would like to show my sincere thanks to a lot of people who help me so much for the completion of this graduation paper. First of all, I I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all teachers in Foreign Languages Department, who taught me a lot of valuable lessons and skills, not only in English but also in life during the four last years. In particular, I wish to thank so much to Mrs. Le Dieu My for her valuable and detailed guidance, comments and suggestions, as well as enthusiasm and wholeheartedness throughout this study. This graduation paper could not be finished without the invaluable help, advice, and encouragement from her.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING DUY TAN UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES GRADUATION PAPER NGUYEN THI AI VI AN ANALYSIS OF THE SUGGESTED TRANSLATION OF ISSUE – “ARE DECLINING GROWTH RATES POPULATION GLOBAL RATHER GROWTH POPULATION THAN TODAY’S PROBLEM?” RAPID MAJOR FROM “TAKING SIDES- CLASHING VIEWS ON GLOBAL ISSUES FIFTH EDITION" BY JAMES HART AND MARK LOMBARDI Code : K19- 1920310816 Course : 2013 – 2017 SUPERVISOR: LE DIEU MY, M.A DA NANG – MAY 2017 i ACKOWLEDGEMENTS To teachers in Duy Tan university! To my supervisor –Mrs Le Dieu My! I would like to show my sincere thanks to a lot of people who help me so much for the completion of this graduation paper First of all, I I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all teachers in Foreign Languages Department, who taught me a lot of valuable lessons and skills, not only in English but also in life during the four last years In particular, I wish to thank so much to Mrs Le Dieu My for her valuable and detailed guidance, comments and suggestions, as well as enthusiasm and whole-heartedness throughout this study This graduation paper could not be finished without the invaluable help, advice, and encouragement from her Besides, I would like to acknowledge all the authors, known and unknown, whose materials have been referenced during the process of this graduation paper Last but not least, I am deeply grateful to my belove family and my friends who always give me the best encouragement to overcome hardship and offer me physically generous help Danang, April 12th, 2017 Nguyen Thi Ai Vi ii STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Exept where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in the whole or in part from a thesis by which have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma No other person’s work has been used withouth due acknowledgement in the thesis This thesis has not been submitted for award of any degrees or diplomas in any other tertiary institutions Danang, April 12th, 2017 Nguyen Thi Ai Vi iii ABSTRACT The graduation paper is done on the theme “An Analysic of the Suggested Translation of Issue “Are Declining Growth Rates Rather Than Rapid Population Growth Today’s Major Global Population Problem?” from the Book “Taking Sides- Clashing Views on Global Issues Fifth Edition” by James Hart and Mark Lombardi (Published by MC Graw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2009)” Specifically, the major aims of the paper are to give the best translated version, to have a theoretical background of English translation, and to put forward some pedagogical implications to help English majors overcome these problems related to strategies and techniques when translating Therefore, it is expected that students’ ability is more and more enhanced To analyze the data, the descriptive, analytic, qualitative approaches are applied Some suggestive explanations for two main problems including structural and lexical problems are also inserted in the difficulties analysis and discussion It is hoped that the paper will attract students’ attention in order that they can avoid these problems and improve their translation skills iv ABBREVIATIONS TL : Target language SL : Source language Sent : Sentence Para : Paragraph TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKOWLEDGEMENTS i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ii ABSTRACT iii ABBREVIATIONS iv PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 RATIONALE Aims and Objectives 2.1 Aims 2.2 Objectives THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY 3.1 TEXT FEATURES 3.1.1 Biographical Information of James E Hart and Mark Owen Lombardi 3.1.1.1 Biographical Information of James E Hart: 3.1.1.2 Biographical Information of Mark Owen Lombardi: 3.1.2 About the Work “Taking Sides- Clashing on Global Views” 3.2 THE TEXT LENGTH 3.3 THE TEXT ORGANIZATION 3.4 THE TEXT SOURCE METHOD OF THE STUDY ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY PART B: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1 Definition of Translation 1.2 Types of Categories 1.2.1 Full vs Partial Translation 1.2.2 Total vs Restricted Translation 10 1.2.3 Phonological Translation 10 1.2.4 Graphological Translation 10 1.3 Methods and Principles 11 1.3.1 Methods 11 (1) Word-for-word translation 11 (2) Literal Translation 11 (3) Faithful Translation 12 (4) Semantic translation 12 (5) Adaptation 12 (6) Free Translation 14 (7) Idiomatic Translation 14 (8) Communicative Translation 14 1.3.2 Principles 15 (1) Meaning 