Effects of ph and temperature on simultaneous nitritation, anammox and denitrification in a wetland treatment system receiving dairy wastewater

EFFECTS OF PH AND TEMPERATURE ON SIMULTANEOUS NITRITATION, ANAMMOX AND DENITRIFICATION IN A WETLAND TREATMENT SYSTEM RECEIVING DAIRY WASTEWATER by Yuling He A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science Degree State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse, New York April 2011 Approved: Department of Environmental Resources Engineering Wendong Tao, Major Professor Charles Maynard, Chair Examining Committee Charles N Kroll, Department Chair S Scott Shannon, Dean The Graduate School Gary Scott, Director, Division of Environmental Resources Engineering UMI Number: 1496418 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent on the quality of the copy submitted In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion UMI 1496418 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 Acknowledgements It has been a great experience working on this research project with guidance and support from my mentors, friends and family First I want to particularly thank my major professor Dr Wendong Tao I appreciate the invaluable opportunity he offered me to work with him I thank Dr Tao for his inspiration, insightful suggestions, timely advice throughout this research as well as the extreme patience he showed on revising my thesis writing Without his knowledge, great efforts and encouragements my research will not be possible I would like to thank all those who have contributed to the completion of this degree: Chris Norton for helping on wetlands operation, Maria B Hosmer-Briggs for consulting on academic writing and communication, and the examining committee members for their understanding and valuable comments Finally, I want to thank my parents and sister for their continuous support, my boyfriend for his faithful encouragements and also suggestions on statistical analysis, my lovely friends for their smiles and words which helped me through many tough times ii Table of Contents List of Tables v List of Figures vi Abstract vii Chapter 1: Introduction References Chapter 2: Literature Review Nitratation Inhibition Methods for pH Adjustment Simultaneous Nitritation, Anammox and Denitrification 10 Fluorescent in situ Hybridization 11 References 12 Chaper 3: Manuscript 15 Abstract 15 Introduction 16 Materials and Methods 18 2.1 Wetland Treatment System 18 2.2 Field Measurements and Chemical Analysis 19 2.3 Fluorescent in situ Hybridization 19 2.4 Data Analysis 20 iii Results and Discussion 21 3.1 Ammonium and Total Inorganic Nitrogen Removal 22 3.2 Effects of Temperature 23 3.3 Effects of pH 24 Conclusions 24 References 26 Tables 29 Figures 31 Appendix 35 Chapter 4: Conclusions and Recommendations 37 References 38 Vita 39 iv List of Tables Table Nitrogen removal rate of biofilters (BM1 and BM2) and free water surface wetlands (CW1 and CW2) over four operational phases 29 Table Plant growth in free water surface wetlands 29 Table Relative abundance of AOB and anammox bacteria in biofilters and free water surface wetlands at the end of Phase III 29 Table Nitrogen removal performance in different wetland treatment systems 30 v List of Figures Figure Experimental setup of biofilters and free water surface wetlands 31 Figure Dynamics of pH, temperature and ammonium N removal excluding plant uptake in free water surface wetlands Closed circle-CW1; closed square-CW2 32 Figure Dynamics of pH, temperature and ammonium N removal in biofilters 33 Figure FISH micrographs of anammox bacteria and AOB in a biofilm sample from the biofilter with higher pH values 34 vi Abstract Y He Effects of pH and Temperature on Simultaneous Nitritation, Anammox and Denitrification in a Wetland Treatment System Receiving Dairy Wastewater, 46 pages, tables, figures, 2011 A wetland treatment system, composed of two biofilters followed by two free water surface wetlands, was designed to enhance simultaneous nitritation, anammox and denitrification It was operated to evaluate effects of pH and temperature on nitrogen removal from dairy wastewater Furnace slag was utilized to increase pH Nitritation and anammox bacteria accounted for about 70% of the bacteria in each unit Temperature was the primary factor affecting