bradley, B P 338 Brähler, E 259 Branch, M 142, 146 Bray, J H 492 burnout of counsellors 405, 405–6 Byrne, S M 204, 520 cancer, end-of-life care during and after an acute hospitalisation in older patients 310–11 Cangöz, B 345 cannabis use, resistance to health education messages for 256, 464–5 categorical variables 3, 4, 5, 8, 265–6 causation 11–12, 14, 15, 175, 378 Central Limit Theorem 108, 223 central tendency, measurement of 45–9, 53–6 Cheng, M Y 358 Chernyak, N 17 children autism spectrum disorder, social and emotional skills intervention for 502–3 Brazilian, executive functioning and reading achievement in 466 chi-square (* 2) statistic 265, 266, 281 chi-square (* 2) tests for independence * 266, 276–84, 287 of independence * 266, 285–8, 288–9 one-variable 266, 267–76 SPSS 269–71, 273–6, 279–81 29/03/2017 16:44 Find more at www.downloadslide.com Index chocolate gifts given to midwives 396 study of preferences 267–8, 269–71 chronic illness and cognitive ability 195–6, 237 Chryst, Breanne 249 Chui, W.H 144 Ciccotti, S 8–9 Clark-Carter, D 145 cognition need for 231–2 cognitive ability chronic illness relationship 195–6 executive function tasks 466–7 see also IQ scores Cohen, J 221, 232, 251, 252 Cohen’s d measure 238, 251, 259, 439 cola sales 377–8, 389–90 collectivism and the meaning of suffering 287, 287–8 colours, favourite 57, 57 Combs, D J 149 component matrix 459, 460, 472, 475 conditional probabilities 99, 108, 137, 143 conditions, differences between three or more conditions 298–327 two conditions 154–5, 217–39 confidence intervals (CIs) 108, 111–16, 112, 115, 127, 248–9, 258–9, 259 analysis of two conditions 219 ANCOVA 434, 437 ANOVA 316, 317, 317 error bar charts 121–6, 122–3, 142, 336, 345 hypothesis testing 141–2 MANOVA 486, 487, 493, 497, 498, 499, 502 overlapping 122–3, 122–3 pretest–posttest designs 430 sample size 254–5 simple effects 340–3, 357, 365–6 SPSS 120–1 standard error 116–19, 118 t-test 224–5, 232, 236 confidence limits analysis of two conditions 218, 219, 220 ANCOVA 437 ANOVA 307 correlational analysis 175 regression analysis 395, 401–2 confounding variables 10, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20 contingency tables 277, 278, 285 Z04 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856.indd 599 599 continuous variables 3, 4–6 correctional officers, burnout and coping in 525 correlation coefficient (r) 176, 186, 188–90, 199, 449 factor analysis 446–7, 454, 455, 456 partial correlations 200, 202 variance 190–4 correlation matrix 446–7, 455, 455, 456, 459 correlational analysis 174–211 bivariate correlations 175–99 first- and second-order 200–7 patterns of correlations 208 regression analysis comparison 378–9 SPSS 188–90 statistical significance 194 variance 190–4 see also regression analysis correlational designs 9, 10–11, 16 counsellors, burnout of 405, 405–6 counterbalancing 17–18, 18, 19 covariance 190 see also analysis of covariance; variance– covariance matrix covariates 414, 415, 421, 422, 426–7, 428, 430 Cramer’s V statistic 265, 280, 281–2, 283, 284 criterion significance level 246–50, 252–3 criterion variables 378, 381–2, 392, 398–401, 403, 404 Cumming, G 141, 249 curvilinear relationships 180 data entry (SPSS) 31–4, 36–9, 347, 348 Data View screen (SPSS) 32–3, 37 Data, Split File dialogue box (SPSS) 347, 348, 350, 370 deception, effect on hand gestures 232, 259 Define Groups dialogue box (SPSS) 229 degree of angle 450, 451–2, 453, 454, 456–7 degrees of freedom (DF) 202, 225–6 ANOVA 308, 316, 355, 363–4 chi-square tests 269, 284 regression analysis 397 simple effects 357, 365–6 t-test 225–6 Delaney, H D 5, demand effects 18, 19 dementia, emotion word comprehension in 526 29/03/2017 16:44 Find more at www.downloadslide.com 600 Index Denis, D J 141 