Springer Series in Reliability Engineering Series Editor Professor Hoang Pham Department of Industrial Engineering Rutgers The State University of New Jersey 96 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway, NJ 08854-8018 USA Other titles in this series The Universal Generating Function in Reliability Analysis and Optimization Gregory Levitin Warranty Management and Product Manufacture D.N.P Murthy and Wallace R Blischke Maintenance Theory of Reliability Toshio Nakagawa System Software Reliability Hoang Pham Reliability and Optimal Maintenance Hongzhou Wang and Hoang Pham Applied Reliability and Quality B.S Dhillon Shock and Damage Models in Reliability Theory Toshio Nakagawa Risk Management Terje Aven and Jan Erik Vinnem Satisfying Safety Goals by Probabilistic Risk Assessment Hiromitsu Kumamoto Offshore Risk Assessment (2nd Edition) Jan Erik Vinnem The Maintenance Management Framework Adolfo Crespo Márquez Human Reliability and Error in Transportation Systems B.S Dhillon Khairy A.H Kobbacy • D.N Prabhakar Murthy Editors Complex System Maintenance Handbook 123 Khairy A.H Kobbacy, PhD Management and Management Sciences Research Institute University of Salford Salford, Greater Manchester M5 4WT UK D.N Prabhakar Murthy, PhD Division of Mechanical Engineering The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia ISBN 978-1-84800-010-0 e-ISBN 978-1-84800-011-7 DOI 10.1007/978-1-84800-011-7 Springer Series in Reliability Engineering series ISSN 1614-7839 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A Complex system maintenance handbook - (Springer series in reliability engineering) Maintenance Reliability (Eningeering) Maintenance - Management I Murthy, D N P II Kobbacy, Khairy A H 620'.0046 ISBN-13: 9781848000100 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008923781 © 2008 Springer-Verlag London Limited Watchdog Agent™ is a trademark of the Intelligent Maintenance Systems (IMS) Center, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 210072, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA www.imscenter.net Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copy-right Licensing Agency Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers The use of registered names, trademarks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made Cover design: deblik, Berlin, Germany Printed on acid-free paper springer.com To our wives Iman and Jayashree for their patience, understanding and support Preface Modern societies depend on the smooth operation of many complex systems (designed and built by humans) that provide a variety of outputs (products and services) These include transport systems (trains, buses, ferries, ships and aeroplanes), communication systems (television, telephone and computer networks), utilities (water, gas and electricity networks), manufacturing plants (to produce industrial products and consumer durables), processing plants (to extract and process minerals and oil), hospitals (to provide services) and banks (for financial transactions) to name a few Every system built by humans is unreliable in the sense that it degrades with age and/or usage A system is said to fail when it is no longer capable of delivering the designed outputs Some failures can be catastrophic in the sense that they can result in serious economic losses, affect humans and serious damage to the environment Typical examples include the crash of an aircraft in flight, failure of a sewerage processing plant and collapse of a bridge The degradation can be controlled, and the likelihood of catastrophic failures reduced, through maintenance actions, including preventive maintenance, inspection, condition monitoring and design-out maintenance Corrective maintenance actions are needed to restore a failed system to operational state through repair or replacement of the components that caused the failure Maintenance has moved from being an engineering activity after a system has been put into operation into an important issue that needs to be addressed during the design and manufacturing or building of the system Maintenance impacts on reliability (a technical issue) with serious economic and commercial implications This implies that operators of complex systems need to look at maintenance from an overall business perspective that integrates the technical and commercial issues in an effective manner The literature on maintenance is vast Over the last 50 years, there have been dramatic changes due to advances in the understanding of the physics of failure, in technologies to monitor and assess the state of the system, in computers to store viii Preface and process large amounts of relevant data and in the tools and techniques needed to build model to determine the optimal maintenance strategies The aim of this book is to integrate this vast literature with different chapters focusing on different aspects of maintenance and written by active researchers and/or experienced practitioners with international reputations Each chapter reviews the literature dealing with a particular aspect