ADVANCED ENGLISH FOR TRANSLATION

Might a The sooner she got there, the sooner Leamas might come, lines 15 14-b If you hurry, you might just get there in time.. a It was quite a large hole, the sort of thing an animal ab

ADVANCED ENGLISH FOR TRANSLATION

ADVANCED ENGLISH FOR TRANSLATION

Authors: Dennis Chamberlin - Gillian White

For units 31-6 we are graceful to the University of Cambridge LocalExaminations Syndicate for permission to reproduce examination questions

Unit 1

Then one day about a week lately he didn’t comc to the library MissCrail was delighted; by half-past eleven she had told her mother, and on

returning from lunch she stood in front of the archaeology shelves where hehad been working since he came She stared with theatrical concentration atthe rows of books, and Liz knew she was pretending to work out whetherLeamas had stolen anything.

Liz entirely ignored her for the rest of that day, failed to reply when sheaddressed her and worked with assiduous application When the eveningcame, she walked home and cried herself to sleep

The next morning she arrived early at the library She somehow felt thatthe sooner she got there, the sooner Leamas might come; but as the morningdragged on, her hopes faded, and she knew he would never come Shehad forgotten to make sandwiches tor herself that day, so she decided to take

a bus to the Bayswater Road and go to the A.B.C She felt sick and empty, butnot hungry Should she go and find him? She had promised never to followhim, but he had promised to tell her; should she go and find him?

She hailed a taxi and gave his address

She made her way up the dingy staircase and pressed the bell of hisdoor The bell seemed to be broken; she heard nothing There were threebottles of milk on the mat and a letter from the electricity company Shehesitated a moment, than:banged on the door, and she heard the faint groan

of a man

From The spy who came in from the cold by John Le Carré

1.1 By - in time expressions

a) By half-past eleven she had told her mother, (lines 2-3)

b) Fortunately, the secretary had finished typing the report by the timeher boss came back

c) I thought that job would take me ages, but I had finished it by time

tea-d) It snowed heavily during the night, but it didn't settle, and most of ithid disappeared by morning.

e) The tire broke out at about eight o’clock, but by nine the fire brigadehad got it under control

f) The play was excruciatingly boring, 2nd by the end of the first act Ihad had enough, so I left

1.2 Past perfect continuous tense

a) She stood in front of the archaeology shelvei where he had beenworking, (lines 3-5)

b) He hadn’t been feeling well for some time, so he decided to go to thedoctor’s

c) He had been painting for years before hỉS talent was finallyrecognised

d) Her arrival took them by surprise They hadn't been expecting her for

at least another hour

e) The party had been travelling all day and were utterly exhaustedwhen they rcachcd their destination

1.3 Idioms with to/into

a) When the evening came, she walked home and cried herself tosleep (lines 11-12)

b) I sat up late watching the horror film on television It frightened me todeath

c) He spent the évcning in the pub, drinking himself into a stupor

d) My essay wasn’t brillịant, I know, but there was fio need for him topull it to shreds like that

e) She came home to find her favourite vase on the floor — smashed topieces

f) Quite a lot of people found what he hid to say very interesting, butpersonally I was bored to tears.

1.4 Double comparatives

a) She somehow felt that the sooner she got there, the ioaner Leamasmight come, (lines 13-15)

b) The more you practise, the better you’ll play

c) The more carefully you do it, the less likely you are to rriakemistakes

d) The longer you wait, the harder it will be

e) The more thoroughly you do the job now, the easier it will be whenyou have to do it next time

f) She hadn’t realised that the faster she worked, the more money shewould earn

1.5 Might

a) The sooner she got there, the sooner Leamas might come, (lines 15)

14-b) If you hurry, you might just get there in time

c) He said he might be coming, but he wasn’t sure

d) I can’t find my umbrella I’ve a feeling I might have left it on the bus.e) Knock again They might not have heard the first time

f) They might have told us they were going to be in England during thesummer We would have liked to see them

g) I know it wasn’t your fault, but you might have let me know you weregoing to be late

h) Excuse me, do you think I might have something to drink?

i) Jane asked her boss if she might have an afternoon off to do herChristmas shopping,

j) Can you help me? I’m looking for a birthday present for my husband.’

“Certainly, madam Might I suggest one of these new pocketcalculators?”

Unit 2

9 Singleton Drive, Hallam Green,

Surrey

15 March 1977Dear Miss Nielsen,

Thank you for your inquiry about the au pair post

First, let me give you an idea of the kind of work you would have to do

A Woman comes in three mornings a week to clean the house, so youwould not have to do very much in the way of housework — perhaps a littletidying up and washing up, particularly at weekends

Your main job would be to look after my two children, Nicholas, agedseven, and James, aged four

At the moment I’m working out of town and can’t meet them when theyfinish school My husband takes them every morning, Nicholas to the localprimary school, and James to a nursery nearby You would have to fetch them

- James at 12.45, and Nicholas at 3.30 — make their meals and look afterthem until I get home at about five o’clock James is starting at the sarfieschool as Nicholas in a few months, so that will make the situation a lot easier

You would have the mornings free to attend a language school We cansee about enrolline; you when you arrive

We live in a modern five-bedroomed house, and the room you wouldhave is large and comfortably furnished There are two bathrooms, a well-equipped kitchen and full central heating We are not far from the town centre,and there is an excellent bus service — the bus-stop is just a stone’s throwaway.