dependency in social anxiety disorder (SAD) 428 Dependent List box (SPSS) 54, 120 dependent variables (DVs) 13–14, 15, 156 ANOVA 328–9 MANOVA 481–502 regression analysis 378 depression 12, 13, 449 and aggression in rural women 398 Beck Depression Inventory 111, 466 cognitive ability 195–6 and dizziness 203 extreme scores 63, 64 frequency histograms 57, 58 stem and leaf plots 60, 60–1, 61 descriptive statistics 42–97, 522–3 analysis of two conditions 218, 219 ANCOVA 414, 437–8 ANOVA 299, 307, 310, 347–8 central tendency measures 45–9, 53–6 graphical description of data 56–67 non-normal distributions 82–90 normal distribution 73–6 samples and populations 42–4 sampling error 50–56, 71–3 scattergrams 68–71 t-test 222, 235 variation or spread of distributions 76–80 writing up results 90 developmental coordination disorder (DCD), memory in children with 288–9 difference tests Dillon, A 367 directional hypotheses 151, 152 discrete variables 3, 4–5 distribution-free tests see non-parametric (distribution-free) tests distributions of data characteristics 81 frequency histograms 58 non-normal 82–90 sampling distributions 108–11, 110, 112– 13, 113, 116, 117, 119 standard normal distribution 101–7, 101, 103–4, 105–6, 115, 117n variation or spread of 76–80 writing up results 90 see also normal distribution dizziness and depression 203 Z04 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856.indd 600 dog walking and social interaction 8–9, 10, 13–14, 16–17, 18, 19, 36–9, 43–4, 55 Dracup, C 146 driving ability/behaviour alcohol consumption 304, 307, 310, 316–17, 434–8 Dugard, P 428 Dunn, E 141, 249 Dunn, K 43 eating disorders mood intolerance 204, 204–5, 520 e-cigarettes 539 ecstasy use 176 effect size 143, 145, 251, 259 analysis of two conditions 218, 220–2 ANCOVA 414 ANOVA 299, 309–10, 344, 357, 367 correlation coefficient 194 Cramer’s V statistic 265 Mann–Whitney test 525 power 252, 256, 257, 258 t-test 223 eigenvalues 460, 462, 463, 471, 474 Elliott, D 127 emotion word comprehension in the dementias 526 end-of-life care in older patients 310–11 Engel de Abreu, P M J 466 error ANCOVA 421, 426, 430 ANOVA 329, 336, 364–5 experimental 301, 312 Type I 148–9, 150, 151, 232, 309, 333, 343, 482, 492 Type II 150, 151, 232 see also sampling error; standard error error bar charts 121–6, 122–3, 142, 350–1 ANOVA 336, 342, 345 MANOVA 493, 497, 499, 502 Etter, J.-F 539 exam grades effect of revision conditions 332, 333, 338, 344, 350, 333–70 IQ and motivation 398–403 study time relationship 134–9, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140–1, 147, 151, 176 executive functioning reading achievement in 6-to 8-year-old Brazilian children 466 29/03/2017 16:44 Find more at www.downloadslide.com Index expected frequencies 267, 267–8, 268–9, 271, 272–3, 274, 275–6, 278, 280–1, 283–4, 285, 288 experimental design 12–14, 15, 16 experimental error 301, 312 explanatory variables 378, 398–400, 402, 404 exploratory data analyses (EDA) 56 Explore option (SPSS) 53, 54, 67, 80, 88, 120–1, 219, 258 extraneous variables 9, 10, 13–14, 15, 19 extreme scores 61–5, 147, 148, 152–3, 161, 404 eye-gaze directions of rotated faces 65 F ratio 302–3, 308, 312, 355, 437 Facebook addiction 205–6 faces happy and angry, effects of bared teeth on 358–9 rotated, perceptions of eye-gaze directions of 65 factor analysis 208, 446–80 conceptualisation 450–2 guide to choosing 162 loading of variables 453–4, 456 naming the factors 452 negative loadings 467 PCA comparison 448 plotting variables in factor space 457–9 psychometrics 448, 449 SPSS 468–75 unrotated and rotated matrices 456–7, 459 use of factors in further analyses 466–7 visualisation 449, 450 fatigue and napping 14 Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (FSQ) 496–502 Ferland, C