bộ từ vựng theo chủ đề luyện thi ielts

Suffering from their destitute life, poor or idle people often make impulsive decisions when catching the sight of something valuable, and to make it worse, they may revert to the crime

CRIME AND PUBLIC SECURITY

1 Crime (n): an illegal act or activity

Criminal (adj)

Criminal (n)

Synonyms: offender/culprit/perpetrator/convict/inmate

E.g The government should consider the impositions of stringent punishments on

criminals in order to reduce the current crime rate/incidence of crime

E.g Petty crime which is likely to happen on an increasingly regular basis is more

than just a moral wrongdoing, thus needing stricter penalties

2 Victim (n): a person who has been attacked, injured or killed as the result of a

crime, a disease, an accident…

Victimize (v): make somebody suffer unfairly because you do not like them

Victimization (n)

E.g Rape victims often have to suffer from severe trauma and may even consider the idea of suicide

E.g Sufficient attention should be paid to victims suffering from post-crime

problems physically and mentally

3 Violate (v): to go against or refuse to a law, an agreement… = flout/disobey Violation (n)

E.g Moral lessons should be provided at an early age to deter the young from

violating the law and encourage them to do good things against evils

E.g Prison acts as a deterrent to make people think carefully before violating the

E.g The sense of guilt has a deterrent effect on people, impeding them from

flouting the law

E.g His guilt was proved beyond all doubt by the prosecution

5 Innocent (adj): not guilty of a crime

Innocence (n)

E.g After thorough investigation, he was ultimately declared innocent by the jury E.g The accused person should always be presumed innocent until proved guilty

by conclusive evidence

6 Offend (v): to make somebody feel upset because you say or do something that

is rude; to commit a crime

Offender (n)

Offending (adj)

Offense (n)

First-time offender/First offender (n): a person who has been found guilty of

a crime for the first time

Hardened/repeat criminal

E.g His status as a first-time offender may help him to reduce the penalty

E.g Despite being a first offender, the cold-blooded criminal deserved a death

penalty for his appalling murder

7 Track down/hunt down (v): search for somebody until you find or catch them E.g The police have tried to track down the notorious gang for a long time but to

no avail

E.g Prompt actions have to be taken so that terrorists will be hunted down,

assuring public security

8 Bring somebody to justice: to arrest somebody for a crime and put them on

trial in court

E.g Public outrage has been expressed over the fact that the murderer has yet to be

found and brought to justice

E.g It is the police’s duty to hunt the criminals down and bring them to

justice 9 Imprison (v): to put somebody in a prison

Imprisonment (n)

E.g The notorious criminal had ultimately been hunted down and sentenced to life imprisonment for murder

E.g The innocent man had suffered false imprisonment for 10 years before the

truth finally came out

10 Restrict (v): to limit or control something

Restriction (n)

Restrictive (adj)

E.g The new system of video cameras in public places aims to reduce crime but is

believed by some people to restrict individual freedom

E.g Parents should allow children only restricted access to the Internet to reduce

the negative influence of violent contents online

11 Rehabilitate (v): to help somebody to have a normal, useful life again after they have been very ill/sick of in prison for a long time

Rehabilitation (n)

E.g The new proposals involve rehabilitating even more criminals for life after

prison

E.g The prison service should try to rehabilitate prisoners so that they can lead

normal lives when they leave prison

12 Lenient (adj): not as strict as expected when punishing somebody

Leniency (n)

Leniently (adv)

E.g A lenient sentence will have little or no effect on the criminals’ incentives to

flout the law

E.g The police and courts may be more lenient with female offenders

13 Juvenile delinquent (n): a young person (not yet an adult) who is guilty of committing a crime

Juvenile delinquency (n)

E.g Juvenile delinquency has been on the increase due to the insufficient care

and attention from parents

E.g It is believed that juvenile delinquency can be put down to peer association

with ill-behaved adolescents

14 Impulsive (adj): acting suddenly without thinking carefully about what might

happen because of what you are doing

Impulsiveness (n)

Impulsively (adv)

E.g It was his impulsive nature and a complete lack of reasoning power that led

him into crime

E.g An impulsive decision may lead to unpremeditated crimes with terrible

E.g Terrorist threat has become a matter of public concern in many societies

recently after the tragic case of Paris

16 Deter (somebody) (from something) (v): to prevent someone from doing something or to make someone less enthusiastic about doing something by making it difficult for that person to do it or by threatening bad results if they

do it

Deterrent (n) (to somebody/something)