You would have plenty of free time and a generous allowance on top ofboard and lodging I feel sure you would be happy with us, and I hope you willdecide to come

I look forward to hearing from you very soon

Your sincerely,

Louise Jarvis

2.1 Present simple/present continuous

a) A woman comes in three mornings a week to clean the house, (lines4—5)

b) She leaves the house at 7.30 every morning and catches the 7.50train to London

c) He used to run a small estate car, but now he drives a Rolls Royce.d) Water boils at 100° Centigrade

e) Johnson passes to Jones Mackintosh challenges him - and the ballgoes out of play

f) At the moment I'm working out of town, (line 10)

g) Joanna is wearing a long evening dress in apricot chiffon

h) More people than ever before are going abroad for their holidays thisyear

i) 'Why are you standing here?’ ‘I’m waiting for some friends.’

2.2 Take/bring/fetch

a) My husband takes them every morning, (lines 11-12)

b) Would you take these letters to the post, Miss Williams?

c) Don’t forget to take vour tennis racket with you tomorrow

d) Did you remember to bring your cheque-book?

e) They sat down in a quiet comer of the restaurant, and a waiterbrought them a menu

f) You would have to fetch them, (line 13)

g) Sit down by the fire Would you like me to fetch your slippers?

h) I’ll just go and fctch an ashtray I think there’s one in the other room

2.3 Present continuous tense expressing future

a) James is starting at the same school in a few months, (lines 16-17) b) My son is going to Amenca next year to study at an Americanuniversity

c) John is playing in the school orchestra next week Will you be able tocome?

d) The President is paying a state visit to this country next month

e) We’re leaving at about eight o’clock, so you’d better come round acabout quarter to

f) I think they’re moving to Surrey some time in October

2.4 Phrasal verb - to see

a) We can see about enrolling you when you arrive, (line 19)

b) Vill you come and see me off at the station?

c) I'm pleased to have met you, Mr Lawton My secretary will see youout

d) My car has been making a strange noise lately I shall have to take it

to the garage and get it seen to

e) He could never hide anything from anybody; you can see rightthrough him.

f) Now we’ve started, I suppose we’d better see it through

g) A group of us are going to see over the new chocolate factory nextweek

2.5 Idiomatic expressions with ’s

a) The bus-stop is just a stone’s throw away, (lines 24—25)

b) We certainly got our money's worth last night

c) For heaven’s sake pull vourself together!

d) Poor old Fred’s at his wits’ end His wife’s just gone into hospital, andhe’s got four children to look after as well as a full-time job to cope with

e) I don’t like the look of him at all I should keep him at arm’s length if Iwere you

f) Of course I’m busy; but if you really need me, I can leave here at amoment’s notice

Unit 3

The way lhat people spend their money, and the objects on which theyspend It, are Che last areas where tree choice and individuality can beexpressed The choice reflects personal taste, the way people see themselvesand the fantasies they have about their lives, the restrictions .on moneyavailable to them, the presence of others in the family with a claim on thatmoney, and the influence of current convention, upbringing, surroundings andlocality Shopping is an important human activity

Yet shoppers are faced with a confusing situacion and a rapidlychanging one The confusion arises from the claims made by advertising, frominadequate information about products, new products, new materials, new

places to shop - a confusion enhanced by rising prices and a wider choice ofgoods than ever before The search for the right purchase is based onignorance of one’s own needs and ignorance of the product’s fitness for thoseneeds.

Faced with the problem of choosing any particular item, there areseveral lines of communication which might pro vide some guidance Yet none

of these is entirely satisfactory

You can, for example, ask a shop assistant Initially, especially in a largeself-servicc store, there may be some difficulty in finding anyone at all, andeven greater difficulty in finding anyone who knows about the products

In a supermarket you may find a shelf-filler who offers to find themanager, and then returns with the information thac he is out or on the phone.She herself may or may not be helpful, but equally she may quite genuinelynot know 30 the answers She may be a schoolgirl with a Saturday job, or ahousewife working part-time

From The consumer jungle by Marion Giordan

1.1 Plural nouns

a) The way that people spend their money can be influenced by currentconvention, upbringing, surroundings and locality, (lines 1-8)

b) My company is looking tor new premises in the town

c) He's in arrears with the rent, so his landlady has given him notice toquit

d) I’m afraid I accused him of something he didn’t do I only hope I canmake amends one day

e) You’ll find a list of the contents on the side of the packet

f) I’d much rather drink beer than spirits

1.2 Adjectives in -ing and -ed

a) Shoppers are faced with a confusing situation, (line 10)

b) He still seems very contused about what happened

c) You look bored Can’t you find anything to do?

d) What a boring programme! Isn’t there anything else on?

