FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR Third Edition WORKBOOK • longman.com Betty Schrampfer Azar with Stacy Hagen Fundamentals of English Grammar, Third Edition Workbook Copyright © 2003, 1992, 1985 by Betty Schrampfer Azar All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher Azar Associates Shelley Hartle, Editor Susan Van Etten, Manager Pearson Education, 10 Bank Street, White Plains, NY 10606 Vice president of instructional design: Allen Ascher Editorial manager: Pam Fishman Project manager: Margo Grant Development editor: Janet Johnston Vice president, director of design and production: Rhea Banker Director of electronic production: Aliza Greenblatt Executive managing editor: Linda Moser Production manager: Ray Keating Production editor: Robert Ruvo Director of manufacturing: Patrice Fraccio Senior manufacturing buyer: Edie Pullman Cover design: Monika Popowitz Illustrations: Don Martinetti Text composition: Carlisle Communications, Ltd Text font: 10.5/12 Plantin ISBN: 0-13-013633-6 Printed in the United States ofAmerica lo-CRK 06 05 Янко Слава (Библиотека Fort/Da) || http://yanko.lib.ru Preface Chapter xv PRESENT TIME PRACTICES Interview questions and answers Present verbs Forms of the simple present Forms of the present progressive Present verbs: questions Present verbs: questions Simple present Simple present and present progressive Simple present 10 Simple present and present progressive 11 Frequency adverbs 12 Frequency adverbs 13 Frequency adverbs 14 Frequency adverbs 15 Frequency adverbs 16 Simple present: final -st-es 10 17 Simple present: final -sl-es 11 18 Pronunciation: final-s/-es 11 19 Pronunciation: final-s/-es 12 20 Spelling: final -s/-es 12 21 Non-action verbs 12 22 Simple present and present progressive 13 23 Simple present and present progressive 14 24 Error analysis 15 25 Present verbs: questions and short answers 15 26 Review: present verbs 16 Chapter PAST TIME Simple past Simple past: regular and irregular verbs Simple past forms 18 19 19 iii PRACTICES 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Chapter Present and past negatives Simple past: questions Simple past: questions Simple past: regular and irregular verbs Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings Spelling and pronunciation of -ed endings Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings Spelling of -ing and -ed forms Spelling of -ing Spelling of -ing and -ed Spelling of -ing Spelling of irregular verbs Irregular verbs Irregular verbs Review: past questions and negatives Simple present and past: questions Review: simple present, present progressive, simple past forms Simple present and simple past Past progressive Past progressive Past progressive vs simple past Past time using time clauses Past verbs Past habit with used to Error analysis Past verbs FUTURE TIME Present, past, and future Will and be going to Be going to Will Questions with will and be going to Will Will probably Will probably Sureness about the future 10 Sureness about the future 11 Will 12 Be going to vs, will 13 Be going to vs will 14 Past and future time clauses 15 Future time clauses 16 .(f clauses 17 Time clauses and if-clauses 18 Review: past and future iv CONTENTS 20 21 21 22 23 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 32 34 34 35 36 37 39 40 41 : 43 44 44 44 45 46 46 47 47 48 49 49 50 52 52 53 54 54 PRACTICES 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Chapter 56 56 58 59 59 60 61 THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST PERFECT 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Chapter Using be going to and the present progressive to express future time Using the present progressive to express future time Using the simple present to express future time Using be about to Parallel verbs Error analysis Verb tense review Forms of the present perfect The present perfect Review: irregular verbs The present perfect The present perfect vs the simple past Review: irregular verbs The present perfect vs the simple past Review: irregular verbs Since vs.for Present perfect with since andfor Present perfect and simple past with time words Since-clauses The present perfect progressive The present perfect progressive Already, still, yet, anymore Already, still, yet, anymore Verb tense review The present perfect vs the past perfect The past progressive vs the past perfect The past perfect Verb tense review Error analysis 64 65 66 67 68 68 70 71 '., 73 74 74 75 