Deterrent (adj): deterrent effect

Deterrence (n)

E.g Financial penalties are applied to deter people from engaging in activities

against the law

E.g Regulatory bodies must implement harsher punishment to deter corporate

crime such as bribery or air/water pollution

E.g Longer imprisonment is believed to have a deterrent effect on crime rate

17 Trauma (n): a mental condition caused by severe shock, especially when the

harmful effects last for a long time

Traumatic (adj)

Traumatically (adv)

Traumatize (v)

E.g People with childhood trauma of sexual abuse may have to suffer from a

lifetime of PTSD (Post-traumatic Stress Disorder), depression and anxiety

E.g Victims of emotional and physical trauma stand a higher chance of

contracting autism

18 Abide by (v): to accept and act according to a law, an agreement, … = comply

with

E.g The government has introduced some tough new laws on food hygiene by

which food production firms must abide

E.g Defendants have to abide by the definitive decision of the jury

19 Rampant (adj): existing or spreading everywhere in a way that cannot be controlled

Rampantly (adv)

E.g The government must put a stop to the rampant crime that plagued the

country immediately

E.g Prompt actions must be taken in no time to deal with the rampant crime in

the society recently

20 Prevent (v): to stop somebody from doing something; stop something from happening

E.g In the past years, preventative measures have radically reduced the incidence

of crimes in the country

SPEAKING PART 2

Describe a method to reduce crime in your country

You should say:

What this method is

What kind of crime it targets

How it should work

And whether it is an effective method

In my view, there are a number of actions that have been taken to deal with rampant crimes but I guess the most effective one is the enforcement of security in certain

places In more details, in crowded spots which are often a potential place for

pickpocketing, the increasing number of security guards can minimize thieves’ incentives to commit such a crime As a result, not only local citizens but also

foreign visitors can enjoy their walk freely without constant worries about such a case For instance, in Nguyen Hue walking street, which is a dynamic and energetic destination in Ho Chi Minh City, security forces are set up to ensure the safety of the

place, which proves to have a deterrent effect on criminal activities Another point I would like to add is that under the regular surveillance of the police in deserted roads which are reported to be the active location of snatch thieves, the incidence of crime

is considerably reduced The policemen usually ride along these streets at night to

make sure that potential victim will not have to become one This preventive measure proves to have certain positive effects on reducing the crime rate

Nevertheless, I suggest that a more sustainable solution is to set up a close-watch CCTV system around the city to protect the safety of residents, especially those living

in dangerous neighborhood or vulnerable victims such as children and females

SPEAKING PART 3

1 What do you think the most common crime in your country is?

In my opinion I guess I would have to say that there are probably a number of

rampant crimes in my country One prominent act of crime would be

pickpocketing, which is a kind of petty crime to steal something, usually money, from other people’s pocket in public places As well as this a subsequent common crime might be snatch theft for the main means of transportation in our country is motorbike, which snatches thieves usually working in a group of two use to steal valuable items such as purses, bags, mobile phones from reckless pedestrians or vulnerable females The growing

incidence of crime in the city these days pose a threat to people’s security in

crowded spots, thus requiring prompt actions to be taken without delay

2 What can be done to alleviate these crimes?

Well I suppose that there are a number of preventive measures that could be

implemented When dealing with the first problem, the easiest way to work it out would be to increase the number of security guards in public places so as to

reduce repeat offenders’ incentives to take actions Taking on the second

problem, the most successful way to confront this would be to set up CCTV system around the city along with the enhanced management of data on driver’s information In fact, not only can such a combination help the police

hunt down snatchers in a brief manner but it also guarantees the safety of the innocent