E 544 Fidell, L S 64, 398, 404 Fidler, F 247, 249 filenames 35 Fisher’s Exact Probability Test 278, 283–4 Fisher’s Z 199 Fisk, J E 176 frailty, end-of-life care during and after an acute hospitalisation in older patients 310–11 Frequencies option (SPSS) 55–6 frequency counts 7, 265, 266, 269–71, 283 Z04 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856.indd 601 601 frequency histograms 56–9, 57, 58 Friedman’s analysis of variance test 538, 541, 542–3 F-value 230, 308, 340, 355, 365 ANCOVA 434, 436 ANOVA 335, 363–4 MANOVA 484, 489–90, 491, 492, 501 pretest–posttest designs 429 regression analysis 394 Gallagher, M W 144 Galton, Francis 175 Games-Howell test 346 generalisation 43–4, 255, 403 Gilbert, P 449 Gnambs, T 10 Godden, D R 328–9 goodness-of-fit test 266, 267–76 Gossett, William 222 Gould, D D 525 GPOWER program 257 grand mean 299–300, 301–2, 303, 423, 423, 424–5, 426 graphs 56–67, 247 ANCOVA 415–16 interaction between variables 338–9, 338–9 main effects 337 regression line 378–88, 389–90 see also error bar charts; histograms; scattergrams Graphs menu (SPSS) 70, 88–9, 124, 380, 416 Greenhouse–Geisser epsilon 298, 315, 316, 317, 354, 364, 499 Guéguen, N 8–9 guilt, study of 449, 449–59, 466 Gülçay, Ç 345 hand gestures, effect of deception on 232, 258 happy faces, effects of bared teeth on 358–9 health complaints and unemployment 259 health-related behaviours, hepatitis C, and medication adherence 238–9 help seeking attitudes and masculine norms 533 hepatitis C, health-related behaviours and medication adherence 238–9 Herzberg, K N 438–9 29/03/2017 16:44 Find more at www.downloadslide.com 602 Index Hillman, J 232, 258 hinges 61–2 Hinz, A 259 histograms bimodal distributions 84 frequency 56–9, 57, 58 maths anxiety and working memory in school children 87–8 normal distribution 75, 75, 81, 85, 86, 87–8, 88–9 sampling distribution 109–10 skewed distributions 82 SPSS 66, 67, 88–9 t-test 226 variation of distributions 77 Wilcoxon test 527, 528, 529 homogeneity of variance 160, 230, 298, 308, 333, 485, 496 honestly significant difference (HSD) test 309 horses, validity testing of five-factor model of personality on 460–1, 463 Hotelling’s trace 353, 358, 484, 488, 489, 498, 499 Howell, D C 160, 247, 256, 257, 288, 309, 340, 340n Hsieh, S 526 h-spread 62 Huff, D 171 Huijberts, S 310 Huynh-Feldt epsilon 354, 363, 364, 500 hypotheses, one- and two-tailed 151–6, 152– 3, 154–5, 234, 284, 286 hypothesis testing 13, 134–42, 146, 248–9 see also null hypothesis Iancu, I 428 ice-cream sales 187–8, 189–90, 194 I-Chen Chen 288–9 illusory face perception 15 imperfect relationships 177–9, 186 independent designs see between-participants (independent) designs independent t-test 162, 222 independent variables (IVs) 13–14, 15, 16–17, 19 ANOVA 328–76 MANOVA 482–4, 489, 490, 494–6, 501–2 regression analysis 378 Z04 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856.indd 602 individual differences 301, 312 individualism and the meaning of suffering 287, 287 inferential statistics 43, 58, 63, 265 analysis of two conditions 218, 222–4 ANOVA 299 hypothesis testing 137, 138 probability 99–101 inner fences 62 intact groups 535 interaction between independent variables 328, 329, 330, 332–3, 336–7, 338–40 intercept (of regression line) 383, 386, 387, 394–5 interval estimates 111–12, 127, 219, 225, 258 interval level 156 interval scales 7–8 inverted-U hypothesis 180 IQ scores 49, 50–1, 102, 104–6, 106–7 chronic illness relationship 195–6, 237 correlational analysis 177–8, 178, 198–9 examination success 398–403 reliable measurement of 426–7 statistics retention 415–16, 421 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 272–3 Jacobsson, L 519 Jerusalem, M 259 Kausar, Rukhsana 238 Kay, A C 287–8 Keller, P S 149 Kenney, E