e) The racc was very exciting The horses were neck and neck all theway

f) The children were so excited they could hardly sit still

g) I always enjoy going round to John's His father is so amusing

h) It's difficult to keep the children amused during the holidays

i) The new sales manager has some very interesting ideas

j) You’re not interested in anything — that’s your trouble

3.3 One

a) Shoppers are faced with a confusing situation and a rapidly changingone (lines 10-11)

b) ‘Could you pass me that book?’ ‘Which one do you mean?’

c) I’d racher.have a new car than a secondhand one

d) I think I’m going to change my hairdresser Can you recommendone?

e) Her clothes were beginning to look shabby, so she decided it wastime she bought some new ones

f) If you need another blanket I'll get you one

g) Are you sure that’s the one you want?

h) I’m sorrv These are not the ones I ordered

3.4 Arise/raise/rise

a) The confusion arises partly from the claims made by advertising.(lines 11-12)

b) Several important matters have arisen since the last board meeting.c) I have plenty more in stock, should the need arise.

d) He's hoping to start his own business if he can raise the capital

e) It seems unfair to raise his hopes when he stands so little chance ofsuccess

f) Before we go on to the next item, there are one or two points I’d like

to raise

g) I can’t understand why the cake didn’t rise

h) The plane rose into the sky like a giant bird

i) What time does the curtain rise?

f) May I have the day off tomorrow?

g) Where have you been, may I ask?

He kept on crawling.

This-isn't a hole, he thought excitedly It's a tunnel!

The tunr.el was damp and murky, and all around him there was thecurious bittersweet smell of fresh peach The floor was soggy under his knees,the walls were wet and sticky, and peach juice was dripping from the ceiling.James opened his mouth and caught some of it on his tongue It tasteddelicious

He was crawling uphill now, as though the tunnel were leading straighttowards the very centre of the gigantic fruit Every tew seconds he paused andtook a bite out of the wall The peach flesh was sweet and juicy, andmarvellously refreshing

He crawled on for several more yards, and then suddenly - bang — thetop of his head bumped into something extremely hard blocking his way Heglanced up In front of him there was a solid wall that seemed at first asthough it were made of wood He touched it with his fingers It certainly/elt likewood, except chat it was very jagged and full of deep grooves

‘Good heavens!’ he said ‘I know what this is! I’ve come to the stone inthe middle of the peach!’

Then he nociced that there was a small door cut into the face ot'thepeach stone He gave a push It swung open He crawled through It, andbefore he had time to glance up and see where he was, he heard a voicesaying, ‘Look who’% here!' And another one said ‘We’ve been waiting foryou!’

James stopped and stared at the speakers, his face white with horror

He started to stand up, but his knees were shaking so much he had to sitdown again on the floor

From James and the giant peach by Roald Dahl

4.1 Quite

a) It was quite a large hole, the sort of thing an animal about the size of

a fox might have made, (lines 1—2)

b) I thought I was going to be very early, but quite a lot of people were intheir seats by the time I arrived

c) His books are quite interesting, but I doubt if he’ll ever write a seller

best-d) They are quite similar, I agree, but if you look really carefully, you’llsee they are not quite the same

e) It was quite the most delightful day of our entire holiday

f) ‘Do you like your new car?’ ‘Well, I haven’t quite got used to it yet.’g) ‘I’ve been waiting for half an hour Are you ready yet?’ ‘Not quite.’h) ‘I’m sorry I burst in like that I should have knocked, shouldn’t I?’

‘Quite!’

4.2 To keep (on) + -ing

a) He poked his head and shoulders inside He crawled in He kept oncrawling, (lines 3-6)

b) We’ll just have to keep walking until we come to a signpost

c) She’s old now, and she keeps forgetting things

d) I wish you wouldn’t keep interrupting when I’m Crying to explain it toyou

e) Joan suggested that they should all go for a picnic in the afternoon provided it didn’t keep on raining

c) Of course you can’t borrow the car to take your girlfriend to Italy! Thevery idea of it!

d) The lights went out, and at that very moment a piercing screamechoed through the house

e) The performance is tomorrow, so we’ll practise it now for the very lasttime

f) I know he’s a difficult person to deal with, but it’s no use treating him

as if he were a tool

4.5 Result clauses

a) His knees were shaking so much he had to sit down aqain on thefloor (lines 3-4—35)

b) He looked so white I thought he was going to pass out

c) Buying a house is so expensive that, we have decided to try and rentone instead

d) She sang so sweetly that even the hardened old music critic of theecho was moved to tears

e) So eloquent was he chac no fewer than ten members of theOpposition voted against their own party.

f) This homework is so disgracefully untidy that I intend to show it to theheadmaster

Unit 5

Repairing a tuse

Fuses are safety devices inserted in electrical lighting, heating andpower circuits When a circuit becomes overloaded or shorted, the fuse wire,which is thinner and softer than the main circuit wires, heats and melts,automatically cutting off the electrical supply to the circuit affected - thusminimising risks of fire and shock Repair necessities are a card of fuse-wireand a small insulated screwdriver; these should be stored near the tuse-boxescogether with a torch or candles and matches