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 ASKING QUESTIONS 10 11 12 13 Preview: asking questions Yes/no questions Yes/no questions and short answers Yes/no questions and short answers Yes/no questions and short answers Yes/no and information questions Information questions Information questions Information questions with why Who, oshotrn), and what Who, ushotrn), and what Asking for the meaning of a word What + a form of 85 86 87 88 89 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 95 Contents v PRACTICES 14 lJ'hat kind of 15 lJ'hich vs what 16 lJ'ho vs whose 17 lJ'ho vs whose 18 Using how 19 Using hous far, how long, and how often 20 Cumulative review 21 Cumulative review 22 Tag questions 23 Tag questions 24 Error analysis 25 Review: questions Chapter NOUNS AND PRONOUNS 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 vi CONTENTS 96 97 98 99 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 Preview: plural nouns 108 Pronunciation of -sl-es 108 Pronunciation of -s/-es 108 Pronunciation of -sl-es 109 Plural nouns 109 Plural nouns 110 Subjects, verbs, and objects 111 Objects of prepositions 111 Subjects, verbs, objects, and prepositions 112 Prepositions of time 112 Word order: object, place, and time 113 Subject-verb agreement 114 Subject-verb agreement 114 Adjectives 114 Adjectives and nouns 115 Nouns as adjectives 116 Review: nouns 117 Personal pronouns 118 Personal pronouns 118 Personal pronouns 119 Possessive nouns 120 Possessive nouns 120 Possessive pronouns vs possessive adjectives 122 Possessive pronouns vs possessive adjectives ' 122 Reflexive pronouns 123 Reflexive pronouns 124 Review: pronouns 125 Review: pronouns 125 Singular forms of other 126 Singular forms of other 127 Plural forms of other 128 Summary: forms of other 129 Cumulative review 130 Cumulative review 130 Chapter MODAL AUXILIARIES PRACTICES Preview: modal auxiliaries 132 133 The form of modal auxiliaries Expressing ability 134 134 Expressing ability and possibility Expressing possibility 135 135 Expressing possibility and permission Meanings of could 136 Polite questions 137 Polite questions 137 10 Expressing advice 138 11 Expressing advice 138 12 Expressing advice 139 13 Expressing necessity 140 14 Expressing necessity 140 141 15 Necessity: must, have to, have got to 141 16 Necessity: must, have to, have got to 17 Expressing lack of necessity and prohibition 141 143 18 Expressing necessity, lack of necessity, and prohibition 19 Expressing necessity, lack of necessity, and prohibition 143 20 Logical conclusion or necessity 144 21 Imperative sentences 144 145 22 Polite questions and imperatives 23 Let's and why don't 145 24 Stating preferences 146 25 Stating preferences 147 26 Cumulative review 148 27 Cumulative review 149 28 Cumulative review 150 Chapter CONNECTING IDEAS 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Connecting ideas with and Punctuating items connected with and Punctuating sentences Punctuating sentences Using and, but, and or Using and, but, or, and so Using and, but, or, and so Using and, but, or, and so Using and, but, or, and so Using and, but, or, and so Using auxiliary verbs after but and and Auxiliary verbs after but and and Using too, so, either, or neither after and Adverb clauses with because Adverb clauses with because Adverb clauses with because 152 153 153 154 154 155 155 156 156 157 157 158 160 161 161 161 Contents vii PRACTICES 17 Adverb clauses with because 18 Adverb clauses with even though and although 19 Using because and even though 20 Adverb clauses with because 21 Using even though / although and because 22 Error analysis Chapter 162 163 164 165 166 168 COMPARISONS 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 As as 169 As as 169 As as 170 As as 172 As as 172 Comparative and superlative forms 174 Comparative forms 174 Comparatives 175 Comparatives and superlatives 176 Farther and further 176 Adjectives and adverbs in the comparative 177 Completing a comparative 177 Completing comparisons with pronouns 178 Ji?ry vs a lot / much / far 179 Not as as and less than 179 Unclear comparisons 180 Using more with nouns 180 Repeating a comparative 181 Double comparatives 181 Double comparatives 182 Using superlatives 183 Using superlatives 183 As as, morel-er, and rnostl-est 184 Using never with comparatives 186 Using ever and never in comparisons ' 186 Review of comparatives and superlatives 187 Review of comparatives and superlatives 188 Like, alike 189 The same as, similar