L 107 Keogh, E 90 Klaghofer, R 259 Klatsky, A L 97 Kraemer, H C 257 Kristiansen, R E 460, 463 Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance 535–6, 538, 539–40 Kuczaj II, S A 460, 463 kurtosis 81, 81 Label feature (SPSS) 32, 37 Lacida, A P 205 Landau, M J 287–8 Latu, I M 79 Lavender, A 257 least significant difference (LSD) test 309 29/03/2017 16:44 Find more at www.downloadslide.com Index least-squares regression line 390 left-handedness 272–3 Lent, Jonathan 405, 405 leptokurtic distribution 81, 81 Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances 230, 231, 254, 341, 343, 366, 430, 491 Lexell, J 519 life satisfaction after traumatic brain injury 519 line of best fit (regression line) ANCOVA 416–20, 423, 423, 423, 424–5, 426–7, 427, 435, 436 regression analysis 378–88, 389–90, 394, 395, 397, 399 linear regression 162, 377–98 Lo, L Y 358 Lo, W J 397 Loftus, Geoffrey R 141–2, 247–9, 336 lower quartiles 61 lower-bound epsilon 354, 364, 500 Macdonald, R 247 magnitude of effect see effect size main effects 329, 333, 334–6, 337, 339–40, 344, 345, 346, 349, 353, 355 Mann, S 232, 258 Mann–Whitney U test 15, 16, 521–7, 535, 538 MANOVA see multivariate analysis of variance Marewski, J N 247 Marissen, M A 494 masculine norms and help seeking attitudes 533 Masson, Mike 248 mathematics anxiety and working memory in school children 87–8 Mathews, A 151 matrix algebra 454, 454n, 456, 459n Mauchly’s test of sphericity 352, 354, 363, 500 Maxwell, S E 5, 6, 492 McDermott, M R 256, 464, 464 McLean, N J 204, 520 mean 44, 45, 47–8, 63–4 analysis of two conditions 219 ANCOVA 414, 421, 423, 423, 424–5, 426, 434, 436, 437 ANOVA 301–3, 307, 309–10, 316, 317, 335, 336, 363–4 Z04 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856.indd 603 603 confidence intervals 111–16, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 258–9 effect size 251 error bar charts 122–3, 122 MANOVA 486, 487 normal distribution 74, 76 pretest–posttest designs 430 sample size 253–5 sampling error 51, 52 simple effects 340–3, 356–7, 365–6 skewed distributions 83 standard deviation 77–9 standard error 116–19, 118 standard normal distribution 101–2, 103, 104, 105, 106 t-test 224, 226, 231–2, 235–6 Wilcoxon test 532 writing up results 90, 90 see also population mean; sample mean mean deviation 77 Measure Name dialogue box (SPSS) 504 measurement, levels of 7–8 median 45–7, 48, 522, 539 box plots 61–2 median-split method normal distribution 74, 76, 86 skewed distributions 83, 86 medication adherence, hepatitis C, healthrelated behaviours and 238–9 memory age and autobiographical memory 311–12 age-related differences 206–7 anxious individuals 151 background noise impact on 218–20, 218–19, 221, 228–31 children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) 288–9 context-dependent 328–9 and maths anxiety in school children 87–8 mental abacus training 14 mental health and procrastination 100 mesokurtic distribution 81, 81 metamemory, age-related differences 206–7 Meyrueix, Laetitia 398 midwives, chocolate given to 396 mindfulness 182–3, 183, 190 mode 47, 48 bimodal distributions 83 normal distribution 74, 74 skewed distributions 83 29/03/2017 16:44 Find more at www.downloadslide.com 604 Index Mogg, K 151, 338 Montgomery, C 176 mood intolerance 204, 204–5 Moores, E 100–1 Morris, P E 249 multicollinearity 404–5 Multiple, R 393 multiple comparison procedures 308, 309 multiple regression 162, 398–406, 448, 484 multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) 481–514 assumptions 485–89 correlated dependent variables 492–3 F-value 489–90 guide to choosing 162 logic of 483–4 matrix algebra 454n post-hoc analyses 490–2 reasons for using 482 SPSS 494–6, 503–5 within-participants designs 496–505 multivariate normality 485 