Before opening the fuse-tbox, the current must be switched off at themain Examine all the fuses in the box; the burnt one can usually be identified

by a sooty smudge on the white porcelain holder Loosen the screws in theholder and remove every piece of the old wire; wipe off the sooty depositbefore replacing the burnt wire with a new piece of correct strength Theamperage is usually stamped on the side of the porcelain holder - 5 amp torlighting, 10 amp for heating, and 15 amp for power It is dangerous to use wirestronger than the specified amperage, and only fuse-wire should be used - nothairpins or old bits of any odd wire

Coil the ends of the new length of wire round the securing screws in theporcelain holder and under the washers, snip off the surplus ends of wire andtighten the screws The wire should be slightly slack between the twoccrminals to permit normal cooling contraction atter the wire becomes hoc -tight wires snap easily Replace the fuse-holders in the box and switch thecurrent on at the main

From The good handyman’s encyclopedia by F J Christopher indRosemary Brinley Christopher.

5.1 Should

a) These items should be stored near the fuse-boxes (line 8)

b) What should we do if the water pressure drops below therecommended minimum?

c) Under no circumstances should repairs be undertaken byunauthorised personnel

d) You shouldn’t have tried to do a job like that with a screwdriver

e) You say I shouldn’t have used a screwdriver; what should I haveused?

f) I’ve fixed it with a hairpin and a piece of insulating tape It should lastfor a few days

g) I need some piiers for this job; there should be a pair in my tool-box.h) He worked very hard and did very well in the practice tests, so heshould have passed his examination

i) Should you have any difficulty with this equipment, do not hesitate tocontact the manufacturers

j) If you should need any further information, telephone me at once

e) Who was it who said, ‘Man has nothing to lose but his chains’?.

f) She lost one job because she couldn't be punctual, and now it looks

as if she’s going to lose another

d) What a place to get a puncture! The ground was so soft that it wasimpossible to use the jack

e) Will it be safe to use an adaptor and run the electric kettle off thesame point as the fire?

f) It isn’t wise to have yards of flex trailing all over the floor

e) Prizes were awarded only to the best three contestants

f) He only dented it a bit; he didn’t ruin it completely

g) Tills lamp should be working; I put a new bulb in only last week

h) Television was invented only about forty years ago

Unit 6

Thompson (Engineering) Ltd, Ingleton Trading Estate,

Northwall,Manchester, 29

Thank you for vour letter dated 29 June Mr Sanderson has told me ofvour interest in our Combine Harvester 876, and I have his report on yourrecent discussions ac che Parib conference

A major problem will be the question of a delivery date At the moment,

we have more work than we can handle and are having to turn away orders.However, we are thinking of raking on extra staff to cope with demand If we

do, then I wouia nope to oe able to ouotc a reasonably early date

On rhe technical side I understand that you would like to send oversome of your senior engineers to work with our tenm here for a few weeks Ifthis were possible, it would certainly go a long way towards eliminating manv

of the problems which some ot our customers come up against in the initialstages' It is a suggestion which I very much welcome, and we will doeverything possible to make such a co-operacion profitable for all concerned

You mention in your letter that you will be coming to Manchester for asales conference next month This would seem to be an ideal opportunity for

us to discuss the matter more fully By then, I would hope to have a decision

on the question of increased production and should be in a position to discuss

a realistic delivery date

We will also have to discuss the matter of insurance and shipment, but Idon’t envisage any complications there

I look forward to hearing from you conccrning a date for our meeting.With good wishes

Yours sinccrcly,

D R Rivers Sales Director

6.1 Phrasal verbs - to turn

a) We are having to turn away orders, (line 7)

b) He wanted to go to university, but his application was turned down.c) Do you think you could turn your radio down, please?

d) It’s getting late I think i’ll turn in now

e) I was turned out by my landlord for not paying the rent

f) All the guests have arrived, but the speaker hasn’t turned up vet.g) Don't worry I’m sure your ring will turn up somewhere

6.2 Stative verbs

a) We are thinking of taking on extra staff (lines7-8)

b) I think you are making a big mistake

c) He says he doesn't feel like going out tonight

d) Are you feeling any better today

e) Do you remember me? We met at the Wilsons party last month

f) ‘Why are you laughing?' 'I was just remembering that joke Harry cold

me last night.’

g) Do you see chat house over there? That's where my grandfather wasbom.

h) I must have had too much to drink; I’m seeing double!

6.3 Do - pro form

a) We’re thinking of taking on extra staff If we do, I will be able to quote

a reasonably early date, (lines 7—10)

b) I shouldn’t think I’ll go shopping today, but if I do I’ll certainly getsome razor blades for you

c) ‘I wish you wouldn’t talk like that.’ ‘Why not? Everyone else does.’d) ‘Would you like a cigarette?’ ‘I don’t, thanks.’

e) We don’t really expect her to pass her driving test first time, but we’ll

be delighted if she does

f) My father hasn’t heard the news yet, but he’ll be furious when hedoes

6.4 Conditionals

a) If this were possible, it would certainly be helpful, (lines 13-14)

b) I wouldn’t invite you if I didn’t think you’d enjoy it

c) If he went to-Canada, how long would he stay?

d) Would you mind if I left work a bit early today?

e) It’s none of my business, of course, but if I were you, I‘d keep quietabout it

f) She said she would accept the job if she were offered it

g) If you knew him as well as I did, I’m sure you’d like him

6.5 Prepositions in final position

a) It will eliminate some of the problems our- customers come upagainst, (lines 14—16)

b) Has this glass been drunk out of?

c) Have you seen John anywhere? I’ve just been up to his room, andhis bed hasn’t been slept in

d) Would vou mind moving, please - that’s my chair you're sitting on.e) The kitchen floor looks clean enough to eat off

f) Some people.think that a preposition is a bad word to end a sentencewith!