of maintenance (for example, methodology, approaches, technology, management, modelling analysis and optimisation), reports on the developments and trends in a particular industry sector or, deals with a case study It is hoped that the book will lead to narrowing the gap between theory and practice and to trigger new research in maintenance The book is written for a wide audience This includes practitioners from industry (maintenance engineers and managers) and researchers investigating various aspects of maintenance Also, it is suitable for use as a textbook for postgraduate programs in maintenance, industrial engineering and applied mathematics We would like to thank the authors of the chapters for their collaboration and prompt responses to our enquiries which enabled completion of this handbook on time We also wish to acknowledge the support of the University of Salford and the award of CAMPUS Fellowship in 2006 to one of us (PM) We gratefully acknowledge the help and encouragement of the editors of Springer, Anthony Doyle and Simon Rees Also, our thanks to Sorina Moosdorf and the staff involved with the production of the book Contents Part A An Overview Chapter 1: An Overview K Kobbacy and D Murthy Part B Evolution of Concepts and Approaches Chapter 2: Maintenance: An Evolutionary Perspective L Pintelon and A Parodi-Herz 21 Chapter 3: New Technologies for Maintenance Jay Lee and Haixia Wang 49 Chapter 4: Reliability Centred Maintenance Marvin Rausand and Jørn Vatn 79 Part C Methods and Techniques Chapter 5: Condition-based Maintenance Modelling Wenbin Wang 111 Chapter 6: Maintenance Based on Limited Data David F Percy 133 Chapter 7: Reliability Prediction and Accelerated Testing E A Elsayed 155 x Contents Chapter 8: Preventive Maintenance Models for Complex Systems David F Percy 179 Chapter 9: Artificial Intelligence in Maintenance Khairy A H Kobbacy 209 Part D Problem Specific Models Chapter 10: Maintenance of Repairable Systems Bo Henry Lindqvist 235 Chapter 11: Optimal Maintenance of Multi-component Systems: A Review Robin P Nicolai and Rommert Dekker 263 Chapter 12: Replacement of Capital Equipment P.A Scarf and J.C Hartman 287 Chapter 13: Maintenance and Production: A Review of Planning Models Gabriella Budai, Rommert Dekker and Robin P Nicolai 321 Chapter 14: Delay Time Modelling Wenbin Wang 345 Part E Management Chapter 15: Maintenance Outsourcing D.N.P Murthy and N Jack 373 Chapter 16: Maintenance of Leased Equipment D.N.P Murthy and J Pongpech 395 Chapter 17: Computerised Maintenance Management Systems Ashraf Labib 417 Chapter 18: Risk Analysis in Maintenance Terje Aven 437 Chapter 19: Maintenance Performance Measurement (MPM) System Uday Kumar and Aditya Parida 459 Chapter 20: Forecasting for Inventory Management of Service Parts John E Boylan and Aris A Syntetos 479 Contents xi Part F Applications (Case Studies) Chapter 21: Maintenance in the Rail Industry Jørn Vatn 509 Chapter 22: Condition Monitoring of Diesel Engines Renyan Jiang, Xinping Yan 533 Chapter 23: Benchmarking of the Maintenance Process at Banverket (The Swedish National Rail Administration) Ulla Espling and Uday Kumar 559 Chapter 24: Integrated e-Operations–e-Maintenance: Applications in North Sea Offshore Assets Jayantha P Liyanage 585 Chapter 25: Fault Detection and Identification for Longwall Machinery Using SCADA Data Daniel R Bongers and Hal Gurgenci 611 Contributor Biographies 643 Index 653 Fault Detection and Identification for Longwall Machinery Using SCADA Data 641 Grewal, M.S., Andrews, A.P., (2001) Kalman Filtering: Theory and practice using MATLAB, John Wiley and Sons, New York Hotelling, H., (1931) The generalization of Student's ratio Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 2:360–378 McKay, B., Lennox, B., Willis, M., Barton, G., Montague, G., (1996) Extruder Modelling: A Comparison of two Paradigms UKACC International Conference on Control'96, 2: 734–739, Exeter, UK Conference publication No 427 Reid, A (2007) Longwall Shearer Cutting Force Estimation, PhD Thesis, The University of Queensland Sorenson, H.W., (1985) Kalman Filtering: Theory and Application, IEEE Press, New York Todeschini, R., (1990) Weighted k-nearest neighbor method for the calculation of missing values, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 9:201–205 Venkatasubramanian, V., Rengaswamy R, Yin K, Kavuri S, (2003) Review of Process Fault Diagnosis – Parts I, II, III Computers and Chem Eng, 27(3): 293–346 Willsky, A.S., (1976) A survey of design methods for failure detection in dynamic systems, Automatica, 12:601–611 Contributor Biographies Chapter Khairy Kobbacy is the Professor of Management Science and Associate Head (Research) of Salford Business School, Salford University, UK He is also the Director of the Management and Management Sciences Research Institute Prof Kobbacy has a BSc from Cairo, M.Sc from Strathclyde and Ph.D from Bath University He has sustained research interests in mathematical modelling in maintenance, intelligent management systems in operations, and supply chain management He has