to, different from 190 Like, alike, similar (to), different (from) 190 The same, similar, different, like, alike 191 Error analysis 192 Chapter 10 THE PASSIVE viii CONTENTS Active vs passive 193 Active vs passive 193 Review of past participles 194 Passive form 194 Passive vs, active meaning 195 10 11 12 13 10 11 12 10 PRACTICE 5, p 220 one chair much furniture many vegetables much clothing one vegetable many clothes much fruit many facts much grammar one word many idioms much vocabulary many cars 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 PRACTICE 6, p 221 is snow is weather Sunshine is knowledge fun factories pollution 10 11 12 pride children people intelligence peace hospitality beef was is fog PRACTICE 7, p 222 many apples much fruit much mail many letters much English much slang many words are much coffee many sandwiches much sugar many courses much homework 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 isn't much news many articles are much fun many stars are isn't much sunshine Is much pollution much luck are many kinds is much violence much makeup many cars Is much traffic PRACTICE 8, p 223 many letters are much mail ( / ) many men have many families are many sentences are much chalk ( / ) is much English ( / ) much literature ( / ) many words much gasoline ( / ) much petrol ( / ) 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 much homework ( / ) many grandchildren many pages are many libraries are many glasses much fun ( / ) much education ( / ) much soap ( / ) many islands are many people ( / ) many zeroeslzeros are ANSWER KEY Chapter 11 a dream an interesting dream some/many questions some/much soap a bar of soap some/much beauty a cup of tea an unsafe place some/much fruit some/many pieces of fruit PRACTICE 10, p 224 a little music ( / ) a few songs a little help ( / ) a little English ( / ) a few apples a little honey ( / ) a little advice ( / ) a few suggestions 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 a few questions a few people ( / ) a few minutes a little light ( / ) a little homework ( / ) a little grammar ( /) a few flowers a little progress ( / ) PRACTICE 11, p 225 Kim has applied to a university in England gave her some jewelry and a poem he had written The politician wanted specific suggestions for her speech on the economy Some of the homework for my English class was easy, but many of the assignments were unclear Diane has been to Rome several times recently She always has a wonderful time Many parents need advice about raising children The boys played together in the sand and dirt for hours A person doesn't need much equipment to play baseball: just a ball and a bat Much happiness can come from enjoying the simple things in life PRACTICE 12, p 225 Plants are the oldest living things on earth (2) Scientists divide living things into two groups: plants and animals Generally speaking, plants stay in one place, but animals move around (7) Flowers, grass, and trees grow every place where people live Plants also grow in deserts, in oceans, on mountaintops, and in polar regions (7) Plants are useful to people We eat them We use them for clothing We build houses from them Plants are also important to our health We get many kinds of beneficial drugs from plants In addition, plants provide beauty and enjoyment to all our lives (7) Crops are plants that people grow for food Nature can ruin crops Bad weather-such as too much rain or too little rain-can destroy fields of corn or wheat Natural disasters such as floods and storms have caused farmers many problems since people first began to grow their own food (9) Food is a necessity for all living things All animals and plants need to eat Most plants take what they need through their roots and their leaves The majority of insects live solely on plants Many birds have a diet of worms and insects Reptiles eat small animals, eggs, and insects (15) PRACTICE 9, p.224 Circled words are in boldface: a flower 11 some/many flowers 12 13 a coin some/much money 14 some/many coins 15 16 some/much salt an error 17 a mistake 18 an honest mistake 19 10 some/many mistakes 20 30 many games much water one parent much sand many professors much dust much money much stuff one thing many things much English much toast PRACTICE 13, p 226 cup pounds bowl, cup glass, bottle, quart piece gallons bottle, gallon, quart piece bottle, glass 10 pieces 11 bowl, cup, piece, pound, kilo 12 sheets 13 loaf 14 spoonful 15 tube 16 bar, piece 17 