Since then, K'olex have gone on to pioneer virtually every majorbreakthrough in the manufacture of the wrist-watch, from the Perpetual self-winding movement to the Day-Date showing the date and day of the week infull

All this time, the Rolex owners themselves have not been idle LordHunt has conquered Everest, Sir Francis Chichester has sailed round theworld single-handed

And Jackie Stewart and Ạrnold Palmer have become legends in theworlds of motor racing and golf

Now, to mark the 50th anniversary of the Oyster case, Rolex havecreated the Awards for Enterprise Theứ lim, to stimulate new projects whichcarry on the tradition of enterprise and achievement associated with the nameRolex

There are just five awards, each consisting of 50,000 Swiss Francs.The Awards will be presented, together with a specially inscribed RolexChronometer, to the people who submit the five most original and imaginativeprojects involving Exploration and Discovery, Applied Sciences and Invention

7.1 Compound nouns with ‘break’

a) Since then, Roiex have Oime on to pioneer virtually every majorbreakthrough in the manufacture of the wrist-watch (lines 6-8)

b) I’ve never had a breakdown in this car — touch wood!

c) The misunderstanding was due to a breakdown of communicationmore than anything else

d) He hasn’t been completely stable since his nervous breakdown lastyear

e) The management wants a complete breakdown of your expenditureover the last six months

f) The police arc looking for three prisoners Apparently there was abreakout last night

g) Local farmers are concerned about the recent outbreak of foot andmouth disease in the area

h) He hasn't been the same since the break-up of his marriage.

7.2 Adverbials with present perfect

a) All this time, the Rolex owners themselves have not been idle (lines10-11)

b) The cold weather hasn’t bothered me up to now

c) Have you been to the cinema lately?

d) No, I haven’t finished yet I’ve only just started as a matter of fact.e) Write your names at the top of the page, if you haven’t already doneso

f) Since the accident, he has been rather reluctant to drive

g) That reminds me, we haven’t seen the Wrights tor a long time

7.3 Future passive

a) The Awards will be presented to the people who submit the five mostoriginal projects, (lines 22—24)

b) The programme won’t be televised until early in the New Year

c) The new racing-car will be driven for the first time by SergioGonzales, the reigning champion

d) The articles will be sent through the post on receipt of your order.e) The final will be played on 8 September, not the 1st as previouslyannounced

f) The results won't be announced before the end of the month

g) When will his book actually be published?

c) I know the lawyer working on the case personally.

d) The girl talking to the man with the beard used to live next door tome

e) At the airport you’ll see a man carrying a copy of The FinancialTimes He is your contact

f) Only those applicants holding a current driving licence will beconsidered for the post

e) She has no chance of getting the job

f) What are the chances of the operation being successful?

g) The whole family came to see my grandmother when she had herhundredth birthday She had a telegram from the Queen, too It was quite anoccasion

h) She was exrremely rude to her employer I think she will, haveoccasion to regret her words in the future

i) The staff party is usually quite enjoyable On one occasion we hadquite a well-known comcdian to entertain us

j) Will you be able to come next week?’ ‘It’s a possibility.’

k) I think the idea has possibilities, but I’d like to consider all theimplications before deciding definitely

l) There is no possibility whatever of your being granted a gaminglicence in this town

The pool oflight from the desk lamp shone squarely upon me and thework I had been doing, and the two rubber faces moved palely against thenear-black panelling of the dark room like alien moons closing in on the sun Ihad looked up when the latch clicked, and there they were, two dim figurescalmly walking in from the hall of the big house, silhouetted briefly againstthe soft lighting behind them and then lost against the panelling as they closedthe door They moved without a squeak, without a scrape, on the barepolished floor Apart from the unhuman faces, they were black from head tofoot

I picked up the telephone receiver and dialled the first of three nines.One of them closed in faster, swung his arm, and smashed downwards

on the telephone I moved my finger fractionally in time with the second nineall but complete, but no one was ever going to achieve the third The blackgloved hand slowly disentangled a heavy police truncheon from the mangledremains of the Post Office’s property

From Bonecrack by Dick Francis

8.1 Both

a) They both wore thin rubber masks, (line 1)

b) If you can’t make up your mind which to have, why not buy themboth?

c) ‘Who’s this present for?’ ‘It’s for both of us.’

d) She is both beautiful and intelligent

e) I’ve met him twice, and on both occasions he was extremely rude.f) If you hold it in both hands, you’re less likely to drop it

g) Both these books belonged to my great grandfather

h) You’ll have to decide which is more important; you can’t have it bothways

8.2 Compound adjectives

a) I was a thirty-four-year-old sober-minded businessman, (lines 6-7)b) He was a fresh-faced youth who looked as though butter wouldn’tmelt in his mouth

c) At seven, she was fair-haired and rosy-checked, just like her mother.d) He looked very smart in his new double-breasted blazer

e) I called him a bare-faced liar, and he gave me a black eye;

f) New-laid eggs always taste better than those you buy in the shops.g) The film is quite good, although the story is a little far-fetched

d) There goes the bell I’d better be off, or I shall be late for class.

e) It’s very easy to operate You simply turn that knob, and there youarc!