over 40 refereed publications and edited volumes including conference proceedings, special issues of international journals and ORS 46 Keynote papers He chaired the European Conference on Intelligent Management Systems in Operations in 1997, 2001 and 2005 and the IBC Middle East Conference: Superstrategies for Maintenance in 1998 He was elected Vice President of the Operational Research Society (UK) 2001–2003 Prabhakar Murthy obtained B.E and M.E degrees from Jabalpur University and the Indian Institute of Science in India and M.S and Ph.D degrees from Harvard University He is currently Research Professor in the Division of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Queensland He has held visiting appointments at several universities in the USA, Europe and Asia His research interests include various aspects of new product development, operations management (lot sizing, quality, reliability, maintenance), and post-sale support (warranties, service contracts) He has authored or coauthored 20 book chapters, 150 journal papers and 140 conference papers He is a coauthor of five books and co-editor of two books He is on the editorial boards of eight international journals 644 Contributor Biographies Chapter Liliane Pintelon holds degrees in Chemical Engineering (1983) and Industrial Management (1984) of the KULeuven (Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium) In 1988–1989 she worked as a visiting research associate at the W Simon Graduate Business School (University of Rochester, USA) She obtained her doctoral degree in industrial management (maintenance management) from the KULeuven in 1990 Currently, she is professor at the Centre for Industrial Management (KULeuven); she is also Board Member of BEMAS (Belgian Maintenance Society) and of IFRIM (International Foundation for Research in Maintenance) Her research and teaching area is industrial engineering and logistics, with a special interest in maintenance In this area lays the majority of her academic publications She also has considerable experience as an industrial consultant in this area Alejandro Parodi-Herz received his M.Sc degree in Mechanical Engineer at the Simon Bolivar University, Venezuela (2002), the degree in Master of Industrial Management (2003) at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and the degree of Master in Operations and Technology Management (2004) at the Universiteit Gent Currently he works with the Centre of Industrial Management at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven as research associate to pursue his Ph.D degree His research interest is mainly focused on maintenance, spare parts demand categorisation and inventory control Chapter Jay Lee is Ohio Eminent Scholar and L.W Scott Alter Chair Professor in Advanced Manufacturing at the University of Cincinnati and is founding director of National Science Foundation (NSF) Industry/University Cooperative Research Centre (I/UCRC) on Intelligent Maintenance Systems His current research focuses on autonomic computing and smart prognostics technologies for predictive maintenance and self-maintenance systems, as well and closed-loop product life cycle service model studies He has authored/co-authored over 100 technical publications, edited books, contributed numerous book chapters, U.S patents and trademarks He received his B.S degree from Taiwan, a M.S in Mechanical Engineering from the Univversity of Wisconsin-Madison, a M.S in Industrial Management from the State University of New York at Stony Brook, and D.Sc in Mechanical Engineering from the George Washington University He is a Fellow of ASME and SME Haixia Wang is a postdoctoral researcher in the NSF Industry/University Cooperative Research Centre (I/UCRC) on Intelligent Maintenance Systems (IMS) Center headquartered at the University of Cincinnati Her current research interest focuses on data streamlining for machinery prognostics and health management, manufacturing process performance and quality improvement, and design for product reliability and serviceability Haixia Wang received her B.S degree in Mechanical Engineering from Shandong University at China, a Ph.D in Mechanical Engineering from Southeast University at China, a M.S and a Ph.D in Industrial and Systems Engineering from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Contributor Biographies 645 Chapter Marvin Rausand is Professor of Reliability Egineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) He worked for the research institute SINTEF for ten years, mostly related to offshore oil and gas activities The last four years of this period he was Director of SINTEF Department of Safety and Reliability In 1989 he joined NTNU as a full time professor He was head of NTNU’s Department of Machine Design for five years and vice-dean of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering for six years In 1985–1986 he was visiting professor at Heriot-Watt University in Scotland, and in 2002–2003 he was visiting professor at Ecole des Mines de Nantes Professor Rausand