3 What do you think are the main causes for the increasing crime rate in your country?

In my opinion I guess I would have to say that there are probably a number of factors involved Primarily, one key motivation would be because the criminal

law in Viet Nam does not have a sufficient deterrent effect, resulting in the increasing numbers of perpetrator violating the legal restrictions As well as

this a subsequent incentive might be because of the poor living standards and the growing unemployment rate Suffering from their destitute life, poor or idle

people often make impulsive decisions when catching the sight of something valuable, and to make it worse, they may revert to the crime once getting too

indulged in its seduction

4 Do you think all criminals should go to prison?

Well I suppose that there are quite a few clear benefits of imprisonment To be more precise, prison acts as a deterrent to make people think carefully before violating the law Nevertheless, I would probably say that only certain types of culprits should receive a jail sentence depending on the seriousness of the criminal act Primarily, one key motivation would be that first-time or juvenile offenders can be offered with lenient penalties such as reeducation

and community service only as long as the crime is considered minor and they

show a sense of guilt and remorse As well as this incentive might be because the higher the number of criminals sent to prison, the greater the burden for

the national budget which is mainly constituted by citizen’s taxes Instead, this

government spending should be focused on rehabilitation for inmates after

jail

5 Do you think death sentence should be abolished?

It's universally accepted that there are a few moral hazards involved with death penalty Essentially, one fundamental concern is probably that criminals are

also human who deserve the full rights to live and thus giving them a second chance to compensate for their wrongdoing should be a wiser solution than

sentencing them to death This fact is unmistakably controversial because quite many claim that offenders causing mental and physical trauma or

murderers must be deprived of any human rights the moment they commit such

inhumane and brutal acts of crime My own belief is that culprits of vicious

and unforgiveable crimes should not be given an easy death but have to spend

the rest of their life eaten up by the feeling of guilt and remorse for what they have done

WRITING

Topic: Levels of youth crime are increasing rapidly in most cities around the world What are the reasons for this, and suggest some solutions

One of the issues about which sociologists as well as educators have to be seriously

concerned is the topic surrounding the problem of juvenile delinquency in a good few modern societies The truth of the matter is that the number of young offenders is

significantly increasing in most cities, and the rate seemingly fails to slow down Certain proper actions, from my perspective, needs to be taken in no time

However, before any measure is taken, it is sensible to look into the main causes It is

a mere fact that nowadays, people lead a hectic lifestyle in which they are engaged mostly in professional work and hence leaving little room for family life, especially their children Consequently, the latter fail to receive sufficient moral lessons, thus

making impulsive decisions which may lead to undesirable outcomes later on To

make it worse, children without constant care from parents may get into unexpected

tragic circumstances which lead to children’s suffering from trauma What is more,

the fact that many young children have a tendency to commit violent crimes does stem from the adverse impact of various media, among which, violent movies and games need to be taken in account

There can be different ways to tackle this issue, but the suggestions as follows can be

of great help In particular, it proves very important that parents spend more time with their children, giving them advices or supporting words especially when they have to encounter psychological problems It is also worth noting that children’s access to Internet and other mass media should be restricted to a certain extent to minimize their exposure to violent contents At the same time, government, instead of imposing

lenient penalties for the young, should implement stricter preventative measures and severe punishments to deter teenagers from criminal acts, and hopefully, this can make them become decent and law-abiding citizens

In conclusion, letting children the freedom to do whatever to their liking without

parents’ surveillance does as often as not cause them to get involved in serious

situations Apparently, without the cooperation from both parents and government, it

is a great deal more difficult for young crimes to be on the decrease

ENVIRONMENT

1 Conserve (v): to use as little of something as possible so that it lasts a long

time / to protect something and prevent it from being changed or destroyed

E.g Students are now encouraged to be interested in wildlife conservation

Road development in the area has been severely affected by the conservation programmes of the council

2 Environment (n): the conditions affecting somebody/something’s behaviors,

Environmentally friendly (a)

E.g An unhappy home environment can affect a child’s behaviors

E.g It’s high time for the authority to take measures to protect the environment

3 Renew (v): change something that is old or damaged and replace it with

something new of the same kind

Renewed (a) [usually before noun]: happening again with increased interest or strength.