piece 18 piece 19 pieces 20 pieces o PRACTICE 14, p 227 o o bag, box jar bottle box, bag can/tin many suitcases much suntan oil many pairs of sandals many tubes of toothpaste many kilos of luggage much money a letter some mail some equipment a tool some food an apple some old clothing an old shirt some advice 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 a suggestion an interesting story some interesting news a poem some poetry a song some Indian music a new word some new slang PRACTICE 17, p 228 singular a bird some corn some tea a flower some water a horse some jewelry some honey a new shirt some soap plural I saw some birds (none possible) (none possible) I picked some flowers (none possible) I fed grass to some horses (none possible) (none possible) Tom bought some new shirts (none possible) PRACTICE 18, p.229 A dog the dog a desk a bed a chest of drawers the desk the top drawer the basement a basement a subject a verb the subject the verb a meeting 10 the meeting 11 a long distance a telephone 12 The distance the sun the earth o 13 the telephone 14 the cat 15 A: a cat B: a dog 16 a poem 17 A: the lecture B: The speaker an interesting talk 18 A: a cup of coffee B: the cafe the corner 19 a quiet street 20 A: the restaurant B: the street 21 A: a job B: a restaurant PRACTICE 19, p.230 Ddogs the dogs Ffruit The fruit the wine o meat 10 The meat 11 the potatoes 12 o Ppotatoes o vegetables 13 o Flrogs small animals tails o Tjurtles trails hard shells 14 The frogs The turtles 15 the weather o PRACTICE 16, p 228 9 10 10 PRACTICE 15, p 227 o jar bottle, box box, bottle jar, bag, can/tin can/tin the milk the refrigerator the table Mrpilk wine 16 17 o C10pper o candles light electricity 18 o books o textbooks o workbooks o dictionaries o encyclopedias o entertainment o novels poetry 19 The books PRACTICE 20, p 231 some coffee some milk The coffee The milk some soup a sandwich The soup the sandwich some clothes a suit a shirt a tie The suit The shirt the tie A: an accident A man a Volkswagen a bus B: the accident A: The man the Volkswagen the bus a man a woman an argument The man the woman the woman the man the argument some birds a tree a cat the tree The birds the cat the cat the birds -: PRACTICE 21, p.233 10 o a man a truck a covered bridge The bridge a small river the man the man the top the bridge the bridge 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 a solution the solution the truck the bridge the river a great idea the man the tires the river PRACTICE 22, p 234 B: An egg A: the egg E,¢ggs a scientific fact steam water Ggas The gas N~ewspapers an important source o information The sun a star the sun heat light · energy D~ucks Ppizza cheese tomatoes Ppizza · Italian 10 A: the pizza B: the big piece the small one 11 G~old an excellent conductor electricity · a spaceship 12 the kitchen a sandwich 13 A: the plumber The sink B: the water supply the house the leak 14 the man the president 15 a president ANSWER KEY Chapter 11 31 16 B: a blouse jewelry A: the blouse 17 the floor the corner the sofa 18 furniture a sofa an easy chair 19 F/urniture 20 A vegetarian meat 21 the continents the world 22 an easy exam the right answers the questions · the exam 23 a job interview nice clothes 24 a mouse Rfats long, skinny tails 25 wood coal heat gas oil o electricity 26 an interesting experience A man a blue suit a bouquet flowers the man the flowers · the door 27 IJce cream 28 steamed rice fish vegetables The rice · The fish The vegetables 29 an exceptionally talented person 30 A: the letter B: A strong wind the floor the dog the scraps the wastebasket 31 A: the tape player B: the shelves A: the batteries 32 Cylhalk a necessity 33 An efficient transportation system an essential part o PRACTICE 23, p 236 Paris The Atlantic Ocean the Pacific Dr James Mt Rainier the Cascade Mountain Range The Nile Africa Toronto Montreal Mt Kilimanjaro Kenya New Zealand The Himalayas Pakistan India Tibet Nepal 10 President Davis 11 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam Saigon 12 The Andes Mountains o o PRACTICE 24, p.237 the Dead Sea the Amazon River Shanghai the Sahara Desert the Thames River Europe the Alps Lake Tanganyika 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 North America the Indian Ocean the Netherlands North America Tibet The Urals Lagos the United Arab Emirates PRACTICE 25, p 238 I'm taking Biology 101 this semester I'm taking history, biology, English, and calculus this semester Some lab classes meet on Saturday Marta lives on a busy street Marta lives at 2358 Olive Street We went to Canada last summer We went to Montreal in July 32 ANSWER KEY Chapter 11 My roommate likes Vietnamese food, and I like Thai food The religion of Saudi Arabia is Islam Shelia works for the Xerox Corporation It is a very large corporation Pedro is from Latin America 10 My uncle lives in St Louis I'm going to visit Uncle Bill next spring 11 We went to a park We went to Waterfall Park 12 Are yo~ j;oing to the University of Oregon or Oregon State University? 