8.4 Order of adjectives

a) They moved without a squeak on the bare polished floor, (lines 19)

18-b) We need a small round table to go in the living-room

c) That old carved chair must be worth quite a lot of money now

d) Her thin lined face made her look older than she was

e) They sat and looked at their faces reflected in the dear blue water.f) Heavy black thundcr-clouds gathered on the horizon

g) The house itself is very attractive, but I don’t like those ugly- ironrailings in the front

h) She spoke in a trembling high-pitched voice

Unit 9

Surrounded by undulating country, the site, in the loveliest area of WestSussex, is backed by thickly wooded areas to the north, but has an open viewacross to the South Downs It consists of some 20 acres of sandy peat, with ahill in the centre and a tumulus on its peak The pitches are dispersed amongtrees, bracken, rhododendrons, etc

The site is almost unique in the club in that there is little or no grass,and no room for ball games! Visick is an excellent holiday site, being verysheltered

The attractive downland village of Graffham is about a mile away.Cowdray Park is three miles away, and the South Downs are half an hour’s

walk Footpaths start from the site and provide many miles of quiet andattractive walking The site is within one mile of the South Downs Way.

Midhurst, a very incerescing smaJl town, is close to the ruins ofCowdray House Petworth (another very old town, with the great house in itspark), has many treasures Turner lived in the house for many vears

There is a Roman villa at Bignor, about 5 miles from the sice, andfurther afield a verv early Romano-Bntish palace at Fishbourne The sea isonly about 12 miles away There is polo in Cowdray Park and at SouthAmbersham, and point-co-point racing at the Spring Bank Holiday

Kingsley Vale nature reserve, in the Downs, is of world-wide renown.The Forestry Commission's ‘Northwood Forest Walk’ in Slindon Forest, whichbegins in Eartham at the top of Duncton Hill, makes an interesting andworthwhile day's outiug

The tumulus on che hill in the centre of the site must not be used as apitch because it is scheduled as an Ancient Monument

From Sites list and yearbook (The Camping Club)

9.1 Approximations

a) It consists of some 20 acres of sandy peat, (line 4)

b) At the end of the second act, there will be an intermission lastingapproximately fifteen minutes

c) I should think there were about thirty people there altogether

d) The hotel is a mile or so from the town centre

e) The police doctor said he thought that death had occurred at 11.30p.m or thereabouts

f) It will probably take us round about two hours to get to Dover

g) I don’t know exactly how old he is, but he must be sixcy-odd

h) It’ll cost roughly £300 to repair the damage

i) The house is more or less completed now.

9.2 Little/a little/few/a few

a) The site is almost unique in that there is little or no grass, (lines 7-8)b) If that’s the case, there seems little point in continuing

c) The Manager said that, in his opinion, the scheme had little chance ofsuccess

d) ‘How much sugar would you like?’ ‘Just a little, please.’

e) Try and exercise a little discretion

f) Have a little brandv; it will make you feel better

g) Few people would disagree with that

h) There are very tew books which I can say I have really enjoyed

i) You’ve made a few mistakes, but nothing very serious

j) There are a few biscuits left, but not enough for all of us to have one

9.3 -s genitive

a) The South Downs are half an hour's walk, (lines 11—12)

b) Most people want to relax when they come home after a hard day’swork

c) The concert was very good — an excellent evening’s entertainment.d) What I need now is a month’s holiday in the sun!

ẹ) You’ll feel better when you’ve had a good night’s sleep

f) He’s just returned alter two weeks’ absence

g) They’re looking for someone with at least five years’ teachingexperience

9.4 Mass and count nouns

a) Petworth has many treasures, (lines 17—19)

b) With the aid of a map, the pirates managed to find where the treasurewas hidden.

c) Is that a new dress you’re wearing?

d) Dress isn’t important It’s what you are that counts

e) Your coat is covered in hairs

f) Your hair looks nice; have you had it set?

g) I think there’s some paper in that drawer

h) Did you remember to buy a paper today?

i) The light isn’t very good in here Can you see to read?

j) We've decided to have a light fitted over the front door,

k) Have you got a light?

l) That old bedstead is made of iron,

m) Is the iron hot enough yet?