multivariate tests 353, 363, 488, 499, 500 Murcia, J V B 205 Murphy, P N 176 music uses by visual impaired and sighted people 233 for sports competitive anxiety control 127 narcissistic personality disorder and self-esteem 494 National Lottery results 111, 149 need for cognition 231–2 negative loadings 467 negative relationships 176, 178–9, 181, 183, 185, 191, 385–7 negatively skewed distributions 82–3, 82, 85, 86, 227, 527, 529 negotations, effects of anger in 345–6 Newton, Isaac 11 nominal scales 7, non-linear relationships 179–80, 396 non-normal distributions 82–90 non-parametric (distribution-free) tests 8, 82, 156, 160, 161, 516–50 Friedman’s analysis of variance test 538, 541, 542–3 Z04 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856.indd 604 Kruskal–Wallis analysis 535–6, 538, 539–40 Mann–Whitney U test 15, 16, 521–7, 535, 538 power 255 Spearman’s rho 11, 16, 181, 517–21 Wilcoxon test 15, 16, 521, 527–34 non-perfect relationships 387–8 Nordin, Andrew 396 normal distribution 73–6, 74, 75, 82, 85, 86, 86 ANOVA 298 frequency histograms 58 MANOVA 485, 486, 502 multiple regression 404 parametric tests 156, 157, 160, 217 sampling distribution 108–11, 110, 112–13, 113, 116, 117, 119 SPSS 88–9 standard 101–7, 101, 103–4, 105–6, 115 null hypothesis 137, 138, 139–42, 145, 147–8, 154, 257 chi-square tests 278 criterion for significance 151 p-value 145, 146 replication 149 significance level 142–3 statistical significance 143 Type I error 148–9 Type II error 150 null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) 140, 249 null hypothesis testing (NHT) 140–2 criticms against 141–2 O’Donohue, W 496 observed frequencies 267, 267, 268–9, 272–3, 278 older patients, end-of-life care 310–11 Olsson, H 247 one-tailed hypotheses 151–6, 155, 234, 284 one-tailed tests 154–5, 255, 286 one-way ANOVA design 299, 305–6, 307, 414 order effects 17, 18, 19 ordinal scales 7, organ failure end-of-life care during and after an acute hospitalisation in older patients 310–11 Osborne, J 257 29/03/2017 16:44 Find more at www.downloadslide.com Index Öst, L 497 Otsuka, Y 65 outliers see extreme scores pain control 233–4 postoperative 544 paired (related) t-test 222, 225, 233–4, 356–7, 361 pairwise comparisons 538–9 parameters 44 parametric tests 8, 156–63, 181, 255, 516 see also t-test parental nurturance 184, 184 Parker, T S 203 partial correlations 200–7 partial eta-squared (η2) 344, 354–5, 357, 363–4, 367, 434, 436 partialling out 200, 207, 352, 414, 428 Partington, S 83, 84 partitioning of variance 301–3, 330 PASS program 257 PCA see principal components analysis Pearson, Karl 175, 181, 266 Pearson’s product moment correlation (r) 11, 16, 147, 175, 181, 181, 188–90 alcohol/driving ability relationship 434–5 chi-square tests 281, 282 guide to choosing 162 IQ scores 198–9 MANOVA 501 regression analysis 393 smoking/drinking relationship 276 Spearman’s rho comparison 517 Pehl, J B 449 perceptions of eye-gaze directions of rotated faces 65 perfect relationships 176–7, 178, 181, 186, 187, 191, 383, 385 personality and burnout of counsellors 405, 405–6 five-factor model, testing, on horses 460–1, 463 Pillai’s trace 353, 363, 484, 488, 489, 494, 499, 500 plane of best fit 399, 403 planned comparisons 308, 316–17, 344, 359 platykurtic distribution 81, 81 Plots option (SPSS) 66–7 point estimates 111, 119, 127, 219, 225, 258 Z04 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856.indd 605 605 politicians’ trustworthiness 149 Polshkova, S 144 population mean 49, 51, 108, 111, 258 analysis of two conditions 219 confidence intervals 111–16, 122–3 hypothesis testing 141, 248–9 standard error 116–19, 118 t-test 225 populations 42–4, 43, 51–2, 134–7, 156–7 positive relationships 176–8, 181, 184, 189–90, 383 positively skewed