is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Technical Sciences, and of the Royal Norwegian Society of Letters and Science Jørn Vatn is Professor of Maintenance Optimisation at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) He worked for the research institute SINTEF for 15 years, mostly related to transportation, critical infrastructure, and offshore oil and gas activities He has developed several computerized tools for decision support in safety, reliability and maintainability For the last five years he has been involved in implementing a new maintenance strategy in the Norwegian National Railway Administration Chapter Wenbin Wang is Chair of Operational Research at the Centre for OR and Applied Statistics, Salford Business School, University of Salford, UK Prof Wang received his B.Sc (Harbin, China) in Mechanical Engineering in 1981, M.Sc (Xian, China) in Operations Management in 1984 and Ph.D in OR and Applied Statistics from Salford University (UK) in 1992 He has over 20 years experience in OR modelling in general and maintenance and reliability modelling in particular He received EPSRC projects in the past and has authored and co-authored over 80 research papers Professor Wang is a fellow of Royal Statistics Society, Operational Research Society, Institute of Mathematical Applications, and a charted mathematician He is also a member of the International Foundation for Research in Maintenance Professor Wang holds a guest professorship at Harbin Institute of Technology, China Chapter David Percy gained a B.Sc degree with first class honours in mathematics from Loughborough University in 1985 and a Ph.D degree in statistics from Liverpool University in 1990 He is a reader in mathematics at the University of Salford and his research into Bayesian inference, stochastic processes and multivariate analysis has produced 40 refereed publications and many conference presentations He is actively involved in collaborative research for industrial applications, particularly concerning maintenance scheduling problems for complex systems Dave is a chartered scientist, chartered mathematician and member of the governing Council for the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications 646 Contributor Biographies Chapter Elsayed Elsayed is Professor of the Department of Industrial Engineering, Rutgers University He is also the Director of the NSF/ Industry/ University Co-operative Research Centre for Quality and Reliability Engineering, Rutgers-Arizona State University His research interests are in the areas of quality and reliability engineering and Production Planning and Control He is a co-author of Quality Engineering in Production Systems, McGraw Hill Book Company, 1989 He is also the author of Reliability Engineering, Addison-Wesley, 1996 These two books received the 1990 and 1997 IIE Joint Publishers Book-of-the-Year Award respectively He is a co-recipient of the 2005 Golomski Award for the outstanding paper Chapter David Percy: See Chapter Chapter Khairy Kobbacy: See Chapter Chapter 10 Bo Lindqvist is Professor in Statistics at the Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim (associate professor since 1979, professor since 1988) He obtained the degree of Dr.Philos in statistics at the Univerisity of Oslo in 1982 Lindqvist's main research interest is in stochastic modeling and statistical analysis related to reliability and survival analysis Lindqvist is Editor of Scandinavian Journal of Statistics (2007–) He is elected member of The Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters and International Statistical Institute Chapter 11 Robin Nicolai is a Ph.D student at Tinbergen Institute Rotterdam He is also affiliated with the Econometric Institute at Erasmus University Rotterdam His research interests are maintenance optimization, in particular degradation modelling, discrete-event systems and simulation optimization One of his papers has been accepted for publication in Reliability Engineering and System Safety Other papers have appeared in proceedings of different international conferences Rommert Dekker is a full-time professor in Operations Research and Quantitative Logistics at Erasmus University Rotterdam His research interests are maintenance optimization, inventory control, service and reverse logistics He has published over 100 papers in scientific journals and he has been involved in the development of several decision support systems for maintenance planning Contributor Biographies 647 Chapter 12 Philip Scarf is a lecturer at the University of Salford He obtained his Ph.D in 1989 from the University of Manchester Among his research interests are capital replacement, reliability and maintenance modelling, and extreme value theory He has worked on capital replacement problems with the UK NHS, Mass Transit Rail Corporation of Hong Kong, Express National Berhad Malaysia, and Malaysia Truck and Bus Berhad He currently serves as co-editor of the IMA Journal of Management Mathematics Joseph Hartman is an Associate Professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, PA, USA