nitrogen removal Significant pH effects were identified when temperature was below 18 ºC Ammonium removal rates were 1.10 and 0.86 g N/m2/d in the biofilters with pH at 8.2 and 7.7, respectively At raised pH values (8.2-8.5) and temperatures (28.7 ºC on average), a biofilter removed 2.49 g N/m2/d of ammonium The free water surface wetlands removed ammonium at 3.10 g N/m2/d when temperature was between 26.0 ºC and 13.8 ºC, and 1.24 g N/m2/d at temperature between 19.1 ºC and 15.1 ºC Keywords: anaerobically digested dairy manure, anammox, biofilter, constructed wetlands, fluorescent in situ hybridization, nitrogen removal, nitritation, denitrification Y He Candidate for the degree of Master of Science, April 2011 Wendong Tao, Ph.D Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, Division of Engineering State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York Wendong Tao, Ph.D. _ vii Chapter 1: Introduction Ammonia is produced by human activities such as petrochemical, pharmaceutical, fertilizer and food manufacturing, leachates produced by urban solid waste disposal sites, or animal feeding operations As a result, large quantities of wastewater containing ammonia are generated Since un-ionized ammonia is toxic to aquatic species and would cause eutrophication in natural water bodies (Tchobanoglous et al., 2003), the removal of ammonia from wastewater has become a worldwide emerging concern Biological nitrogen removal process is one of the most common and relatively cost-effective processes used to remove nitrogen from wastewater (Chung et al., 2006) Biological nitrogen removal is usually accomplished via nitrification and denitrification processes Nitrification is a two-step aerobic process (Eq and 2) and is achieved by two functional groups of bacteria Ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) oxidize ammonia to nitrite (nitritation), while nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) convert nitrite to nitrate (nitrataion): Nitritation: NH4++ 1.5 O2 → NO2-+ H2O + 2H+ (1) Nitratation: NO2- + 0.5 O2 → NO3- (2) Both AOB and NOB are aerobic, consuming 4.25 g of O2 per gram of ammonia-nitrogen oxidized to nitrate–nitrogen Due to this high oxygen demand for ammonia oxidation, aeration is the main cost during this step (Ruiz et al., 2006) In the denitrification stage, nitrate is reduced anaerobically to dinitrogen gas as equation demonstrates: 8NO3- + 5CH3OH →4N2 + 10CO2 + 6H2O + 8OH(3) Denitrifying bacteria are heterotrophic Sufficient soluble organic matter (electron donor) is needed to drive denitrification This increases the operating costs in wastewater treatment plants due to the cost of the additional carbon source and also the treatment of the surplus sludge that is generated (Gong et al., 2008) In recent years, more attention has been paid to emerging and cost-effective biological nitrogen removal processes such as nitritation coupled with anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) (Strous et al., 1998): Anammox: NO2- + NH4+ + 0.066HCO3- + 0.13H+ → 1.02N2 + 0.26NO3- + 2.03H2O + 0.066CH2O0.5N0.15 (4) In anammox, nitrite formed by nitritation (Eq 1) acts as the electron acceptor to anaerobically oxidize ammonium Since anammox bacteria are anaerobic the only oxygen demand is from AOB Theoretically, nitritation - anammox consumes 63% less oxygen as needed for nitrification-denitrification process On the other hand, both AOB and anammox bacteria are chemoautotrophic that the oxidation of inorganic material does not yield as much energy as the oxidation of organic carbon sources by heterotrophic bacteria AOB and anammox bacteria, hence, have a slow growth rate and low cellular yield (Strous et al., 1999) Due to this characteristic, nitritation-anammox process has no need for additional organic substrates and also produces less waste sludge Dairy Wastewater and Constructed Wetlands Over the years, with the growing size of herds, dairy farmers are faced with treatment for large amounts of manure including odor, nutrients, and pathogens Anaerobic digestion has been widely used in manure treatment, which converts organic carbon to biogas Although anaerobic digestion addresses both pathogen and odor issues and biogas can be used to generate heat and electricity, it has very poor ammonia-nitrogen removal (Uludag-Demirer et al., 2008) Therefore, the drainage from the agricultural land applied with digested manure contains high strength of nitrogen which may threaten the sustainability of soil, groundwater as well as surface water (Uludag-Demirer et al., 2005) Constructed wetlands have provided a low-cost and low-maintenance alternative for treating high strength agricultural discharges (Knight et al., 2000) This type of engineered system is designed to utilize the natural processes involving wetland vegetation, soils, and their associated microbial assemblages to assist in treating wastewater They are designed to take advantage of many processes that occur in natural wetlands, but so within a more controlled environment (Vymazal, 2007) Compared to conventional treatment methods, constructed wetlands are widely accepted for their economic and environmental benefits such as relatively low capital cost, low maintenance and no secondary pollution They can also provide food and habitat for wildlife while creating pleasant landscapes at the same time Constructed wetlands have two basic types: subsurface-flow and surface-flow wetlands In subsurface-flow wetlands, water moves through a gravel or sand medium on which plants are rooted Unplanted subsurface-flow wetlands are similar to biofilters In surface-flow wetlands, water moves above the soil in a planted marsh or swamp Soil types include sand, silt and clay Anammox has already been positively identified in constructed wetland treatment systems (Shipin et al., 2005) Obviously, the combination of constructed wetlands and anammox would be both economically and environmentally beneficial Research about anammox bacteria performance in various types of constructed wetlands was carried out recently (Dong and Sun, 2007; Erler et al., 2008; Sun and Austin, 2007; Tao and Wang, 2009) However, nitrogen removal from anaerobically digested dairy manure (ADDM) in constructed wetlands enhancing anammox has not been reported  Temperature had significant effects on nitrogen removal through SNAD in the wetland treatment system and was the primary factor affecting nitrogen removal at temperature above 18 ºC  Free water surface wetlands had better performance in nitrogen removal than biofilters at similar temperature conditions Plant assimilation could account for up to 10% of nitrogen removal in free water surface wetlands 25 References American Public Health Association (APHA)., 1998 Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (20thed) Baltimore, MD: United Book Press, Inc Bae, W., Baek, S., Chung, J, Lee, Y., 2002 Optimal operational factors for nitrite accumulation in batch reactors Biodegrad., 12, 359-366 Chen, H., Liu, S., Yang, F., Xue, Y., Wang, T., 2009 The development of simultaneous partial nitrification, ANAMMOX and denitrification (SNAD) process in a single reactor for nitrogen removal Bioresour Technol., 100, 1548-1554 Chung, J., Shim, H., Park, S., 2006 Optimization of free ammonia concentration for nitrite accumulation in shortcut biological nitrogen removal process Bioprocess Biosyst Eng., 28, 275–282 Ciudad, G.,Rubilar, O., Munoz, P., Ruiz, G., Chamy, R., Vergara, D., Jeison, D., 2005 Partial nitrification of high ammonia concentration wastewater as a part of a shortcut biological nitrogen removal process Process Biochem., 40, 1715-1719 Dong, Z., Sun, T., 2007 A potential new process for improving nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands—promoting coexistence of partial-nitrification and ANAMMOX Ecol Eng., 31, 69–78 Dong, X., Tollner, E W., 2003 Evaluation of anammox and denitrification during anaerobic digestion of poultry manure Bioresour Technol., 86(2), 139-145 Dosta, J., Fernández, I., Vázquez-Padín, J R., Mosquera-Corral, A., Campos, J L., Mata-Álvarez, J., Méndez, R., 2008 Short- and long-term effects of temperature on the anammox process J Hazard Mater., 154(1-3), 688-693 Erler, D., Eyre, B D., Davision, L., 2008 The contribution of anammox and denitrification to sediment n2 production in a surface flow constructed wetland Environ Sci Technol., 42, 9144-9150 Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 2001 Calculation of Un-Ionized Ammonia in Fresh Water Storet Parameter Code 00619 In: Chemistry Laboratory Methods Manual, Tallahassee Fux, C., Boehler, M., Huber, P., Brunner, I., Siegrist, H., 