Unit 10

An observant person who sees the carcass of a small animal lying onthe ground will probably find, if he returns to the spot the next day, that theobject has disappeared The chances are that it has been buried, either there

or nearby, by a pair oiNicrophorus beetles They will use it as food for theiryoung during the larval stages The feat of these small insects in rapidlyinterring a carcass that is many times their size is remarkable enough, but it isonly a step toward the most advanced form of parental cooperativenessknown among the Coleoptera We have spent much time watching theseburying beetles (also called carrion beetles and sexton beetles) and puttingthem to various tests which demonstrate an impressive plasticity in thebehavior of the insects

The patient French naturalist Jean-Henri Fabre set out fleshy bait ofseveral kinds to lure burving beetles to where he coaid watch them Headmired thesflittle gravediggers of the animal world The observer cannotwatch for long Unlike the scarab beetle of Mediterranean countries, whichwalks in plain view while rolling a ball of dung to some still undiscoveredplace of burial, a burying beetle quickly slides out of sight below the carcass of

a mouse or a bird it has found There, lying on its back, the insect uses all six

of its powerful legs as levers to shift its prize From time to time it rights itselfand bulldozes headfirst into the earth to loosen the soil and push it away.Inconspicuously, a fraction of an inch at a time, the carcass moves horizontally

or disappears into the ground

From ‘The social behavior of burying beetles’ by Lorus J Milne andMargery Milne, Scientific American (Adapted.)

10.1 Defining and non-defining relative clauses

a) An observant person who sees the carcass of a small animal lying onthe ground will probably find, if he returns later, chat the object hasdisappeared, (lines 1-3)

b) The house which we’re particularly interested in is on the right as you

go up the hill

e) Birds which go in search of their prey at night have eyes which arespecially adapted tor seeing in the dark

d) The teacher who can control that class deserves a medai,

e) The girl I’m talking about has fair hair and has never been to Egypc

h) Corpses for breakfast, which has been described as the mostexciting detective story of the year, is to be brought out in paperback at thebeginning of next month.

i) The President’s health, which has been giving cause for someconcern, seems to have improved over the last few days

j) The Times, which he reads every day, is his only contact with theoutside world

10.2 Tenses in time and condition clauses

a) He will probably find, if he returns to the spot the next day, that theobject has disappeared, (lines 2-3)

b) If you leave tomorrow, we’ll be able to see you off at the airport

c) I’ll tell him about the arrangements when I see him next week

d) We will háve everything ready long before you arrive

e) Let me know as soon as you’ve made up vour mind

f) She asked them not to do anything until they had heard from her.g) Even it you Qon't go this weekend, I shall still go

h) I’ll take my thick coat in case it’s cold

10.3 Long/a long time

a) The observer cannot watch for lonq (line 18)

b) I couldn’t stand this noise tor long

c) He hasn't been working here long, but he’s already made animpression on the staff

d) Have you been waiting long?

e) He came into the office yesterday, but he didn’t stay long He had to

go to a meeting in London

f) ‘How long have you been feeling like this?’ ‘Oh, for a long time,doctor.’

g) I had to wait for quite a long time before I could see the manager.h) I haven’t seen you for a long time What have you been doing?

i) It’s a long time since I had a holiday by the sea, and I’m really lookingforward to it

10.4 Expressions with ‘time’

a) From time to time it rights itself and bulldozes headfirst into the earth,(lines 24—25)

b) Don’t do anything for the time being Just sit back and await results.c) I seem to remember he worked for the Post Office at one time, butI’ve no idea what he’s doing now

d) He can be extremely generous at times, through not many peoplerealise it

e) I’ve told her time and again not to leave her satchcl on the floorwhere people can trip over it

f) We took off from Heathrow at midday, and in next to no time we werecoming in to land at Orly

g) Let’s arrange to meet in cimc to have a drink somewhere before theplay

h) You could set your watch by old Jackson He’s always on time

Unit 11

The consequences if the Company is taken over

a The area would be swallowed up in a vast region, and the needs ofthe Company's present consumers would have to compete with those of therest of the region

b Because the Authority must concentrate its limited resources on themost urgent needs, necessary improvements to maintain the very highstandards in the Company’s area cannot be expected to receive the highpriority they receive from the Company.

c The voice of local consumers would be far less influential At presentthere are regular consultations with the local authorities in the area through aconsultative committee (established by the'Company) and all proposals forincreased charges arc submitted to this committee before final decisions aretaken

d Charges would increase substantially, not only because theAuthority’s costs are higher, but also because of the pressure to equaliseburdens over the region If the Company had become part of the Authority inApril 1974, charges would already be 50% higher than they are now

The advantages of retaining the Company

a The Company is able to concentratc on one function, water supply, in

an area of reasonable size The needs of water users in this area are itsparamount consideration There is genuine local consultation

b Necessary schemes arc never delayed for lack of finance becauseadequate capital has always been raised ahead of requirements and spent toensure the continual provision of ample and reliable supplies of pure water.And by careful planning there would be no difficulty about continuing in thisway for the foreseeable future

c Costs and charges are much lower Consumers pay only 30 towardsthese lower ccflts and are not forccd to subsidise other parts of the regionwhich, because of very different histories, have far higher charges