15 (2) Form 16 (3) Register 16 (4) Idiom 16 (5) Style and Clarity 16 (6) Source language influence 17 1.4 Context in translating 17 CHAPTER 2: SUGGESTED TRANSLATION 18 CHAPTER 3: ANALYSIS 49 3.1 Vocabulary 49 3.1.1 Polysemy 49 3.1.2 Proper Noun 51 3.1.3 New Words and Expressions 52 3.1.4 Word Can Be Guessed Basing on the Context 55 3.2 Sentence Structures 56 3.2.1 Passive Voice 57 3.2.2 Relative Clauses 59 3.2.3 Words of Reference 61 3.2.4 Adverbials in the Middle of Sentence 62 3.2.5 Emphasis Structures 63 3.2.5.1 Anticipatory Subject “It” 63 3.2.5.2 Sentences with Inversion 65 3.2.5.3 Noun Clause 66 3.2.5.3.1 Noun Clause as a Subject Complement 66 3.2.5.3.2 Noun Clause as a Direct Object 67 3.2.5.3.3 Noun Clause as a Complement 69 3.2.5.4 If/ whether Clause: Whether (If) + Subject + Verb + Complement 69 3.2.6 Complex Structures 70 CHAPTER 73 DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTION 73 4.1 Difficulties 73 4.2 Solutions 74 4.3 Implications for Learners 76 4.4 Suggestion for Teachers 79 REFERENCES 81 PART A: INTRODUCTION RATIONALE I realize that nowadays, English is an essential part in our life However, not everyone can it well because it requires not only theory but also practice every day However, during my four years at university, I think that I need to try and to attempt more Besides, in the process of studying at university, I also have many opportunities to learn about many fields such as economy, society, culture and medicine, etc., but I explore that my favorite problem is population of global because I realize that it’s a very hot and controversial issue today The population of the world is increasing faster than at any other period in man’s history The rates of population growth of the various countries of the world are, with few exceptions, simply the differences between their birth rates and death rates International migration is a negligible factor in rates of growth today Thus, one can understand the varying rates of population growth of different parts of the world by understanding what underlies their respective birth and death rates So that is the reason why I choose Issue “Are Declining Growth Rates Rather than Rapid Population Growth Today’s Major Global Population Problem?” of the book “Taking Sides- Clashing on Global Issue” by James E Hart and Mark Owen Lombardi to translate and analyze the process of translation Aims and Objectives 2.1 Aims The major aim of the graduation paper is to find an equivalent translated version into Vietnamese of Issue 1: “Are Declining Growth Rates Rather than Rapid Population Growth Today’s Major Global Population Problem?” of a book named “Taking Sides- Clashing on Global Issues” by James E Hart and Mark Owen Lombardi Additionally, the translation process helps me to find out difficulties not only in vocabulary but also in structure to get the target final language translation through analyzing in details After that, solutions are suggested to solve the problems 2.2 Objectives In order to support the major aims, some following objectives are posed for the study: - To review the theory of translation - To create a Vietnamese version of Chapter 1- Book “Taking Sides- Clashing on Global Issues” as well as possible - To suggest some implications for teaching and learning English Translation in Foreign Language Department at Duy Tan University THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY 3.1 TEXT FEATURES 3.1.1 Biographical Information of James E Hart and Mark Owen Lombardi 3.1.1.1 Biographical Information of James E Hart: - James E Hart was born in St Louis, Missouri, January 17, 1857, descending in both lines from old English families He was educated in the public schools of Bloomington, Idaho, and at the University of Utah, and was graduated, in 1890, in the law department of the University of Michigan He practiced his profession three years at Paris and at Logan, with increasing success, and was then called by his church to a mission in the southern states, where he labored successfully for twenty-seven months in Tennessee and for two years of that time was the president of the East Tennessee Conference He was elected to the thirteenth session of the territorial legislature of Idaho and represented the interests of his district ably and most conscientiously A lawyer of praiseworthy attainments, an able man of affairs, a churchman devoted to all the interests of his church, he is peculiarly fitted to fill the ecclesiastical and secular offices of high responsibility of which he is the incumbent, and he is discharging his duties with success 3.1.1.2 Biographical Information of Mark Owen Lombardi: - Mark Anthony Patrick Owen was born on January 27th, 1972 He is an English singer and a songwriter He is a member of pop-group Take That As a solo artist, Owen had sold over 500,000 records worldwide and 45 million with Take That Owen was born in Oldham, Lancashire, England He lived in a small council house with his mother Mary, his father Keith, brother Daniel and sister Tracey in Oldham, Lancashire His father was a decorator, later getting a job at a police station His mother was a supervisor in a bakery in Oldham Owen used to attend singing classes with his