13 Alice goes to a university in Oregon 14 The next assignment in literature class is to read The Adventures of Tom Sawyer 15 In France, they call it "Bastille Day." o PRACTICE 26, p 238 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Do you know Robert Jones? (no change) I like Uncle Joe and Aunt Sara (no change) Susan W Miller is a professor I am in Prof Miller's class The weather is cold in January (no change) I have three classes on Monday I would like to visit Los Angeles It's the largest city in California (no change) There are fifty states in the United States of America (no change) Today we can fly across the Atlantic Ocean in hours (no change) Mark lives on Market Street near Washington High School 18 (no change) 19 Our family stayed at the Hilton Hotel in Bangkok 20 Yoko is Japanese, but she can also speak German o PRACTICE 28, p 239 The mail carrier brought only one letter today Mr Dale gave his class a long history assignment for the weekend Tariq speaks several languages, including Arabic and Spanish Dr Kim gives all her patients a toothbrush (OR toothbrushes) and toothpaste at their dental appointments I usually have a glass of water with my lunch A helpful policeman gave us -ftfr information about the city This cookie recipe calls for two cups of nuts Many vegetables are believed to have cancer-fighting ingredients Only applicants with the necessary experiences should apply for the computer position 10 When Vicki likes a movie, she sees it several times II A popular children's story is Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 12 Is it possible to stop all violences in the world? Chapter 12: RELATIVE CLAUSES PRACTICE 1, p 240 who helped me move the refrigerator 1: I thanked 2: He helped who was wearing a gray suit 1: A woman asked 2: She was wearing who aided the rebels 1: The woman put 2: She aided who was wearing a blue collt 1: I saw 2: He was wearing who broke the vase 1: The girl apologized 2: She broke The woman who answered the phone was polite The man who sang at the concert has a good voice We enjoyed the actors who played the leading roles The girl who fell down the stairs is hurt I read about the soccer player who was injured in the game yesterday PRACTICE 3, p 241 s v The people who live next to me are nice s v They live next to me v S The people whom Kate visited yesterday were French s v Kate visited them yesterday S v The people whom I saw at the park were having a picnic s v v S S O-ThatS O-That- PRACTICE 7, p.243 PRACTICE 8, p 244 who/that who(m)/that/0 who(m)/that/0 The students who go to this school are friendly s 10 That man -that- I saw was wearing a black hat (no change) The fruit -That- I bought today a person -that- I will never forget (no change) The girl that sits in front of Richard has long black hair tftftt- she wears (no change) (no change) v -ThatS S -whtr S I saw them s PRACTICE 6, p 243 PRACTICE 2, p 241 who/that who/that who(m)/that/0 PRACTICE 9, p.245 C A C C B A C C PRACTICE 10, p 245 who/that designs buildings who/that doesn't eat meat which/that forms when water boils which/that has a hard shell and can live in water or on land who/that leaves society and lives completely alone which/that grows in hot climates and produces large bunches of yellow fruit which/that can be shaped and hardened to form many useful things whichlthat cannot be understood or explained They go to this school s v The woman whom you met last week lives in Mexico S v You met her last week PRACTICE 4, p.242 The woman whom Jack met was polite I like the woman who manages my uncle's store The singer whom we heard at the concert was wonderful The people who came to dinner brought a small gift What is the name of the woman whom Tom invited to the dance? who who(m) who who(m) who 10 who(m) who who who who 11 12 13 14 15 who(m) who(m) who who(m) who -wlrieh S -that0 -whiehS 10 S O-whiehS S O-That- PRACTICE 12, p 246 which/that/O