He also serves as Department Chair and holds the Kledaras Endowed Chair He received his Ph.D in 1996 from the Georgia Institute of Technology and currently serves as Editor of The Engineering Economist, a journal devoted to the problems of capital investment His research and teaching interests are in economic decision analysis, including equipment replacement analysis and transportation logistics Chapter 13 Gabriella Budai is a Ph.D student at Tinbergen Institute Rotterdam She is also affiliated with the Econometric Institute at Erasmus University Rotterdam Her research topic is railway maintenance optimization, in particular scheduling preventive railway maintenance activities and rescheduling of the rolling stock during track possession Her papers have been published in Journal of the Operational Research Society (JORS) and in proceedings of different international conferences Rommert Dekker: See Chapter 11 Robin Nicolai: See Chapter 11 Chapter 14 Wenbin Wang: See Chapter Chapter 15 Prabhakar Murthy: See Chapter Nat Jack is a Lecturer in Operational Research and Statistics at the University of Abertay Dundee and has more than 30 publications in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings The present focus of his research deals with product warranty, in collaboration with Professor D.N.P Murthy from the University of Queensland, and this research has resulted in a series of papers examining optimal maintenance strategies for items sold with one- and two-dimensional warranties His latest project involves a study of extended warranty decision-making using a game theoretic approach 648 Contributor Biographies Chapter 16 Prabhakar Murthy: See Chapter Jarumon Pongpech received her B.E (IE) at Chiang Mai University, Thailand in 1993 She got the scholarship from Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University to pursue her master degree and graduated in the field of M.S (EM) from The George Washington University, USA in 1996 For her Doctoral degree she also got Thailand’s grant of Commission on Higher Education in 2000 to study at Department of Industrial Engineering, Chulalongkorn University in Thailand and to conduct her research at Division of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Queensland in Brisbane Australia She was formerly a lecturer at Chiang Mai University until 1999 before moving to Thammasat University Her research interests are in the areas of maintenance policy of a system, service contract, engineering management, and industrial engineering Chapter 17 Ashraf Labib is Chair of Operations and Decision Analysis at Strategy and Business Systems Department, Portsmouth Business School, University of Portsmouth He holds a B.Sc in Production Engineering, a M.B.A., a M.Sc in integrated manufacturing systems and a Ph.D in maintenance systems His research work focuses on asset management, manufacturing maintenance systems, best practice and decision-making In particular, he is concerned with the analysis of data related to machine failures and design and to the development of computerised maintenance management systems (CMMSs) He is a Fellow of the Operational Research Society (ORS), a Fellow of the IEE and a Chartered Engineer He has published over 80 refereed papers in professional journals and international conferences proceedings He is currently the Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions SMC (Systems, Man, and Cybernetics) Chapter 18 Terje Aven is Professor of Risk Analysis and Risk Management at University of Stavanger, Norway He is also a Principal researcher at International Research Institute of Stavanger (IRIS) He has been Professor II (adjunct professor) in reliability and safety at University of Trondheim (Norwegian Institute of Technology) 1990– 1995 and Professor II in reliability and risk analysis at University of Oslo 1990–2000 He was the Dean of the Faculty of Technology and Science, Stavanger University College, 1994–1996 Dr Aven has many years of experience from the petroleum industry (The Norwegian State Oil Company, Statoil) He is the author of several reliability and risk related books and he is an associate editor/area editor/member of the editorial board of several international journals He received his master's degree (cand.real) and Ph.D in mathematical statistics (reliability) at the University of Oslo in 1980 and 1984, respectively Contributor Biographies 649 Chapter 19 Uday Kumar is a Professor of Operation and Maintenance Engineering at Luleå University of Technology, Sweden He obtained his B Tech from India and a Ph.D degree in field of reliability and maintenance from Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden in 1990 He worked six years in Indian mining industries prior to joining the postgraduate program His research interests are equipment maintenance, reliability and maintainability analysis, product support, life cycle costing, risk analysis, system analysis, etc He is also member of the editorial boards and reviewer for many international journals He has published more than 100 