2002 Biological treatment of ammonium-rich wastewater by partial nitrification and subsequent anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) in a pilot plant J Biotechnol., 99(3), 295-306 Gong, Z., Liu, S.T., Yang, F.L., Bao, H., Furukawa, K., 2008 Characterization of functional microbial community in a membrane-aerated biofilm reactor operated for completely autotrophic nitrogen removal Bioresour Technol., 99, 2749–2756 26 Hao, X., Heijnen, J J., Van Loosdrecht, M C M., 2002 Model-based evaluation of temperature and inflow variations on a partial nitrification–ANAMMOX biofilm process Water Res., 36(19), 4839-4849 Hellinga, C., Schellen, A., Mulder, J., van Loosdrecht, M., Heijnen, J., 1998 The SHARON process: An innovative method for nitrogen removal from ammonium-rich waste water Water Sci Technol., 37(9), 135-142 Isaka, K., Sumino, T., Tsuneda, S., 2007 High nitrogen removal performance at moderately low temperature utilizing anaerobic ammonium oxidation reactions J Biosci Bioeng., 103(5), 486-490 Jin, Y., Hu, Z., Wen, Z., 2009 Enhancing Anaerobic Digestibility and Phosphorus Recovery of Dairy Manure through Microwave-Based Thermochemical Pretreatment Water Res., 43, 3493-3502 Knight, R.L., Payne, V.W.E, Borer R.E., Clarke, R.A., Pries, J.H., 2000 Constructed wetlands for livestock wastewater management Ecol Eng., 15, 41-55 Mantovi, P., Marmiroli, M., Maestri, E., Tagliavini, S., Piccinini S., Marmiroli, N., 2003 Application of a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland on treatment of dairy parlor wastewater, Bioresour Technol., 88(2), 85–94 Mulder, A., Van de Graaf A A., Robertson, L A., Kuenen, J G., 1995 Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor FEMS Microbiol Ecol 16,177–184 Park S., 2004 Multi-species nitrifying biofilm model including substrate inhibition and oxygen limitation PhD Dissertation, Hanyang University Park, S., Bae W., Chung, J., Baek, S., 2007 Empirical model of the pH dependence of the maximum specific nitrification rate Process Biochem., 42, 1671-1676 Pathak, B K., Kazama, F., Saiki, Y., Sumino, T., 2007 Presence and activity of anammox and denitrification process in low ammonium-fed bioreactors Bioresour Technol., 98(11), 2201-2206 Ruiz, G., Jeison, D., Chamy, R., 2003 Nitrification with high nitrite accumulation for the treatment of wastewater with high ammonia concentration Water Res., 37, 1371-1377 Ruiz, G., Jeison, D., Rubilar, O., Ciudad, G., Chamy, R., 2006 Nitrification–denitrification via nitrite accumulation for nitrogen removal from wastewaters Bioresour Technol., 97, 330-335 Sim, C.H., Yusoff, M.K., Shutes, B., Ho, S.C., Mansor, M., 2008 Nutrient removal in a pilot and full scale constructed wetland, Putrajaya city, Malaysia J Environ Manage., 88, 307-317 Shipin, O., Koottatep, T., Khanh, N.T.T., Polprasert C., 2005 Integrated natural treatment systems for developing communities: low-tech N-removal through the fluctuating microbial pathways Water Sci Technol., 51(12), 299-306 27 Sun, G., Austin, D 2007 Completely autotrophic nitrogen-removal over nitrite in lab-scale constructed wetlands: Evidence from a mass balance study Chemosphere, 68, 1120-1128 Sooknah, R D., Wilkie, A C., 2007 Nutrient removal by floating aquatic macrophytes cultured in anaerobically digested flushed dairy manure wastewater Ecol Eng., 22, 27-42 Strous, M., Heijnen, J.J., Kuenen, J.G., Jetten, M.S.M., 1998 The sequencing batch reactor as a powerful tool for the study of slowly growing anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms Appl Microbiol Biotechnol., 50, 589–596 Tang, C., Zheng, P., Wang, C Mahmood, Q., 2010 Suppression of anaerobic ammonium oxidizers under high organic content in high-rate Anammox UASB reactor Bioresour Technol 101, 1762–1768 Tao, W., Wang, J., 2009 Effects of vegetation, limestone and aeration on nitritation, anammox and denitrification in wetland treatment systems Ecol Eng., 35, 836-842 Uludag-Demirer, S., Demirer, G N., Chen, S., 2005 Ammonia removal from anaerobically digested dairy manure by struvite precipitation Process Biochem., 40(12), 3667-3674 Uludag-Demirer, S., Demirer, G N., Frear, C., Chen, S., 2008 Anaerobic digestion of dairy manure with enhanced ammonia removal J Environ Manage., 86(1), 193-220 Vymazal, J., 2007 