E.g …Renewable sources of energy such as wind and solar power

E.g Saving energy is a necessity in case non-renewable types of energy run out

4 Deforestation (n): act of cutting down or burning trees in an area

# Reforestation (n)

Deforest (v) # Reforest (v)

E.g Land erosion is mostly caused by widespread deforestation

E.g Uncontrollable growth of population is correlated to deforestation for shelters

5 Contaminate (v): make a substance/ place dirty, no longer pure by adding a

substance that is dangerous or carries disease

Contamination (n)

Contaminant (n)

E.g The drinking water has become contaminated with lead

E.g.…a river contaminated by pollution

E.g to reduce levels of environmental pollution

7 Deteriorate (v): become worse

Deterioration (n)

E.g deteriorating weather conditions

E.g Her health deteriorated rapidly, and she died shortly afterwards

8 Aggravate (v): worsen, make an illness/ an un pleasant situation worse

To annoy somebody, especially deliberately

Aggravation (n)

Aggravating (a)

E.g Pollution can aggravate asthma

E.g Military intervention will only aggravate the conflict even further

9 Disposable (a): made to be thrown away after use / (finance) available for use

Dispose (v)

E.g Disposable diapers

E.g Disposable assets/capital/resources

10 Reuse – Reduce – Recycle (v)

Reusable – Reducible – Recyclable (a)

E.g Please reuse your envelopes

E.g Denmark recycles nearly 85% of its paper

11 Consume (v) use something (fuel, energy, time, food )

Consumption (n)

Consumer (n)

E.g The electricity industry consumes large amount of fossil fuels

E.g Before he died, he had consumed a large quantity of alcohol

12 Exploit (v): use something well in order to gain as much as

Exploitation (n)

Exploitative (a)

Exploiter (n)

E.g Exploit natural resources

E.g She fully exploits the humour of her role in the play

13 Lack of = Shortage of = Deficiency of/in = Dearth of (n): the state of not

having or having not enough of something

Lack – short – deficient (a)

E.g Vitamin deficiency in the diet can cause illness

E.g There is no shortage of things to do in such a sleepless city

14 Poison (v): harm, kill a person/ an animal by giving them poison / have bad

effects on something

Poison (n)

Poisoner (n)

Poisonous (a) = toxic (a)

E.g The leaves of certain trees are poisonous to cattle

E.g a tiny spider with a poisonous bite

15 Biodegrade (v) (of substance/chemical) change back to a harmless natural state by the action of bacteria

Biodegradable (a) # non-biodegradable

Non-biodegradable garbage = inorganic trash = waste that cannot

E.g Raise (or elevate/ heighten/ increase) the awareness of…

E.g a growing awareness of environmental issues

17 Condemn (v): express very strong disapproval of somebody/something,

usually for moral reasons

Condemnation (n)

E.g The government issued a statement condemning the killings

E.g The editor of the newspaper was condemned as lacking integrity

18 Condone (v) + something/V-ing: accept behaviour that is morally wrong, to

treat it as if it were not serious

E.g Terrorism can never be condoned

E.g The college cannot condone any behaviour that involves illicit drugs

E.g Destructive acts harming the environment should be condemned rather than condoned

19 Severe (a): extremely bad or serious = grave= grievous

Severity (n)

E.g He has been the victim of a severe

injustice E.g That’s a severe case of

SPEAKING PART 2

Describe an environmental problem or event

You should say:

What is it

Why it is happening

Where is it happening

What problems does it cause

I would like to talk about global warming In my opinion, it is a big, if not the

biggest, problem that we are facing nowadays The main reason of global warming is

the greenhouse effect Nowadays people are producing excessive amounts of

greenhouse gases, mostly by burning fossil fuels These gases let sunlight in, which warms the Earth, and then block that heat from leaving That breaks the delicate natural balance and causes our planet to warm As global warming changes the climate on the whole planet, it affects all countries in the world and causes many

serious problems For example, global warming causes melting of glaciers, which in

turn raises the sea-level Eventually, coastal areas are flooding and agriculture is damaged unless appropriate measures are taken As it is a worldwide problem, I

think that only joint efforts will help us to overcome this issue

SPEAKING PART 3

1 Are people in your country concerned about environmental problem?

Well, it’s hard to say for sure I think a lot of people are concerned but probably insufficient There are also ones taking environmental issues seriously enough to actually recycle their rubbish appropriately but I don’t think there are enough

people literally doing for resource depletion which I consider to be the pressing

matter

2 Do you think climate change is a serious problem?

Absolutely yes This issue has been growing over the past few decades and we are now witnessing serious changes in global weather patterns Specifically, while some are suffering heat waves, other nations are severely experiencing terrible snow storms or rising sea levels is risking the low lying countries

