Một số cấutrúcđảongữ tiếng Anh (Inversion) Trong tiếng Anh, tượng đảongữ tượng khó thường xuyên sử dụng Đảongữthường sử dụng muốn nhấn mạnh Sau vài cách đảongữ thông dụng: Câuđảongữ có chứa trạng từ phủ định: Never, Rarely, Seldom, Little, Hardly ever + auxiliary + S + V Eg: Never in mid-summer does it snow Hardly ever does he speak in the public Nhìn chung, câuđảongữthường dùng để nhấn mạnh tính đặc biệt kiện thường mở đầu phủ định từ • Nhóm từ: never (không bao giờ), rarely (hiếm khi), seldom (hiếm khi) Câuđảongữ chứa trạng từ thường dùng với động từ dạng hoàn thành hay động từ khuyết thiếu chứa so sánh Eg: Never have I been more disappointed! Never in her life had she experienced this exhilarating emotion /ɪɡˈzɪlə ˌreɪ·t̬ɪŋ/: hồ hởi Seldom has he seen anything stranger Seldom have I seen him looking so miserable Seldom had I seen such a terrible thing Never again will I meet him Never before have I seen this film Rarely does she make a mistake Never will I forgive him Little did he say about it In vain did they look for the missing people • Nhóm từ: hardly (hầu không), barely (chỉ vừa đủ, vừa vặn), no sooner (vừa mới), scarcely (chỉ mới, khi) Câuđảongữ chứa trạng ngữthường dùng để diễn đạt chuỗi kiện xảy khứ Eg: Scarcely had I got out of bed when the doorbell rang No sooner had he finished dinner than she walked in the door No sooner had I left my house than it began to rain No sooner had I left than it started to rain No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang No longer will he work here Page: Hardly had I gone to bed when the phone rang Hardly I meet her nowadays Hardly had she put up her umbrella before the rain becam down in torrents (mưa trút) Đảongữ với NO NOT No + N + auxiliary + S + Verb(inf) Not any + N + auxiliary + S + verb(inf) Eg: No money shall I lend you from now on = Not any money shall I lend you from now on Not for one minute we feel peaceful Not for one minute did she forget about it/him Đảongữ với cụm từ có No At no time On no condition On no account + auxiliary + S + V Under/ in no circumstances For no reason In no way No longer Eg: - In/under no circumstances (cho dù không) The money is not paid under any circumstances = Under no circumsstances is the money tobe paid On no condition shall we accept their proposal In no circumstances will I betray you /bɪˈtreɪ/ In no circumstances will I leave you alone - At no time / never + V(aux) + S + V: Không The result of the match was never in doubt => At no time/never was the result of the match in doubt - On no account + V(aux) + S+V: Không lí You should never be late for the exam => On no account should you be late for the exam On no account can you treat her badly like this On no account must this switch be touched - In no way (không cách cả) In no way can you refuse to answer my question Page: In no way could I agree with you - At no time (chưa bao giờ) At no time have I come there - By no means: Hoàn toàn không By no means does he intend to criticize your idea Đảongữ với “not a” “many a” > Tân ngữ mang tính nhấn mạnh đảo lên đầu câu: - Not a single word did he say - Not a letter have I received from her - Many a rose did he give her - Many a book has he read Đảongữ với cụm từ chứa “ONLY” như: only after, only when, only then… thường từ thời gian only later only by V_ing/ N (prep) (Chỉ only in this way cách) only in that way only when + clause (chỉ khi) only then + auxiliary + S + V only with + N only after + N only if + clause (chỉ mà) only in adv of time/ place Page: Eg: Only by doing + Vaux + S + V: Chỉ cách làm We must take a taxi or we will be late => Only by taking a taxi will we get there on time Only by practising English every day can you speak it fluently Only by studying harder can you pass this exam Only after + N + Vaux + S V: Chỉ sau làm You will be able to get a job only after you have graduated => Only after your graduation will you be able to get a Job Only after all guests had gone home could we relax Only when + S + V, Vaux + S + V: Chỉ làm I didn't know she had been well-known until her friends told me => Only when her friends told me did I know she had been well-known Only when I understand her did I like her Only when you grow up can you understand it Only with + N + Vaux + S + V: Chỉ với He couldn't have bought the car if the bank hadn't lent him the money => Only with the bank's loan could he buy the car - Only if you tell me the truth can I forgive you - Only then did I understand the problem Only in this way: Chỉ cách Only in this way could the problem be solved Not until + phrase/clause Mãi đến They couldn't go on working until the rain stopped =>Not until the rain stopped could they go on working Man didn't fly into space until the early 1960s => Not until the early 1960s did man fly into space - Not until I came home did I realize that I had lost everything - Not until she left did I know that she had been very important for me Not until 10 p.m yesterday did he come home Not until I left home did I realize what he had meant Seldom/Hardly/Scarcely/Barely + Vaux + S + V: mà She seldom misses a lecture => Seldom does she miss a lecture Đảongữ với câu so…that/such…that: So adj/adv + aux + S + V + that clause: mà SO, SUCH tất từ trước “that” đưa lên đầu câu He is so lazy that everyone hates him → So lazy is he that everyone hates him I