papers in international journals and conference proceedings Aditya Parida obtained his Ph.D in the area of maintenance performance measurement and hat taught operation and maintenance engineering at Luleå University of Technology, Sweden since 2002 Prior to this, he was teaching the same subject in couple of institutes in India and was joint-director of NIILM Centre for Management Studies, New Delhi He has a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering and a post-graduation qualification in industrial engineering from IIT, Kharagpur, India and has more than two decades experience in the area of operation and maintenance engineering from the Indian Army, amongst others He is actively involved in research in the area of maintenance performance measurement and other related issues He has published a number of papers in this subject area and was the coeditor for the proceedings of the COMADEM 2006 Chapter 20 John Boylan is Professor of Management Science at Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College He holds degrees from Oxford and Warwick Universities and has published papers on short-term forecasting in a variety of academic and practitioner-oriented journals In addition to his academic work, Professor Boylan advises commercial organisations on forecasting processes and software He also leads a large project, funded by the European Union and the Learning and Skills Council, facilitating the education and training of managers in small and medium enterprises His current research interests relate to demand forecasting in the supply chain, with a particular emphasis on intermittent demand Aris Syntetos is a reader working with the Centre for Operational Research and Applied Statistics (CORAS) at the University of Salford, UK He holds a B.A degree from the University of Athens, an M.Sc degree from Stirling University and in 2001 he completed a Ph.D at Brunel University – Buckinghamshire Business School His research interests relate primarily to intermittent demand forecasting and the interface between forecasting and stock control Aris’s work has appeared in the International Journal of Forecasting, International Journal of Production Economics and Journal of the Operational Research Society He is currently holding three research grants — two from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC, UK) and one from the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI, UK) 650 Contributor Biographies Chapter 21 Jørn Vatn: See Chapter Chapter 22 Renyan Jiang is a Professor and Director of the Quality, Reliability and Maintenance Laboratory at Changsha University of Science and Technology, China He obtained his undergraduate and graduate degrees from Wuhan University of Technology, China, and his Ph.D from University of Queensland, Australia He held visiting appointments at City University of Hong Kong, University of Saskatchewan, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and University of Toronto His research interests are in various aspects of quality, reliability and maintenance He is the author or co-author of three reliability related books, including Weibull Models, Wiley, 2003 He has published 28 papers in international journals and a number of other papers Xinping Yan is a Professor and Director of Reliability Engineering Institute at Wuhan University of Technology, China He obtained his undergraduate and graduate degrees from Wuhan University of Technology, China, and his Ph.D from Xi’an Jiaotong University, China He is a member of ISO/TC108/SC5 Committee and a member of the Council Committee of Tribology Institute of Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society (CMES) He is an editorial member of Journal of COMADEM(U.K.) and Journal of Maritime Environment (U.K.) His research interests include condition monitoring and fault diagnosis, tribology and its industrial application, and intelligent transport system Chapter 23 Uday Kumar: See Chapter 19 Ulla Espling is deputy director at Luleå Railway Research Centre (JVTC) and a researcher within “Framework for Maintenance Strategies for Railway Infrastructure” dealing with a regulated administration, outsourced maintenance, high demands on safety and yearly funding She has a M.Sc degree in mechanical engineering and a Licentiate in operation and maintenance engineering She also has a background from the railway which goes back to 1984 Within the railway she has been working withh both traffic operation and planning, track engineer, design leader and as the head for a track area, giving her a broad and rich experience Contributor Biographies 651 Chapter 24 Jayantha Liyanage is an Associate Professor of Asset Operations, Maintenance technology, and Asset Management at the University of Stavanger (UiS), Norway He is also the Chair and a project advisor of Center for Industrial Asset Management (CIAM), and a member of the R&D group of the Center for Risk Management and Societal Safety (SEROS), at UiS In addition, Dr Liyanage also serves as the Co-Organiser and Coordinator of the European Research