3 Do you think that governments around the world are doing enough to tackle the problems?

No, usually I don't think they are doing enough There are countries that do what they can do help their people when problems occur and they are trying to come up with measures to mitigate the effects but when it comes to the major issue of global warming countries are not doing enough We see time and again that no agreement

can be made on how to reduce carbon footprints This is usually because

governments know that to make a serious reduction in carbon dioxide emissions they will have to sacrifice economic growth and they are not prepared to do this Governments think very short-term They know that if there is economic decline, then they will be voted out

4 Why do you think environmental disasters caused by humans happen?

It could be for different reasons In some cases it is simply because not enough care

is taken Maybe procedures are not good enough It could also be because the drive

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for profit means that there is cost cutting and that again could mean that good procedures are not in place There is usually a situation when a disaster happens where blame will be deflected and it is difficult to establish exactly who is responsible Nobody wants to admit responsibility because it means they will have

to pay compensation Sometimes a disaster can happen because of a simple mistake

by someone

5 Do you think there will be more environmental disasters caused by humans in the future?

I don't think there will necessarily be more Procedures are always getting tighter so

in theory there should be fewer, but mistakes will always happen so I'm sure they will continue unfortunately Governments must continue to prosecute any companies that do cause environments problems or disasters so that they are less likely to happen again

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WRITING

Topic: Nowadays environmental problems are too big to be managed by individual persons or individual countries In other words, it is an international problem To what extent do you agree or disagree?

An essential problem of the 21st century is world pollution Currently the environment

is so contaminated that urgent measures should be taken Although a single

individual cannot be blamed for the world pollution, every person should take care of his or her habitat In addition, it is of vital importance that environmental issues are treated internationally

Lately, many presentations, conferences and international summits are held to deal

with waste treatment, recycling, and soil and water contamination For sure joint efforts and consolidation can only help in the mutual war towards the ongoing

environmental disaster For instance, governments should offer support to companies and organizations, involved in manufacturing, industry or agriculture in order to find

environmental friendly approaches These could be special law regulations,

recycling programs, helping courses in order to implement ISO certificates and many more

However, the influence of individuals over environment should not be ignored If we

do not confess that our planet is our home, we will never be able to take adequately

care of it We have to contribute every day to the preservation of nature and

environment For example, always remember to save energy by switching off lamps, computers and everything that we do not use Our next obligation is to separate waste and throw bulk only in the designated areas Driving vehicles can also be environment friendly For example, we have to avoid accelerating the engines too rapidly or using the air conditioning in the country, where it would be better to save energy and simply open the windows

To sum up, environmental problems should be handled by local and international authorities as well as individuals We should not only take care of the environment but

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also have to bring up our children to be conscious citizens of a clean and preserved planet

CITY LIFE AND URBANIZATION

1 The tempo (or pace) of life: the speed at which changes and events occur

E.g The increasing tempo of life in many societies these days have reduced the

number of time people spend for their family

E.g People have a tendency to move to the suburb seeking for a slower pace of

life these days

2 Workplace (n): the office, factory, etc where people work

E.g Graduates usually look for a dynamic and active workplace to improve their

practical skills

E.g The introduction of new technology into the workplace has largely boosted

its productivity and efficiency

3 Career path (n): the way that you progress in your work, either in one job or

in a series of jobs

E.g I don't know what future career path might suit me but I'm told I relate well

to people

E.g Decision on one’s career path should be made early and correctly to avoid

any waste of time and efforts

4 Job/employment/career prospects: the chances of being successful at work

E.g Career prospects for students in specialized fields like biochemistry are

comparatively brighter than those for economics students

E.g One’s career prospects should not be shadowed by either social status or

E.g Fresh graduates often learn most from their colleagues who have gained

valuable work experience, thus can give them reliable and helpful advices in case

of professional difficulties

E.g Her work is highly esteemed by all her colleagues

6 Productive (adj): resulting in or providing a large amount or supply ofsomething

Unproductive (adj)

produce (v)

productivity (n)

E.g Thanks to the help of current sophisticated technology, people has had largely

reduced workload and become more productive

E.g Management of time is important for a productive working method

7 Alienate (v): to make somebody feel that they do not belong in a particular

group

Alienated (adj)

Alienation (n): create alienation between people

E.g The growing pace of life has created alienation between people because they have become so indulged in work that they isolate themselves from others