Removal of nutrients in various types of constructed wetlands Sci Total Environ., 380(1-3), 48-65 Vymazal, J., 2009 The use constructed wetlands with horizontal sub-surface flow for various types of wastewater Ecol Engi 35, 1-17 Wang, L., Li, Y., Chen, P, Min, M., Chen, Y., Zhu, J., Ruan, R R., 2010 Anaerobic digested dairy manure as a nutrient supplement for cultivation of oil-rich green microalgae Chlorella sp Bioresour Technol., 101, 2623-2628 Wiesman, U., 1994 Biological nitrogen removal from wastewater Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol., 51,113-154 Wilkie, A C., Mulbry, W W., 2002 Recovery of dairy manure nutrients by benthic freshwater algae Bioresour Technol., 84, 81–91 Wu, X., Chen, L., Peng, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, P., 2008 Experimental study of nitrite accumulation in predenitrification biological nitrogen removal process Front Environ Sci Eng (China), 2(2), 236-240 Zhang, T., Bowers, K E., Harrison, J H., Chen, S., 2010 Releasing Phosphorus from Calcium for Struvite Fertilizer Production from Anaerobically Digested Dairy Effluent Water Environ Res., 82, 34-42 28 Tables Table Nitrogen removal rate (g N/m2/d) of biofilters (BM1 and BM2) and free water surface wetlands (CW1 and CW2) over four operational phases BM1 BM2 CW1 CW2 NH4 -N 0.69±0.35 0.84±0.37 - - TIN 0.60±0.35 0.78±0.39 - - NH4+-N 1.18±0.40 1.31±0.43 3.10±1.00 2.72±1.11 TIN 1.24±0.31 1.31±0.43 3.08±0.95 2.54±1.05 NH4 -N 0.86±0.27 1.10±0.28 1.60±0.45 1.18±0.49 TIN 0.92±0.29 1.01±0.28 1.66±0.44 1.22±0.41 NH4+-N 2.49±0.16 0.70±0.23 1.06±0.24 1.12±0.19 TIN 2.66±0.24 0.68±0.19 1.12±0.21 1.08±0.23 + Phase I Phase II + Phase III Phase IV Table Plant growth in free water surface wetlands CW1 CW2 Date of measuring Above-ground height, cm Stem number Estimated biomass,g Above-ground height, cm Stem number Estimated biomass,g 6/11/2010 94 34 1.29 94 44 1.67 7/19/2010 147.6 49 4.14 157 91 8.43 8/9/2010 128 68.5 4.62 158 107.5 10.05 10/1/2010 125 118 7.65 150 122 10.56 10/7/2010 120 89 5.38 110 73 3.78 11/8/2010 93.4 72 2.69 102 57 2.56 12/14/2010 92 66 2.38 96 38 1.50 Table Relative abundance of AOB and anammox bacteria in biofilters and free water surface wetlands at the end of Phase III BM1 BM2 CW1 CW2 Anammox 26±9% 37±14% 29±9% 37±15% AOB 43±10% 37±15% 43±10% 25±7% Total 69% 74% 72% 62% 29 Table Nitrogen removal performance in different wetland treatment systems NH4+-N Removal TIN Removal Reference 0.36 g N/m2/d 0.67 g N/m2/d Vymazal, 2007 HSSF* 5.56 g N/m /d - Mantovi et al., 2003 0.34 g N/m /d 0.18g N/m /d Tao and Wang, 2009 2.49 g N/m2/d 2.66 g N/m2/d This study 0.18 g N/m2/d 0.68 g N/m2/d Vymazal et al., 2007 0.88 g N/m /d FWS** Vymazal, 2009 2.6 g N/m /d 2.8 g N/m /d Biofilter 2 0.98 g N/m /d - Dong and Sun, 2007 Tao and Wang, 2009 Knight et al., 2000 This study 0.80 g N/m /d 0.88 g N/m /d 2.40 g N/m /d 3.63 g N/m /d 3.55 g N/m /d * HSSF: Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland **FWS: Free water surface wetland 30 Figures BM1 BM2 CW1 CW2 Figure Experimental setup of biofilters and free water surface wetlands BM1- biofilter without slag, BM2- biofilter with slag, CW1- free water surface wetland with slag, CW2- free water surface wetland with slag (Frame dimensions: 42cm W×45cm L×53cm H) 31 Figure Dynamics of pH, temperature and ammonium N removal (excluding plant uptake) in free water surface wetlands Solid circle-CW1; hollow triangle-CW2 32 Figure Dynamics of pH, temperature and ammonium N removal in biofilters Solid circle-BM1 (without slag); hollow triangle-BM2 (with slag) 33 a b Figure FISH micrographs of anammox bacteria and AOB in a biofilm sample from the biofilter with higher pH values Probes used were (a) Amx368 (targeting all anammox bacteria, labeled with cy5, red) and EUB338I (targeting all bacteria, labeled with Fluorescein, green), with overlap (yellow) showing anammox; (b)Nso190 (targeting β-proteobacterial AOB, labeled with 5HEX, blue) and EUB338I, with overlap (light blue) showing AOB 34 Appendix Appendix 1- Composition of the hybridization buffer corresponding to formamide concentrations FA Conc mL Total Volume 20% 35% 40% 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 DFA 0.20 0.40 0.35 0.70 4.5MNaCl 0.20 0.40 0.20 100mMTris/HCl 0.20 0.40 1.0%SDS 0.01 ddH2O 0.39 1.0 55% 2.0 1.0 2.0 0.40 0.80 