cousin, Aidan Sears, and formed his first band with his cousin at the age of 14, after encouragement from their singing teacher Owen was educated at the Holy Rosary Primary and St Augustine’s Catholic School in Oldham He had little interest in music and played briefly for Chadderton F.C., in addition to having trials at Manchester United and Rochdale Prior to auditioning for Take That, he worked at Barclays in Failsworth 67 3.2.5.3.2 Noun Clause as a Direct Object One of the main functions of a nominal clause is an object modifying to the main verb in a sentence, and when conducting my work, I realize that this is one of typical points in my translation The sentences below are examples: [21] “Michael Meyer describes how families in both the developed and developing worlds are choosing to have fewer children and chronicles what he believes to be an array of negative consequences associated with this population transition.”[1st sent., para 6] Subject: “Michael Meyer” Main verb: “decribes”, and, “chronicles” Subordinator: “how”, “what” Noun clause: - “how families in both the developed and developing worlds are choosing to have fewer children, - “what he believes to be an array of negative consequences associated with this population transition.” - Two noun clauses have a function as Object in the sentence This is a compound- complex sentence, after analyzing the translation with the orgrin, I decided to translate as follows: “Michael Meyer mô tả cách thức gia đình quốc gia phát triển phát triển chọn sinh ghi lại mà ông tin loạt hậu tiêu cực liên quan đến trình chuyển đổi dân số này.” 68 [22] “The United Nation projects that the Middle East will double in popuptaion over the next 20 years, growing from 326 million today to 649 million by 2050.”[P.14] In this sentence: +Subject: “The United Nation” + Predicate: “project that the Middle East will double in popuptaion over the next 20 years, growing from 326 million today to 649 million by 2050.” including the noun clause: “that the Middle East will double in popuptaion over the next 20 years, growing from 326 million today to 649 million by 2050.”In this clause, the subject is “the Middle East”, verb is “will double”, and “in popuptaion over the next 20 years,” is adverbial The pharse: “growing from 326 million today to 649 million by 2050” has a function as a complement of verb “will double” So, the noun clause has a function as a object of subject “The United Nation” I recommended the translated version: -> “Liên Hợp Quốc dự báo Trung Đông tăng gấp đôi dân số 20 năm tới, tăng từ 326 triệu lên 649 vào năm 20150.” [23] “And though overall the region’s population continues to grow, the increase is due mainly to lower infant mortality; fertility rates themselves are falling faster than in developed countries, indicating that over the coming decades the Middle East will age far more rapidly than other regions of the world.”[7th sent., para.14] It is a compound- complex sentence The two main clauses are: “the increase is due mainly to lower infant mortality; fertility rates themselves are falling faster than in developed countries” 69 The dependent clause is: “And though overall the region’s population continues to grow, the increase is due mainly to lower infant mortality”.It is a abverb clause And another (reduced) dependent clause is: “indicating that over the coming decades the Middle East will age far more rapidly than other regions of the world.”- a noun clause, modifying the main clause Hence, my suggested version is: -> “Và tổng thể dân số khu vực tiếp tục phát triển, gia tăng chủ yếu làm giảm tỷ lệ tử vong trẻ sơ sinh; mức sinh giảm nhanh nước phát triển, cho thấy thập kỷ tới, Trung Đông nhanh nhiều so với khu vực khác giới giảm sinh.” 3.2.5.3.3 Noun Clause as a Complement 3.2.5.4 If/ whether Clause: Whether (If) + Subject + Verb + Complement If/ whether clauses are formed from yes/no questions and are introduced by the subordinator “whether” or “if” The if/ whether clauses are added to the introductory clause to make a complex sentence, and if/ whether clause is usually behind the introductory clause Let’s consider the sentence: [24] “If the U.N figures are right, Germany could shed nearly a fifth of its 82.5 million people over the next 40 years- roughly the equivalent of all of east Germany, a loss of population not seen in Europe since the Thirty Years’ War.”[8th sent., para 10] This is a complex sentence The main clause: “Germany could shed nearly a fifth of its 82.5 million people over the next 40 years- roughly the equivalent of all of east Germany, a loss of population not seen in Europe since the Thirty Years’ War.” 70 If clause: “the U.N figures are right” The sentence should be translated as: -> “Nếu số liệu U.N đúng, Đức giảm gần 1/5 số 82,5 triệu người 40 năm tương đương với tất nước Đông Đức, mát dân số không nhìn thấy kể từ chiến thứ diễn ra.” 3.2.6 Complex Structures Some very long sentences with many difficult complex structures are unavoidable in documentation, and there are also many ones like in my work For instance: [25] Danielle Nierenberg, a research associate at the Worldwatch Institute, and Mia MacDonald, a policy analyst and Worldwatch Institute senior fellow, argue