E.g Talented children may feel alienated from the others in their class

8 Sleeplessness/sleep-deprivation/insomnia (n): without sleep, not able to sleep

Sleepless (adj)

E.g Workaholics usually have to suffer from sleeplessness due to their constant

reliance on coffee to work night shift

E.g Increasing workload nowadays causes many white-collar workers insomnia

9 Materialistic (adj): caring more about money and possessions than anything

E.g The increasing dependence on money has made people become more

materialistic than ever before

E.g Many people these days have taken a mercenary attitude, resulting in an

emotionless society with no mercy but materialistic purposes only

10 Sedentary (adj): spending a lot of time sitting down and not moving

E.g Sedentary lifestyle attributes to a number of dangerous diseases such as

obesity, cardiovascular disease and high blood pressure

E.g Taking up regular physical exercises is important to escape the adverse impact

E.g Even though people can earn more money, they have less leisure time to

spend on their interests

E.g My leisure activities are reading book and listening to music

12 Cosmopolitan (adj): containing people of different types or from different

countries, and influenced by their culture

E.g Ho Chi Minh is a cosmopolitan city which attracts a large number of tourists

from foreign countries

E.g Young people today are much more cosmopolitan

13 Affluent (adj): having a lot of money and a good standard of

E.g The rich usually live in an affluent neighborhood with round-the-clock

security

14 Poverty-stricken/impoverished/deprived/indigent/destitute (adj): poor,

without money and food and the other things necessary for life

E.g In most societies currently, there is a growing gap between the wealthy class

and the indigent one

E.g Impoverished people are driven to commit crimes such as theft or robbery as

E.g Skyscrapers like the Empire State building are a symbol of New York city,

which is a desired destination for numerous emigrates and students

16 Traffic jam(s)/traffic congestion (n): the state of being crowded and full of

traffic

= gridlock (n)

Congested (adj)

E.g People in megacities have to suffer from terrible traffic jam

E.g Traffic congestion has become a matter of public concern in most societies

these days since it can cause a number of problems

17 A road tax (n): money that you have to pay to the government for the use of

road

E.g The implementation of a road tax is necessary to reduce the number of

vehicles on the streets

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E.g It is suggested that the government should raise the road tax to discourage

people from owning private cars

18 Public transport (n): The system of buses, trains, etc provided by the

government or by companies, which people use to travel from one place to another

= public transit, mass transit

E.g Prompt actions should be taken to discourage unnecessary car use and encourage the use of public transport

E.g Government should improve the quality of public transport

19 Access (n)/(v): the opportunity or right to use something or to see

somebody/something

E.g Government should make access to public transport easier for people,

especially those living in the suburb

E.g Living in the outskirts can help one to escape the hustle and bustle of a city

life in exchange for easy access to hospitals and schools

20 Telecommute (v): to work from home, communicating with your office,

customers and others by telephone, email…

Telecommuter (n)

Telecommuting

E.g Telecommuting helps to reduce the problem of traffic jam by minimizing

people’s needs to go out, especially in rush hours

E.g Innovative technology has made it easier for the practice of telecommuting

without much influence on work results

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SPEAKING PART 2

Describe a problem in your city/hometown

You should say:

What it is

How serious it is

What causes this problem

and say what can be done to solve/reduce this problem

I live in Ho Chi Minh city and this city has a very large population With the

increasing population, unplanned urbanisation, rapid industrialisation and lack of proper steps from the authority have led to many different problems here and traffic congestion, in my opinion, is the worst of all

Traffic jam in large cities is a common problem; however, this in our city is far worse

It is a common scenario in our city that cars are stuck on roads and passengers and drivers have to wait for an unusually long time before they can move forward Sometimes cars and buses remain unmoved for more than an hour and people get very depressed and annoyed due to this The long lines of cars and buses and their movement at a snail's pace have become a very annoying yet common scenario in this city The rush hours are even more devastating and bad traffic kills a considerable amount of time each day The business owners, office goers, students and their parents

and people from all walks of life suffer seriously due to this uncontrollable traffic congestion Everyone seems like devastated and vexed about it, authorities know that

as well, and yet there no proper steps to solve this heinous problem

There are many reasons behind this problem and an increasing number of cars and vehicles, in my opinion, is the main reason The number of cars is increasing more

rapidly than the construction of new roads and roads are becoming more congested

Second, lack of proper traffic control system and scarcity of traffic police could be another reason for that Moreover, the public transportations are not as reliable and