0.55 1.1 0.40 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.40 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.78 0.24 0.48 0.19 0.38 0.04 0.08 Appendix 2- Composition of the washing buffer corresponding to formamide concentrations FA Conc 20% 35% 40% 55% Total Volume 50 50 50 50 NaCl (g) 0.500 0.116 0.017 0.072 100mMTris/HCl 10 10 10 10 1.0%SDS 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 mL ddH2O Add to 50 mL 35 Appendix 3- Demonstration of FISH image analysis 36 Chapter 4: Conclusions and Recommendations  Nitritation and anammox could be successfully integrated in a wetland treatment system that is composed of biofilters in series with free water surface wetlands The wetland treatment system could remove nitrogen efficiently from ammonium-rich dairy wastewater  Slag and marble chips could be considered as a low cost resource to adjust pH and supplement alkalinity for nitritation-anammox enhancement and nitratation inhibition in wetland treatment systems  Temperature had significant effects on nitrogen removal through SNAD in the wetland treatment system and was the primary factor affecting nitrogen removal at temperature above 18 ºC  Free water surface wetlands had better performance in nitrogen removal than biofilters at similar temperature conditions Plant assimilation could account for up to 10% of nitrogen removal in free water surface wetlands There are several recommendations for future studies in order to better utilize SNAD in constructed wetland systems on ADDM treatment First of all, the adaptation of AOB and anammox bacteria to low temperature in previous studies all started from high temperature (30 40 ºC) to low temperature (18 - 20 ºC) (Bae et al., 2002; Dosta et al., 2008; Isaka et al., 2007) Nitratation inhibition and anammox activity was maintained during the decrease of temperature indicating that enriched biomass could be retained Therefore, temperature adjustment could be employed as a biomass enrichment method in startup phase, when desired microbial community is formed, after proper adaptation no more energy consumption will be needed Secondly, it is recommended to employ molecular methods to quantify the absolute bacteria biomass in wetland treatment systems This would help to better understand the effects of operational parameters on microorganism development which is directly responsible for nitrogen removal 37 References Bae, W., Baek, S., Chung, J, Lee, Y., 2002 Optimal operational factors for nitrite accumulation in batch reactors Biodegrad., 12, 359-366 Dosta, J., Fernández, I., Vázquez-Padín, J R., Mosquera-Corral, A., Campos, J L., Mata-Álvarez, J., et al., 2008 Short- and long-term effects of temperature on the anammox process J Hazard Mater., 154(1-3), 688-693 Isaka, K., Sumino, T., Tsuneda, S., 2007 High nitrogen removal performance at moderately low temperature utilizing anaerobic ammonium oxidation reactions J Biosci Bioeng., 103(5), 486-490 38 Vita Name Yuling He Date and Place of Birth June 4, 1988 in Abazhou, People’s Republic of China Education Name and Location Dates Degree September 2002 – June 2005 High School Diploma August 2005 – July 2009 Bachelor of Science in Environmental Engineering August 2009 – May 2011 Master of Science in Ecological Engineering Employer: Dates: Job Title: State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY August 2009 – May 2011 Graduate Assistant Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China September 2008 – May 2009 Research Assistant High School: Wenchuan First High School, Abazhou, China College: Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China Graduate School: State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY Employment 39 ... higher pH values 34 vi Abstract Y He Effects of pH and Temperature on Simultaneous Nitritation, Anammox and Denitrification in a Wetland Treatment System Receiving Dairy Wastewater, ... adaptable Tao and Wang (2009) applied limestone in surface-flow constructed wetland as a natural source of alkalinity for anammox bacteria and pH buffer for nitritation Wetlands used limestone maintained... denitrification It was operated to evaluate effects of pH and temperature on nitrogen removal from dairy wastewater Furnace slag was utilized to increase pH Nitritation and anammox bacteria accounted