distributions 82–3, 82, 227 Post Hoc dialogue box (SPSS) 306 post-hoc tests 309–10, 316–17, 482, 490–2 postoperative pain 544 power, statistical 150, 161, 246, 251–8, 258, 353 predictor variables 378, 381–2, 392, 398, 403 pre-operative distress factors predicting postoperative pain 544 pretest–posttest designs 428–31 principal axis factoring see factor analysis principal components analysis (PCA) 448, 460, 464, 466–7, 468–75 probability 97–101, 108 Fisher’s Exact Probability Test 278, 283–4 hypothesis testing 140, 147–8, 152 Type I error 148–9 see also probability value probability distribution 124 probability value (p-value) 137, 142, 143, 144–5, 148 ANOVA 309, 346 chi-square tests 288 correlational analysis 199 criterion significance level 247 Mann–Whitney test 525 MANOVA 489, 494, 501 one- and two-tailed hypotheses 154 poem about 250 simple effects 341, 357 statistical significance 194 t-test 225, 230 psychological significance 145 psychology placements and career benefits 100–1 psychometrics 448, 449 p-value see probability value 29/03/2017 16:44 Find more at www.downloadslide.com 606 Index quality of life (QOL) 208 quasi-experimental designs 14–15, 16, 18 R square (R2) 193, 394, 400 Ramirez, G 87 random allocation 13–14, 15, 16, 19 range 76–7, 219 ranking of data 45–6, 521, 522, 527, 529, 530, 532, 535 ratio scales Raz, N 206–7 reading achievement in 6-to 8-year-old Brazilian children 466 Reddy, P 100–1 regression analysis 358–421, 448 degrees of freedom 397 SPSS 380–2, 391–2, 403 see also multiple regression regression equation 358, 384–5, 388, 395, 398, 402–3, 484 regression line (line of best fit) ANCOVA 415–20, 422, 423, 423, 424–5, 426–7, 427, 435, 436 regression analysis 378–88, 389–90, 394, 395, 397, 399 Reidy, J 56, 57, 90, 151 related (paired) t-test 162, 222, 233–4, 356–7, 361 relaxing music for sports competitive anxiety control 127 reliability 449n repeated-measures design 234–6, 255, 298, 312–19, 504, 541, 542–3 replication 149 research designs 8–15, 16 see also between-participants (independent) designs; withinparticipants designs research hypothesis 137, 139–40, 149 residuals 385 Reversal Theory (RT) 464 Rog, D J 257 Rosenthal, Robert 199, 247, 249–50, 251 Rosnow, R L 199, 247, 251 rotation of matrices 459, 460, 463, 470 Rothschild, Z K 287–8 Rowe, J 257 Roy’s largest root 353, 363, 484, 488, 489, 499, 500 Royston, P Z04 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856.indd 606 sample mean 49, 51, 71, 108, 111, 112, 258 analysis of two conditions 219 confidence intervals 111–16, 249 standard error 116–19, 118 t-test 225 sample size 253–5, 256–7, 258 error bar charts 122 factor analysis 448 multiple regression 403–4 ‘reasonable’ 485 standard error 116–19, 118 statistical significance 247 t-test 225 sample standard deviation 79 samples 42–4, 43, 134–9 sampling distributions 108–11, 110, 112–13, 113, 116, 117, 119 sampling error 50–56, 71–3, 134–7 ANCOVA 414 ANOVA 329–30, 343 criterion significance levels 252–3 Mann–Whitney test 522, 525 non-normal distributions 82 probability of 108, 143, 147–8, 152 replication 149 sample size 254–5 t-test 223, 224, 239 Wilcoxon test 530 Sánchez, F J 533 Savalei, V 141, 249 saving of data (SPSS) 34–5 scales 7–8 scattergrams 68–71, 68–9 ANCOVA 415, 422 correlational analysis 175, 176–7, 177–80, 180, 183, 183, 184–6, 195, 195, 196 exam grades and study time 135, 136, 138, 139 regression analysis 379–80, 380–2, 399 SPSS 197–8, 417–18 Scheer, J W 259 Schlagman, S 311 Schwartz, R C 405 Schwarzer, R 259 scree plot 460, 462, 463, 464 Secret Agent Society 502–3 self-criticism in social anxiety disorder (SAD) 428 29/03/2017 16:44 Find more at www.downloadslide.com Index self-efficacy and health complaints 259 in social anxiety disorder (SAD) 428 self-esteem