whichlthat whichlthat/0 PRACTICE 5, p 242 PRACTICE 11, p 246 which/that which/that/0 which/that PRACTICE 13, p.247 Incorrect (crossed out) pronouns: them him it her them him ANSWER KEY Chapter 12 33 o o o A, C, A, A, C, C, D D, E C, D D D D, E 10 11 12 13 C, A, C, A, A, C, D C, D, C, C, D student people person artists o PRACTICE 20, p 251 The firefighters are very brave Their department has won many awards -> The firefighters whose department has won many awards are very brave k that in which in in in which that with who(m) with with with whom PRACTICE 17, p 250 who(m) for that for for for whom that for which for for for which that in which in in in which PRACTICE 18, p 250 Adjective clauses: we listened to at Sara's apartment I accidentally broke e we were waiting for I always enjoy talking to about politics I had just written (} I've been interested in for a long time I talked to at the reception I want to visit (} next year I was looking at 10 I wanted e 11 we were listening to at Jim's yesterday 12 I'm not familiar with 13 I was carrying e 14 I can always rely on for support and help 15 our fourteen-year-old is responsible for 16 I was reading e 17 I bought e 18 (} which I enjoy studying the most 19 I waved at 20 for whom Alex was waiting 34 is live makes make PRACTICE 16, p.249 that to who(m) to to to whom that with which with with with which who(m) about that about about about whom o D E D D students are people are compound consists students speak people know PRACTICE 19, p 251 whose daughter is a pilot 1: I know a man 2: His daughter is a pilot whose husband is out of work 1: The woman found a job 2: Her husband is out of work whose wallet I found 1: The man gave me a reward 2: I found his wallet PRACTICE 15, p 248 that for which for for for which that to which to to to which o o PRACTICE 14, p.247 A, C, D ANSWER KEY Chapter 12 I talked to the boy His kite was caught in a tree -, I talked to the boy whose kite was caught in a tree - The family is staying in a motel Their house burned down -> The family whose house burned down is staying in a motel ~ I watched a little girl Her dog was chasing a ball in the park -> I watched a little girl whose dog was chasing a ball in the park ollIII:-" The reporter won an award Her articles explained global warming -> The reporter whose articles explained global warming won an award ~ I know a man HIS daughter entered college at the age of fourteen -> I know a man whose daughter entered college at the age of fourteen ~ We observed a language teacher Her teaching methods included role-playing -> We observed a language teacher whose teaching methods included role-playing The teachets are very popular Their methods include role-playing -> The teachers whose methods include role-playing are very popular o PRACTICE 21, p 252 True (checked) a, c c 3.b,c c o answers: a a, c 7.b PRACTICE 22, p 253 which/that is used to carry boats with goods and/or passengers whose children were doing poorly in her class Ted bought for his wife on their anniversary whose views I share which/that had backbones which/that disrupted the global climate and caused mass extinctions of animal life o PRACTICE 23 p 253 who/that who/that whom who/that which/that which/that who/that which/that/0 whose o 10 11 12 which/that who(m)/that/0 whose which/that who/that who(m)/that/0 PRACTICE 24, p 254 A movie that looks interesting opens tomorrow My family lived in a house which -it- was built in 1900 The little boy who was lost asked for directions I don't know people whose -their- lives are carefree It is important to help people who have no money At the airport, I was waiting for friends who(m)/that/0 I hadn't seen them- for a long time The woman who/that lives next door likes to My teacher has two cats whose -their- names are Ping and Pong A beautiful garden t!:I:M- separates my house from the street 10 I asked the children who were sitting on the bench to help us 11 The school that my children attend -ie- is very good academically 12 I enjoyed the songs which we sang -them 13 One of the places that I like to visit is Central Park 14 The movie we saw -it- last evening was very exciting 15 I sent the parents whose son I hiked with a picture of us on Mt Fuji 16 Do you know the man who works in that office? 