that the consequences of a still-rising population have worsened in some ways because of the simultaneous existence of fast-rising consumption patterns, creating a new set of concerns [Introduction of the Issue 1] This is a complex sentence with parts: + Subject: “Danielle Nierenberg, a research associate at the Worldwatch Institute, and Mia MacDonald, a policy analyst and Worldwatch Institute senior fellow” + Main verb: “argue” + Noun clause: “that the consequences of a still-rising population have worsened in some ways because of the simultaneous existence of fast-rising consumption patterns, creating a new set of concerns.” In the noun clause: 71 + Main clause: “that the consequences of a still-rising population have worsened in some ways” +Embedded clause: “because of the simultaneous existence of fast-rising consumption patterns, creating a new set of concerns.” From these parts composing the sentence, we can conclude that it is a complex sentence, and that sentence should be translated as: “Danielle Nierenberg, nhà nghiên cứu thuộc Viện Worldwatch, Mia MacDonald, nhà phân tích sách chuyên gia cao cấp thuộc Viện Worldwatch cho hậu dân số tăng lên trở nên tồi tệ tồn đồng thời mô hình tiêu dùng tăng nhanh, tạo quan ngại mới.” [26] These recent trends have been surprising, as most observes had long believed that the built-in momentum of population growth in the last third of the twentieth would have major impacts well into the new century [1st sent., para 4] In the sentence, the main clause is: “These recent trends have been surprising” The dependent clause is: “as most observes had long believed that the built-in momentum of population growth in the last third of the twentieth would have major impacts well into the new century.” In the dependent clause: +Abverbial clause: “as most observes had long believed” + Noun clause: “that the built-in momentum of population growth in the last third of the twentieth would have major impacts well into the new century.”, is the embedded clause of adverbial clause: “as most observes had long believed” 72 And this is my suggestion: -> Những xu hướng gần gây ngạc nhiên hầu hết nhà quan sát từ lâu tin đà tăng dân số tích lũy năm cuối năm XX có tác động lớn vào kỷ 73 CHAPTER DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTION 4.1 Difficulties Although my main major is English Translation- Interpretation, I had met a lot of difficulties when conducting my work in this translation Firstly, I have confronted to a lot of difficulties in vocabulary vocabulary because I had no opportunity to learn in depth about social problem I tried to have the best understanding for the specified words to make my translation become professional When translating this Issue, the role of words and phrases, their meanings as well as the use of dictionary as a supported tool are also quite important However, when I had to translate words/ phrases with no equivalence in bilingual dictionary, the meaning of those provided by dictionary sometimes was not enough This made it difficult for me to access and translation Besides, there are many words with a variety of different meanings that make me feel quite confused about In order to complete it, I need to have full understanding about the document then collect the right words to make it perfect and smooth Nextly, there are many strange proper noun and words I have never heard or seen before, and in such situation, I spend a lot of time to find out by many ways like looking in dictionary, surfing the Internet or asking my teacher, ect Additionally, I have to understand the context and find the way to translate it into Vietnamese As you know, Vietnamese and English are quite different in transmission of speech, language or structure, so that the 74 translator must be very careful and skillful to make it easier for readers understand The kind of sentences, such as passive voice, noun clause or adjective clause as well as empty subject are all less common in Vietnamese, therefore, they are quite difficult for me to translate them in English Besides the lexical problem, structure is also a barrier with every translation consisting of me A lot of long sentences with complex structures in my translation appear, and it is hard for me to translate and analyze them Inspite of having learnt some structures for a long time, sometimes I cannot remember that structure When meeting a difficult grammatical point, I have to find out the old documents and theories to reviews and check that structure carefully in many sources Finally, although I am a Vietnamse, I faced the troubles in expressing the ideas of the original to the target version because of my limited knowledge in Vietnamese, so I have to consult the opinion of many people mastering in languages 4.2 Solutions During the process of doing my graduation paper, I have confronted to a lot of difficulties Therefore, the important thing is seeking good solutions to overcome them; it helps me and others enhance translation skill, get more experience and become a good translator Here are several solutions that I followed First of all, before translating, my supervisor helped me check the whole chapter about grammatical and vocabulary errors