From Cambridge Water Company circular

11.1 Passive infinitive

a) Necessary improvements cannot be expected to receive the highpriority they receive/rom tht Company, (lines 5-8)

b) Graduates of foreign universities will not be required to take theCollege entrance examination

c) All relevant documents, duly completed, should be handed in at theSecretary’s office one week before the start of term

d) I don’t think one ought to be disqualified for such a trifling offence.e) In the old days most of our coal used to be transported by sea

f) Temporary setbacks such as this must not be allowed to divert usfrom our final objective

11.2 Adverb + comparative

a) The voice of local consumers would be far less influential, (line 9)b) The present system is considerably more efficient than the old one.c) I thought he played much better in the semi-final than he did in thefinal

d) Water rates arc a lot higher there than they are in this part of thecountry

c) We expect our company’s profits to be appreciably larger this year.f) Business prospects are slightly more encouraging now than they were

d) He would be a rich man today if he hadn’t got involved in that lawsuit.e) My father says that the industry would still be making a profit if thegovernment hadn’t taken it over.

f) I wouldn’t be here now if he hadn't leaped into the water to save me

you well before you leave Rome - in the hope that it will be possible for youboth to spend a few days with us during your stay in England.

I imagine you will be spending Christmas itself with your parents, butsurely you will have some time after that before your new term starts? Weshall be having two other friends of ours staying with us over the New Yearweekend, and it would be nice if you could come then, too Mike and RosaGriffiths are old friends and a very nice couple; I’m sure you would likethem They used to live in Italy, too, so we shall all have something incommon And if we get some decent weather, we might all go off one day andvisit the Carters - I’m sure we can get Uncle Arthur to lend us his minibus

There’s not a great deal to report from our end Mary is well and stillenjoying her school-teaching (at least, I think so); the children are growing up

at a terrifying rate; I am still working for Sanderson's and liking it well enough though occasionally pining for the footloose days of long ago But let’s hopeyou will soon be here to see for yourselves — and help us see the New Yearin!

-I'd better stop this now; I’m supposed to be spending this eveningwriting Christmas cards

Write or phone as soon as you can - and come!

Love from us all

d) Uncle Henry worked in Germany in the thirties, but he hasn’t beenback there since the war.

e) We haven’t seen much of the Joneses since we’ve been living here.f) He hasn’t done a day’s work since leaving university

g) On his eighteenth birthday he packed a suitcase, kissed his mothergood-bye and walked out of the house And he hasn't been heard of since

h) ‘Do have some of this wine; it’s marvellous Go on, do have a glass!’

‘Well, since you insist, I will have a little.’

12.2 Used -f infinitive/used to + -ing

a) They used to live in Italy, too (lines 16-17)

b) She used to work in their accounts department; I wonder what she’sdoing now

c) He used to live opposite the museum, didn’t he?

d) It all looks very strange round here; didn’t there use to be a hotel onthat comer?

e) Did they use to make you learn your tables by heart at your school?f) She didn’t use to be so bitter; in fact she never used to say an unkindword about anyone What can have happened to change her?

g) I hate living in a flat; I don’t think I shall ever get used to it

h) It’s a lovely country to live in - once you get used to the climate

i) She simply didn’t know what to say; she wasn’t used to being treatedlike a lady

j) I’d quite like to be a postman; but I don’t think I could ever get used togetting up at five o’clock in the morning

12.3 To get

a) If we get some decent weather, we’ll get Unde Arthur to lend us hisminibus, (lines 18—20)

b) We didn’t get as many Christmas cards as usual this year

c) Once old Godfrey has made up his mind, you can never get him tochange it

d) He was out in the rain for two solid hours At his age, it’s a wonder hedidn't get pneumonia!

e) ‘It’s number 12 Gurblebubber Street.’ ‘I’m sorry, I didn’t quite get that;could you spell it for me, please?’

f) I’d like to have another walking holiday in Scotland one of these days

- before I get too old to enjoy it

g) If you leave your toys on the floor, they’ll get trodden on

h) When we got back from our holiday, it took me about two hours to getthe boiler going

i) She had to do the shopping and then get home to get the spare roomready for the visitors

j) It seems strange at first, but you’ll soon get to like it

12.4 So/not - pro forms

a) Mary is still enjoying her school-teaching (at least, I think so) (lines21-23)

b) ‘Is Fred coming to the party?’ ‘I hope so.’

c) ‘Is he bringing his wife?’ ‘I trust not!’

d) ‘Will she have to see the doctor again?’ ‘Yes, I expect so.’

e) ‘Do you think you could lend me £10 till pay-day?’ ‘I’m afraid not; Ionly have £5 myself.’

f) ‘Will they be here in time for tea?’ ‘I don’t expect so; they didn’t leaveLondon till after lunch.’

g) ‘Will Peter mind lfl borrow his bicycle?’ ‘Oh I don’t suppose so.’

d) Good heavens, look at'the time! I’d better be going

e) We’d better be doing some work when Mr Rogers gets here, hadn'twe?’ ‘Yes, he’d better not find us sitting around chatting as if we hadn’t gotanything to do.’

f) Hadn't you better be going now if you want to catch the 6 27?

And I can only say that, in my experience, the people at Audi were guilty

of gross understatement