and narcissistic personality disorder 494 in social anxiety disorder (SAD) 428 sexting as an intervention 203–4 shame, study of 449, 449–59, 466 shared variance 191, 192, 193, 448 significance, statistical 142–5, 151, 154, 194 achieved significance level 224n, 239, 252, 532 criterion significance level 246–50, 252–3 Mann–Whitney test 524 sample size 253, 254–5, 257 t-test 224, 239 Sim, I.O 119 simple effects 340–4, 356–7, 361, 365–7 skewed distributions 82–3, 82, 85–6, 86, 226, 227, 527, 529 smartphone application biofeedback in stress reduction 367–8 Smith, G D 249 smoking drinking relationship 266, 276, 276, 276– 7, 279–81, 284, 285 ecstasy users 176 smoking-related cancer 11 Sobel, D M 17 social anxiety disorder (SAD) 428 Sofronoff, K 502 Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient 11, 16, 181, 517–21 sphericity 298, 315, 352, 354, 363, 364, 500 spider phobia 496–502 split-plot ANOVA 362–70 sport anxiety control with relaxing music 127 participation/drinking behaviour relationship 83, 84–5 SPSS 25–40 ANCOVA 416–20, 432–4 ANOVA 305–6, 308, 313–15, 346–51, 359–61, 368–70 bivariate correlations 188–90 Box’s M test 485 central tendency measures 53–6 chi-square tests 269–71, 273–6, 279–81 confidence intervals 120–1 correlational analysis 199 Z04 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856.indd 607 607 data entry 31–4, 36–9 error bar charts 124–6 factor analysis 462, 468–75 Fisher’s Exact Probability Test 278 Friedman’s test 542–3 graphical descriptives 66–7 Kruskal–Wallis analysis 535, 536–8, 539–40 kurtosis 81, 81 least-squares regression line 390, 391–2 Mann–Whitney test 523–4 MANOVA 494–6, 503–5 normal distribution 88–9 p-values 154 partial correlations 201–2 partial eta-squared 344 regression analysis 380–2, 391–2, 403 saving data 34–5 scattergrams 70–1, 197–8 simple effects 340, 341 skewed distributions 83 Spearman’s rho 517–18 Statistics Coach 163–6 t-test 226, 228–31, 234–6 tutorial 25–30 variation 80 Wilcoxon test 530–2 working with data 30–1 standard deviation (SD) 74, 77–9 analysis of two conditions 220, 221–2 ANCOVA 437 ANOVA 309–10 confidence intervals 113, 114–16 effect size 251 homogeneity of variance 160 regression analysis 394, 402 simple effects 340–3, 356–7, 365–6 standard error 116–19 standard normal distribution 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107 t-test 222, 225, 235 writing up results 90, 90 standard error 116–19, 118 ANCOVA 434, 437 ANOVA 316, 317, 317 pretest–posttest designs 430 regression analysis 393, 394 standard error of the mean (SEM) 225, 231 simple effects 340–3, 356–7, 365–6 t-test 235 29/03/2017 16:44 Find more at www.downloadslide.com 608 Index standard normal distribution (SND) 101–7, 101, 103–4, 105–6, 115, 117n standardised scores 220 statistical significance 144–5 statistical tests 147–8, 156–63 statistics anxiety/procrastination studies 11, 12, 31–4, 43 hypothesis testing 153, 153–4 sampling error 71–3 scattergrams 68–9, 68–9, 71–3, 72, 73 Statistics Coach (SPSS) 163–6 Statistics option (SPSS) 54 statistics, strict definition of 44 stem and leaf plots 59–61, 60–1, 85, 86 SPSS 66, 67 Stevens, J 256, 257, 489, 490 Stockford, S 397 Streiner, D L 5–6 stress, reduction, biofeedback in smartphone application 367–8 Stridh, B 497 Stroop test 195, 195n Student’s t see t-test suffering, collectivism and the meaning of 287, 287–8 Sullivan, Daniel 287, 287–8 Szymanski, J 496 Tabachnick, B G 64, 398, 404 Takács, Á t-distribution 117n test statistic 148, 152, 155, 176, 267, 271, 282, 283, 285, 535 testosterone, study of effects of 422–6, 434 Thieman, S 257 Todman, J 428 Tolerance of Mood States Scale (TOMS) 204, 204–5, 520 Toynbee, P 186 traumatic brain injury, life satisfaction after 519 treatment effects 300, 312 true experiments 