17 A mother whose daughter is in my class often brings cookies for the children 18 The CD player which/that/0 I bought can hold several CDs at once 19 The bed which I sleep in is very comfortable OR The bed in which I sleep is very comfortable 20 problems which I have had -them- since I came here Chapter 13: GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES o o PRACTICE 1, p 256 moving living taking buying giving doing 10 11 12 reviewing running driving retiring getting married working PRACTICE 2, p 256 went dancing is going to go hiking went shopping go swimming goes fishing o PRACTICE 3, p.257 INF GER INF GER to wait walking to help writing 10 go sightseeing go camping go sailing go skiing went skydiving to call quitting to work to grow INF GER 7.1NF INF PRACTICE 4, p.258 PARTI to work working to work working to work to work/working 10 11 12 to work to work working to work working working 18 19 20 21 22 leaving to leave to leave leaving to leave 28 29 30 31 32 to to to to PART II 13 14 15 16 17 to leave to leave leaving leaving leaving PART III 23 24 25 26 27 o 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 to know to know to know knowing to know know know/knowing know know to know/knowing PRACTICE 5, p 258 B A B B A B B B 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 A A A 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 B B B A B B B A B B B B A PRACTICE 6, p 261 B A, B A, B B A, B 10 11 12 13 14 15 A, B A, B B A A, B A, B A, B B A B PRACTICE 7, p 261 to go to buy looking to go shopping passing to go fishing to cry/crying to go/going to go to have to meet changing camping to arrive writing jogging to call to pass hoping to concentrate to make to go to do/doing to help to learn driving to fly to postpone to be teaching to read/reading to go dancing building to play/playing to be to be 33 to take 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 ANSWER KEY Chapter 13 35 o PRACTICE 8, p 262 PARTI of flying for hurting in helping at listening of working about walking of/about owning PART II for closing 12 13 14 15 for lending 10 on becoming 11 for taking PRACTICE 9, p 263 for in for on for like at on eating to finishing from making about having for interrupting in learning for helping on walking for losing like going at drawing in in saving about about falling making 10 about about going 11 to to going 12 of of staying PRACTICE 10, p 264 PARTI about asking to ask on asking about asking about asking 10 to ask for asking to ask to ask/asking to ask/asking 16 17 18 19 20 about fixing to fix/fixing to fix to fix fixing PART II 11 12 13 14 15 to to to to to fix fix/fixing fix fix fix PRACTICE 11, p 265 adopting to take in using writing to install to cash staying to go 10 to be 10 to lower PRACTICE 12, p 265 going of driving to park/on parking to watch/watching to cook/cooking baking of going of/about becoming having running 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 for watering for speaking on washing from hitting to be repairing to get to have/on having to taking about seeing PRACTICE 14, p 268 I arrived on time by taking a taxi instead of a bus I put out the fire by pouring water on it Giraffes can reach the leaves at the tops of trees by stretching their long necks I fixed the chair by tightening the loose screws Sylvia was able to buy an expensive stereo system by saving her money for two years A hippopotamus can cross a river by walking on the bottom of the riverbed I figured out how to cook the noodles by reading the directions on the package Pam finished her project on time by working all through the night You can figure out how old a tree is by counting its rings PRACTICE 15, p 268 with by with by by with 10 11 12 36 PRACTICE 13, p.267 by by by by by by holding reading reading watching running treating ANSWER KEY Chapter 13 13 14 15 16 by with with with It is to learn Learning is Eating is It is to eat Driving is It is to drive It is to swim Swimming is Is it to live Is living Is it to complete Is completing PRACTICE 17, p.270 It is difficult for shy people to meet It is interesting for babies to look it is customary for young children to sleep It is necessary for airline pilots to have It is hard for many teenagers to wake up It is important for elderly people to keep It is boring for people to listen It is necessary for students to have It is impossible for scientists to know It is important for parents to teach It is easy for people to be It is dangerous for small children to cross PRACTICE 18, p.271 PARTI by by with with by with PRACTICE 16, p 269 a b a b a b a b a b a b 10 11 12 for to to for to to for PART II 10 11 12 13 14 15 to to for for to to for to