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updated as they should have been and due to that people are mostly relying on private cars in my city Violation of traffic rules is another main reason for this unbearable gridlock

Some effective measures must be taken in order to address this serious problem Since this is already a grave issue, steps should be taken before it gets worse First, government and road authority should invest more money for building new roads and

for the repairing and maintaining of old ones, particularly in areas where traffic jam

is more severe On the other hand, public transportations should be improved so that people use them more frequently Restriction on private car ownership in our city is

also required for the control of increasing traffic jam, probably through a raise in the road tax At the same time, it is essential that stricter traffic rules be issued and

violation of traffic regulations should be severely punished in order to reduce the traffic congestion

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SPEAKING PART 3

1 Are people migrating to big cities in your country? Why?

Yes, definitely For the past few years, big cities in my country have witnessed

large-scale migration from rural to urban areas Especially, the population in

Hanoi has been estimated to reach 8 million, almost one-tenth of the country’s population There are various reasons for such a trend Firstly, people want to have better job prospects, thus working in a big city like Hanoi is a great

opportunity Secondly, the cosmopolitan atmosphere in big city is another

attraction, from which emigrates can get exposure and access to different culture

2 What are the advantages of living in the countryside?

Living in the countryside can definitely benefit people in a number of ways

For one thing, living in the countryside is better for one’s health condition thanks to significantly lower levels of pollution It is undeniable that, air quality in big cities is so bad that long-term exposure to it may cause respiratory diseases and other health problems Besides, the cost of living in rural areas is likely to be lower than that in cities Although people in the city tend to make more money than people in the countryside do, they have to spend more on food, accommodation and transportation Therefore, one can actually save more money by living in the countryside without working as hard

3 Do you think there are more problems in a big city compared to a small town?

There is hardly any denying that people living in big cities these days are likely

to face more problems than those living in small towns Living in the outskirts can help one to escape the hustle and bustle of a city life in exchange for easy

access to services such as hospitals and schools At the same time, citizens in metropolitan area, despite having an apparently more affluent life, have to

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deal with the problem of traffic jam Security in these cities is also threatened

by increasing crimes caused by the poverty-stricken offenders For people who would like to live in a house with garden, it is nearly impossible in big cities

where the main accommodation is apartments in high-rise building

4 What can be done to solve them permanently?

A more subtle solution to put an end to those problems, in my opinion, would

be for the government to create more jobs in the countryside This would hopefully make the idea of leaving home and family to work in big cities less attractive, which means fewer burdens on big cities Another possible solution

is the implementation of punitive measures, aiming at reducing the number of

private car owners by either raising road tax or encouraging telecommuting

5 What do you think about the urbanization process?

It is an unavoidable trend to say the truth As population increases more and

more people will have to move into cities for a better career path As a result,

the cities have to grow in order to accommodate migrant workers from rural

areas, which will naturally lead to urbanization and the increasing pace of life Urbanization also leads to a number of problems For example, the growing pace of life has created alienation between people because they have

become so indulged in work that they isolate themselves from others

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WRITING

Topic: Some people think that cities are the best places to live Others prefer to live in a rural area What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city?

Many people consider living in cities and they think that this is more advantageous while another group prefers living in the countryside as they find it as a better alternative Living in a city and in an urban area, from my perspective, both has their advantages and disadvantages

First of all, living in a city is very stressful as the life is very busy and competitive

there The increasing competition in the workplace along with the faster pace of life have deprived people of their leisure time and personal relationship, even resulting in their alienation with other people but their colleagues The heavy workload forces white-collar workers to lead a sedentary lifestyle, which in turn results in a number of

serious diseases such as diabetes or high blood pressure Another point worth noting is

it is particularly tough for low earning people as the expenses in living in a city is

always higher Poverty-stricken emigrates coming to big cities for better job prospects may find themselves struggling with an even more indigent life due to the

employment competition and unaffordable living expenditure

On the other hand, city life offers numerous facilities and opportunities compared to life in rural area As a matter of fact, employment opportunity is more abundant,

especially if one wishes to run small businesses, cities have better career prospects

than in the countryside People can easily find a new job in case s/he loses a job and there are many other earning prospects in a city that could not be found in a village