12–13 trustworthiness of politicians 149 t-test 15, 16, 147, 217, 222–39, 482 ANOVA 300, 345, 361 assumptions 226–8 guide to choosing 162 Mann–Whitney test 525 MANOVA 490–1, 493, 497, 502 Z04 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856.indd 608 multiple testing 239 planned comparisons 308 power 255 pretest–posttest designs 428–9 related (paired) 233–4, 356–7, 361 simple effects 340–3, 365–7 SPSS 226, 228–31, 234–6, 350 Tukey, J W 56, 59, 61, 142, 309 Turk, V 257 t-value 148, 223–4, 225, 226, 232 two-tailed hypotheses 151–6, 154, 234, 284 two-tailed tests 154–5, 255, 286 Type I error 148–9, 150, 151, 232, 309, 333, 343, 482, 492 Type II error 150, 151, 232 unemployment and health complaints 259 unique variance 192, 448 upper quartiles 61 U-value 525, 525 validity, factorial 448 validity testing of five-factor model of personality on horses 460–1, 463 Van Cappellen, P 482 van Elk, M 15 Variable View screen (SPSS) 31–4, 36 variables 3–6 extraneous and confounding 9–10, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20 levels of measurement 7–8 relationships between 10–12, 68–9, 71–3, 139–40, 147–8, 152, 174, 175–211 SPSS data entry 31–4, 36–9 see also dependent variables; independent variables variance 76–80 correlational analysis 190–4 factor analysis 448, 463, 466, 473–4 Friedman’s test 538, 541, 542–3 homogeneity of 160, 230, 298, 308, 333, 485, 496 Kruskal–Wallis analysis 535–6 regression analysis 393 sources of 329–30, 334–8, 352–6, 362 t-test 222–3, 226–8, 230, 231–2 see also analysis of covariance; analysis of variance; multivariate analysis of variance 29/03/2017 16:44 Find more at www.downloadslide.com Index variance–covariance matrix 447, 485–9, 488, 496 varimax method 459, 463, 465, 470 vectors 450–1, 452, 454 Venn diagrams 191, 192, 193 verbal IQ 237 Vilain, E 533 visual impairment older people, group rehabilitation programme for 318, 318–19 uses of music by sighted and 233 Vrij, A 232, 258 Walsh, J J 182 Weight Cases dialogue box 269, 273 Weinman, J 151 well-being 482, 483–4, 486–7, 488–9, 491, 493 Wilcoxon test 15, 16, 521, 527–34 Wilks’ lambda 353, 363, 484, 488, 489–90, 499, 500, 502 within-participants designs 16–19, 20, 39–40 ANOVA 298, 300, 301, 302–3, 312, 329– 30, 331–2, 351–61 error bar charts 124–5 MANOVA 494–502 ‘reasonable’ number of participants 485 t-test 217, 222, 223, 225, 233 Wolf, M 497 Wong, M.Y 144 Z04 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856.indd 609 609 working memory age-related differences 206–7 and maths anxiety in school children 87–8 writing up of results ANCOVA 437–8 ANOVA 310, 317, 344–5, 358, 367 chi-square tests 272, 283, 284 correlational analysis 189 descriptive statistics 90 Kruskal–Wallis analysis 539 Mann–Whitney test 525 MANOVA 493, 502 regression analysis 395, 403 t-test 231, 236 Wilcoxon test 532 Yates’ correction 288 Yerkes–Dodson law 180 Yu, Chong Ho 226, 397 Yule, G Udny 200 Zenger, M 261 zero relationships 172, 385 zero-order correlations 199, 201 z-scores 102–7, 106, 114–15, 147 analysis of two conditions 220, 221–2 Mann–Whitney test 525 regression analysis 402 table 592–4 Wilcoxon test 532 29/03/2017 16:44 ... F00 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856 Contents.indd 30/03/2017 21:26 Statistics Without Maths for Psychology Seventh Edition Christine P Dancey University of East London John Reidy Sheffield... Statistics Without Maths for P 28856.indd 29/03/2017 16:54 Statistics without maths for psychology General for regulations at the UK Statistics Authority to Siobhan Carey who was Head of Profession for. .. continuum Such M01 Statistics Without Maths for P 28856.indd 29/03/2017 16:54 Statistics without maths for psychology information can then be utilised in our decisions for treating individuals, etc