Then I read it carefully many times and found out main idea to prepare for translation Through this process, I highlighted the new words and phrases to look up later I also analyses the structure, idioms as well as grammar I divided my translation 75 into three parts My instructor helps me to check my translated version to find out the mistakes in grammar or vocabulary She also gave some helpful advice and explained me some new words and structures Being enthusiastic, she checked and edited my translations for many times to make it more natural and perfect Secondly, mastering vocabulary is very important for the students who learn English as a foreign language That is why everybody who learns English or a certain language should know the words The mastery of vocabulary can support them in speaking when they are communicating to people can write and translate the meaning of words when they definite English If they not know the meaning of words, they will not be able to speak, write and translate anything English The students can be said gaining progress in English, the mastery of vocabulary Thirdly, I have to find and read a lot to learn the way to use words, the way to express ideas in a variety of documentations and widen your knowledge background I read more many texts about social problems in both languages English and Vietnamese to have the general knowledge to serve translation This thing brought to me a large number of both nice words and expressive style and gave me insights which would subconsciously be applied when actually translating For the problems of lexical difficulties, I read the sentence in many time and looked up words/ phrases to the context in dictionaty which is famous and reliable such as Oxford and Longman Also, to the very long sentences with complex structures, I started to analyze the main clause, subordinate clause, modifying clause After that, I 76 connected the meaning of the words or phrases found to translate into target language Besides, Internet can not be mentioned because of its useful role It is a good source I can find many beneficial things to my work such as the word meaning, related information, images and definitions of their words Moreover, I also could search lessons on grammar when forgetting some grammatical points not using for a long time Futhermore, translating any documents is not an easy work Although I myself tried my best, I am also not sure about my version because of my limited ability With the sentences too long, complex structures, and the way to use the target language, I consult my supervisor’s opinion; ask my friends and other people who are good at in this field to accomplish the translation best 4.3 Implications for Learners Being a professional translator cannot happen overnight It means that learners have to practice a lot, and experience is needed to turn some one into a good translator From the fact in reality, I want to recommend some of useful típ for learners to translate well - Beside the love of language, learners should be prepared for lifelong learning and keep practicing Patience is an essential tool for a successful translator To have necessary language skills up to professional translator is not a task that can be accomplied in a few short years Only trying his/ her best with a lot of sustained hard work, he/ she can truly succeed in such challenging and exciting field 77 - We must learn to write well When editing a text from a language to another one, a good translator must know various registers By writing clearly and concisely, using the appropriate sentence – and paragraph- length for your target language, using simple vocabulary, etc., you can convey even complex ideas using clear, straightforward language - Having good ears is a necessary factor Sensitive ears for a translator is necessary for a translator to grasp the expression, typical words and their usage Languages each have their own rhythm, so listening to the words that you write is very important If your writing does not sound right and natural in target language, we try changing to have a smoother translation but ensure the meaning of the origin This thing requires learners to have good knowledge of both languages: TL and SL - A good translator must have a good ability of reading comprehension To have an accurate translation, translators need to read the origin careful in many times, so that they can ensure that they understand both the source texts and the meaning to transfer The learners should read the whole text at least twice: the first reading is for general comprehension, to become acquainted with the topic and to understand the original, always bearing in mind that meaning is contextdetermined The second one must be a “deep” reading, placing emphasis on items where translation problems may appear In other words, this is what I have called “reading with translation intention” It helps translators to underline the unknown terms, and then they should confront potentialtranslation difficulties in the text with suitable translation procedure 78 - In all aspects, searching and studying skills are significant, especially in translation In other words, to become a professional translator, you