For economically affluent people, the city offers many social and entertainment

facilities like Cineplex, sports event in stadiums, amusement parks, museum etc

with easy access to Opposite to this, rural areas do not offer many opportunities for

social life and lacks the entertainment facilities Also, people cannot purchase everything they need from a village market and markets are very rare in most of the urban areas

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To sum up, although it is clear that cities face a range of problems, proper measures can be taken to solve these issues and improve the quality of life Governments and local people must join hands to improve the situation, otherwise it will fall into the black hole in the near future

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LANGUAGE

1 A lingua franca = a universal language/a global language

E.g English is undoubtedly a lingua franca nowadays

E.g Chinese is expected to become the lingua franca thanks to its escalating

E.g Globalization has led to proliferating number of students learning overseas

3 Dominate (v): control/ have a lot of influence over somebody/something,

E.g The mountain gorilla is on the verge of extinction

5 Evolve (v) = develop gradually from a simple to a more complicated form

E.g The dolphin has evolved a highly developed jaw

E.g Any single field must evolve its own way of working

6 Spread (v): cover, make something cover a larger and larger area

Widespread (a) existing and happening over a larger area/ among many people = prevalent

E.g Beside English, some other widespread used languages are Spanish, French

or Japanese

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E.g The scale of influence of Chinese is widespread nearly all over the world

7 Dialect (a) = Native/ vernacular/ indigenous

E.g That Vietnam has various areas is correlated to plenty of dialect differences E.g dialect word/ expression

8 Preserve and revive language under threat

9 Languages help communities remain cohesive and to have a strong sense of identity

10 Retaining a language of a community also means other forms of culture are maintained

SPEAKING PART 2

Describe a language you would like to learn

You should say:

What the language is

Where it is spoken

How it will help you

and explain why you want to learn this language

English is an international language and it is a must to communicate in the fast paced

world As a Vietnamese national, I would like to learn English perfectly English is the most familiar language across the world and even people living at the farthest corner knows English Therefore, having the right command over the language is

necessary to make oneself familiar with the global people and the necessity of this

language is beyond imagination We need English in every sphere of our life Although French is my mother tongue, the higher education books are composed in English and the classes are always held in English too Sometimes I cannot speak the language properly while attending my university classes and make grave mistakes in pronunciation of specific words This is an embarrassing situation for me and my nation as well

English is spoken everywhere in this world It is used for different purposes The use

of the language is so necessary that it has become the first language for the majority of the developed countries while the developing ones have made it their second language The English language is needed to learn newer things or issues, gather knowledge for everyday use, enjoy movies and television serials, communication with foreign clients and dealers, travelling in foreign countries and booking for overseas hotels during the trip, regular conversation in office, responding in classes, appearing

on examinations and many other purposes that could not be described into words As a result, the language has become the queen of all language with its outstanding ability

to impress the global people

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SPEAKING PART 2

1 What are the benefits of knowing a foreign language?

Well, there’re numerous advantages I would say The first one I could think of

is good self-esteem Conversing in a foreign language that not many of your

friends are fluent in is a great feeling Second, it offers you the key to better education and employment opportunities Finally, you can explore the culture

of a nation because culture is deeply rooted in the language

2 What is English an international language?

That’s an interesting question Even I used to wonder why it has to be English but not any others In my opinion, English is universally known because of three reasons First and foremost, the population that speaks the language is huge Next, the economy, film industry and culture of those English speaking countries are heavily influential Last but not least, the powerful influence of

the internet also contributes in making English an international language

3 What factors make a language become international?

Like I mentioned earlier, if a language is to become internationally spoken it

got to have a huge community in which this language is a means of communication Then the country economy of this language should be

powerful Lastly, it comes down to making changes on the internet

4 What are the advantages of people knowing more than 1 language?

Several I must say Some of those are: conversing freely with native speakers,

chances to emerge in the rich culture as well as custom and tradition However, the most beneficial factor I could think of is higher chance for employment and further studies

5 Which language is likely to become dominant in the future?

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It’s hard to say because we will never know what the future holds However, based on what happening around the world right now Cantonese could possibly be the language of the future There’re some reasons for that First,

Chinese economy has become much more influential The Cantonese speaking community is of the largest Chinese culture and film industry are among the richest and most loved around the world at present

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