am so fond of music that I spend all of my free time learning it → So fond of music am I that I spend all of my free time learning it Almost everyone in the party starred at a beautiful girl => So beautiful is the girl that almost everyone in the party starred at her So dark is it that I can't write So busy am I that I don't have time to look after myself So difficult was the exam that few student pass it So attractive is she that many boys run after her So intelligent is she that she can answer all questions in the interview So strange was the situation that I couldn't sleep So difficult is the test that students need three months to prepare • • Câuđảongữ có chứa “Such” mang cấutrúc sau: “Such + to be + Danh từ +…” Ví dụ: Such is the moment that all greats traverse /trəˈvɜrs/ (Thật thời khắc trở ngại lớn lao) Such is the stuff of dreams (Thật giấc mơ vô nghĩa) Such a noise was there that I couldn’t work Such is the popularity of the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night /ˌpɑpjəˈlærɪt̬i/ Not only + auxiliary + S + V but also Không mà Not only is he good at English but he also draws very well Not only does he sing well but he also plays musical instruments perfectly Not only does he study well, but also he sings well Đảongữ với câu điều kiện: a Câu điều kiện loại 1: If clause = should + S + V a) Câu điều kiện loại có sử dụng “ should” thay không xác định khả xảy tương lai Đảo “should” lên đầu câu thay “If” Eg: If it (should) rain tonight, I will stay at home ==> Should it rain b) Điều kiện loại có sử dụng thời hoàn thành Lấy “should” thay “If” để nguyên thể hoàn thành với “have done” tất Eg: If she has finished the work, she can go home ==> Should she have finished Should she come late, she wil miss the train should he lend me some money, I will buy that house Should he decide to come, please phone me immediately b Câu điều kiện loại 2: If clause = Were S + to V = Were + S If I were you I would work harder = Were I you If I knew her I would invite her to the party = Were I to know her If it weren’t for your progress, I wouldn’t be here ==> Were it not your c Câu điều kiện loại : If-clause = Had + S + V3/ed If my parents had encouraged me, I would have passed exam = Had my parents encouraged me, I… Had he understood the problem, he wouldn't have committed those mistakes * Câu điều kiện loại đặc biệt với đại từ “it” đầu câu If it hadn’t been for + N ==> Nếu ==> Tách “had” khỏi “not” đảo lên đầu câu thay “If” Eg: If it hadn’t been for hot weather,we would have had a wonderful holiday ==> Had it not been for * Câu điều kiện loại đặc biệt có sử dụng” were to have done” thay khứ hoàn thành: If she had driven carefully, she wouldn’t have caused the accident ==> If she were to have driven Đảo “were” lên đầu câu thay “If” ==> Were she to have driven… If I were the judge, I’d sentence him to death => Were I the judge, I’d sentence him to death - If I had been flying to New York at that time, I’d have died => Had I been flying to New York - If you hadn’t helped me, I wouldn’t have known how to solve it => Had you not helped me, I wouldn’t have known how to solve it Đảongữ với No where + auxiliary + S + V No where in VN is the scenery as beautiful as that in my country No where I feel as comfortable as I at home No where can you buy the goods as good as those in my country Nowhere can you enjoy delicious dishes like here Đảongữ nguyên động từ: Clause of place/ order + main verb + S (no auxiliary) Đem nguyên động từ trước chủ từ (không mượn trợ động từ ) > Khi có cụm trạng từ nơi chốn đầu câu on the , in the , here, there, out, off Eg His house stands at the foot of the hill -> At the foot of the hill stands his house The bus came there -> There came the bus In front of the museum is a statue First came the ambulance, then came the police On the table lay the books Near the old pagoda is a red flower tree - Khi ngữ giới từ làm phó từ địa điểm phương hướng đứng đầu câu, nội động từ đặt lên trước chủ ngữ tuyệt đối không sử dụng trợ động từ loại câu Nó phổ biến văn mô tả muốn diễn đạt chủ ngữ không xác định: Under the tree was lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen Directly in front of them stood a great castle On the grass sat an enormous frog Along the road came a strange procession - Các phó từ away ( = off ), down, in, off, out, over, round, up theo sau động từ chuyển động sau danh từ làm chủ ngữ: Away went the runners Down fell a dozen of apples - Nhưng đại từ nhân xưng làm chủ ngữ động từ phải để sau chủ ngữ: Away they went Round and round it flew Đảongữ sau “here” and “there” There comes our mother Here comes singer My Tam Here comes Freddy >Incorrect: Here comes he There goes your brother Here comes the rain ( Cơn mưa đến ) Once upon a time, there lived a king 10 Đảongữ để nhấn mạnh: - I like it (normal) => Do I like it (emphasizing case) - I slept well last night => Did I sleep well last night - He loves her => He does love her ... country Nowhere can you enjoy delicious dishes like here Đảo ngữ nguyên động từ: Clause of place/ order + main verb + S (no auxiliary) Đem nguyên động từ trước chủ từ (không mượn trợ động từ ) > Khi... home ==> Should it rain b) Điều kiện loại có sử dụng thời hoàn thành Lấy “should” thay “If” để nguyên thể hoàn thành với “have done” tất Eg: If she has finished the work, she can go home ==>