must master in using dictionary in both language because it is a high technique For example, the same words have many meanings in each context Hence, he/ she must understand the word meaning accurately in typical context Knowledge of culture, history and life also helps you a lot in translation, so learners should widen the basic background in all aspects to serve the work better According to the text, translators should search and study a lot to have the good background to translate in that field Besides, learners have to seek the information about the author, the birth circumstance, the writing style in many sources to understand the work deeply - Translator must be in charge of their work During your work, ask yourself if your translation makes sense If it makes you stop, even for a second, and think “What does that really mean?” then there’s something wrong Analyzing the meaning of words or sentences, syntactic, semantic is significant Another important aspect is the pre- editing of the original text, on the one hand, and the post- editing of the translated text to verify the use of semantic and syntactic, on the other hand Regarding the use of translation procedures and strategies, translator must constanly make choices, in each paragraph, sentence or translation unit, so as to decide which of them is the most useful for the transfer of the ideas in 79 the text being translated It means adapting the most suitable strategies and techniques to the requirements of the text rather than adopting a certain technique and using it forever 4.4 Suggestion for Teachers Beside the suggestions for learners, I also would like to gice some ones to help English teachers who typically teach translation in teaching this subject First of all, I think that teachers need to explain the aim at learning and the role of translation, so that students can have an overview in this field and be aware of their learning with enthuisiastic attitude Secondly, teachers help learners to build a basic knowledge of grammatical structures, theory translation and ways of analysis and comparision in both SL and TL This thing will become a foundation for students to learn translation better and more effectively Thirdly, teachers make a selection of the material to be translated Texts must be chosen according to previously defined objectives for translation practice, taking into account the degree of difficulty of the texts (semantic, cultural, stylistic, etc.,) the topic or the specific knowledge area (science and technology; social, institutional, economic and/or political topics; and literary or philosophical works), the translation problems to be solved, and so on To enhance knowledge and get acquainted with translating, teachers must let students a lot of assignments of many translation kinds in various life fields Besides, translation is quite boring, so teachers create a funny environment in classroom to attract students’ attention in lessons such as 80 giving time to plan, reflect, discuss, review and edit the work, and also encourage meaningful and independent interaction in English The students have to “defend” their work against criticism by teachers and classmates Moreover, students should then be encouraged to take notes and dicuss the (in) convenience of the contributions and comments arising from this analytical reading of each one of the diferent versions proposed to withdraw their own experience Finally, teacher are always people making a final revision (second postedit), gives formative evaluation and makes comments, emphasizes findings, on the one hand, and analyzes failures and weaknesses in the process, on the other In conclusion, I hope that my ideas and implications will be useful for learners and teachers After translating and analyzing the work, I have considered that my translation skills have improved a lot This will encourage me to try my best in the future 81 REFERENCES I.BOOKS [1] Alan Duff (1989), Translation, Oxford University Press [2] Longman Advanced Learners’ Dictionary [3] Nguyen Manh Quang (2009), Translation Theory, Internal Use [4] Tran Thi Tho, M.A, Translation Theory, Internal Use [5] Nguyen Thuong Hung, Dịch thuật từ lí thuyết đến thực hành [6] Từ điển Anh- Việt, Nhà xuất Khoa học Xã hội II.WEBSITES [7] http://www.vndict.net [8] http://www.wikipedia.org [9] http://www.tailieu.vn [10] http://www.english-for-student.com [11] http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com III.DICTIONARIES [12] Lingoes dictionary [13] Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary [14] Longman Dictionary [15] Oxford Idioms Dictionary for Learners of English ... language, the translation must be compatible and equivalent with the origin so that the readers can easily seize the text All in all, the purpose of translation is to transfer the meaning of the SL... in term of extent levels, and ranks of translation 1.2.1 Full vs Partial Translation • Full Translation means the process of replacing every part of the source language text with target language... language Translation is the comprehension of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text, likewise called a "translation, " that communicates the same message in another