Digital Electronics Demystified Demystified Series Advanced Statistics Demystified Algebra Demystified Anatomy Demystified Astronomy Demystified Biology Demystified Business Statistics Demystified Calculus Demystified Chemistry Demystified College Algebra Demystified Differential Equations Demystified Earth Science Demystified Electronics Demystified Everyday Math Demystified Geometry Demystified Math Word Problems Demystified Physics Demystified Physiology Demystified Pre-Algebra Demystified Pre-Calculus Demystified Project Management Demystified Robotics Demystified Statistics Demystified Trigonometry Demystified Digital Electronics Demystified MYKE PREDKO McGRAW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher 0-07-147124-3 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-144141-7 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069 TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGrawHill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise DOI: 10.1036/0071441417 For more information about this title, click here CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgment ix xiii PART ONE Introduction to Digital Electronics CHAPTER The Underpinnings of Digital Electronics Boolean Arithmetic, Truth Tables and Gates The Six Elementary Logic Operations Combinatorial Logic Circuits: Combining Logic Gates Sum of Products and Product of Sums Waveform Diagrams Quiz 14 17 21 25 Effectively Optimizing Combinatorial Circuits Truth Table Function Reduction Karnaugh Maps Boolean Arithmetic Laws Optimizing for Technology Quiz 29 32 36 40 45 50 CHAPTER 10 v CONTENTS vi CHAPTER Creating Digital Electronic Circuits Basic Electronic Laws Capacitors Semiconductor Operation Logic Gate Input and Output Simple Digital Logic Circuit Development Testing a Simple TTL Inverter Quiz CHAPTER Number Systems Base 16 or Hexadecimal Numbers Binary Coded Decimal Gray Codes Quiz CHAPTER Binary Arithmetic Using Digital Electronics Adders Subtraction and Negative Numbers Magnitude Comparators and Bus Nomenclature Multiplication and Division Quiz CHAPTER Practical Combinatorial Circuit Implementation Race Conditions and Timing Analysis Quick and Dirty Logic Gates Dotted AND and Tri-State Logic Drivers Combining Functions on a Net Quiz 53 57 64 69 78 87 91 97 100 104 107 111 115 118 122 129 135 138 144 146 150 153 156 159 161 CONTENTS CHAPTER vii Feedback and Sequential Circuits Flip Flops (RS and JK) Edge Triggered Flip Flops Latches Versus Registers Reset Quiz 164 168 173 178 180 184 Test for Part One 186 PART TWO Digital Electronics Applications 197 CHAPTER Oscillators Transistor Astable Oscillators Ring Oscillators Relaxation Oscillators Crystals and Ceramic Resonators 555 Timer Chip Delay Circuits Quiz 199 202 204 206 208 211 219 223 CHAPTER Complex Sequential Circuits Counters Shift Registers Linear Feedback Shift Registers Hardware State Machines Quiz 225 228 231 234 237 240 CHAPTER 10 Circuit Interfaces Address and Data Decoders Multi-Segment LEDs Pulse Width Modulation Button ‘‘Debouncing’’ Switch Matrix Keypad Interfacing Quiz 243 247 250 253 258 262 265 CONTENTS viii CHAPTER 11 Reading Datasheets Chip Operating Characteristics IEEE Logic Symbols Power Usage and Fanouts Quiz 268 270 272 274 275 CHAPTER 12 Computer Processors and Support IEEE754 Floating Point Numbers Memory Types Power Supplies Programmable Logic Devices Quiz 277 281 283 287 298 301 CHAPTER 13 PC Interfacing Basics The Parallel (Printer) Port Video Output Synchronous Serial Interfaces (SPI, I2C, Microwire) Asynchronous Serial Interfaces RS-232 Electrical Standards Quiz 303 306 309 314 317 322 325 Test for Part Two 327 Final Exam 336 APPENDIX Index Answers to Quiz, Tests, and Final Exam 357 361 PREFACE Philosophy is sometimes described as the study of what people take for granted It examines the reasons why people make assumptions about things in their lives by understanding the relationships between the basic ‘‘truths’’ that are used to come up with these assumptions This analysis takes a very precise logical path that is scientific in nature For example, the following statement can be broken down into a set of simple truths and the relationships between them plotted out and understood to allow philosophers to carry on the natural thought process (such as what is a body that has three ‘‘extensions’’ with a ‘‘thinking substance’’) Thus, extension in length, breadth and depth, constitutes the nature of corporeal substance; and thought constitutes the nature of thinking substance For all else that may be attributed to body presupposes extension, and is but a mode of this extended thing; as everything that we find in mind is but so many diverse forms of thinking Descartes Surprisingly enough, the rules that were developed for understanding philosophic statements like the one above were applied in the 1930s and 1940s to help define how electrical circuits could be designed that would be used in the first electronic computers One of the elements of the success of this effort was to reduce the electronic logic ‘‘truths’’ into two simple electrical states These two electrical states are often represented as two numbers that can be manipulated using ‘‘binary arithmetic.’’ Binary arithmetic was formally described by the English mathematician George Boole in the middle of the 19th century and is often referred to as ‘‘Boolean arithmetic’’ or ‘‘Boolean algebra’’ as a way to perform mathematical operations on numbers that only have two values (‘‘0’’ or ‘‘1’’) These two values are manipulated within electronic computers and other devices built from ‘‘digital electronics.’’ Over the past 60-plus years, digital logic circuits, processing binary signals have been miniaturized, sped up and integrated together to create the fantastic electronic gadgets that we take for granted Despite their ix Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Click here for terms of use ... Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare @mcgraw-hill. com or (212) 90 4-4 069 TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (? ?McGraw-Hill? ??) and its licensors reserve all... Figures 1-1 through 1-3 show the graphical representations of the AND, OR and NOT gates, respectively Fig 1-1 Fig 1-2 Fig 1-3 ‘‘AND’’ gate ‘‘OR’’ gate ‘‘NOT’’ gate 10 PART ONE Intro to Digital Electronics. .. 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Click here for terms of use This page intentionally left blank PART ONE Introduction to Digital Electronics Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,