Network for Strategic Engineering Asset Management (EURENSEAM) Currently, he was appointed to the Board of Directors of the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) Stavanger section, where he also take up the responsibilities as the Chairman of the Schoralship committee Dr Liyanage is actively involved in numerous joint industry projects at advisory and managerial capacities He has received a number of awards for his excellent academic and research performance He serves in international editorial boards of a number of international journals and international steering committees of many International conferences Chapter 25 Daniel Bongers received his B.E (1999) and Ph.D (2004) from the University of Queensland, Australia He is currently a research fellow for the Australian Cooperative Research Centre Mining, and is responsible for managing two late-stage technology development projects His current research interests include physiological signal processing, fault detection and isolation, physiological fatigue detection and signal measurement Hal Gurgenci received his B.Sc (1976) and M.Sc (1979) from the Middle East Technical University, Turkey, and Ph.D (1982) from the University of Miami He is currently a professor with the School of Engineering, The University of Queensland in Brisbane Previously, he was a Vice President of the Australian Cooperative Research Centre on Mining responsible for research and education activities of the Centre He was the principal investigator of several large projects in mining equipment design, automation, reliability and maintenance His current research interests include energy generation and conservation Index A ABC classification 484 Accelerated Degradation testing 157 Failure time testing 156 Life testing plans 156 Adverse selection 388 Agency Theory 387 Issues 388 Aging parameter 517 AHP 427 Artificial intelligence 209 Asset B Bayesian Approach 135 Decision Theory 146 Inference 136 Benchmarking Methodology 562 Need 563 Overview 561 C Candidate group 515 Case Based reasoning 209, 212 Studies 69, 124, 150, 445 CBA See cost benefit analysis CBM 52, 54 Applications 538 CMMS 43, 417 Composite scale 542 Condition monitoring techniques 112 Contract 402 Cost benefit ratio 525, 526, 529 Cost benefit analysis 509, 521, 529 Costs Down time 324 Punctuality 526 Safety 525 Criticality index 93 D Data Acquisition 535 Fusion 537 Processing 536 Decision Charts 35 Model 116 Support 42 Delay time Bayesian approach 362 Modelling 345 Objective data method 364 Subjective estimation 359 Demand Distribution 487 Estimators 500 Mean 489 Variance 492 654 Index Dependence Economic 265 Stochastic 266 Structural 266 Diagnostics 536 Module 66 Technologies 598 Diesel Engine 538 Discount rate 521, 525, 528 Distributions Event time 627 Posterior 139 Predictive 142 Prior 139 DMG 422 Dynamic grouping 512, 514, 516, 519, 527 E Economy of scale 511 Economy of scope 511 Effective failure rate 512 E-maintenance 586 EMQ 333 E-operations 586 Equipment leasing 397 ERP 418 Extrusion press 366 F Failure Information 94 Interaction 275 Interaction Type I 276 Interaction Type II 278 Fault detection 611 FMECA 90, 517 Forecasting Non-parametric 493 Parametric 487 FTA 442 Functional Block diagrams 85 Failure analysis 84 Failures 85 Fuzzy logic 212, 428 G Game Nash 385 Stackelberg 385 Genetic algorithm 212 Government 400 H HAZOP 441 HIMOS 217 HSE 471 I Industry Nuclear 473 Oil and gas 474 Process and utility 475 Railway 475, 565 Information fusion 128 Infrastructure 376 Inspections Imperfect 349 Perfect 348 Intensity function General proportional 193 Reduction 405 Interval optimization 105 Inventory decision 482 K Knowledge based systems 212 KPI 461 L Laplace trend test 197 Lease Definition 397 Finance 398 New equipment 408 Operating 397 Sale and leaseback 399 Used equipment 409 Lessee 402 Lessor 401 Life cycle cost 34, 509, 510, 525 Calculations 525 Index M Maintainability Maintenance Actions 27 Actions Selection 94 Benchmarking 563 Concepts 32 Concepts customized 40 Condition based 49, 424 Context 22 Contract 569 Corrective 27, 379 Design-out 30 Failure-based 30 Framework Grouping activities 511 Intelligent Systems 56 Intervals 97 Longwall 613 Management Management 22 Manager 41 Maturity levels 45 Measurement and control 225 Offshore asset 589 Opportunity based 519 Opportunity-based 30 Optimization 509, 511 Outsourcing 24 Outsourcing advantages 375 Outsourcing disadvantages 375 Passive 29 Performance Performance Measurement 459 Policies 30 Predictive 29 Preventive 28, 199, 511, 79, 379, 510–513, 519 Preventive comparison analysis 97 Preventive optimal schedule 170, 173 Proactive 29, 53 Reactive 51 Reliability centered 37 Scheduling 199, 271 Self 53 Service contract Technologies 50 Time based 30 655 Total productive 37 Usage based 30 Metrics 461, 570 Misjudgment 549 Model Age based 306 Basic risk 446 Capital replacement 303 Competing risk 245 Cumulative usage based 310 Dynamic programming 306 Economic life 290 Finite horizon 294 Intensity reduction 191 Linear regression 160 Markov 252 Non-homogeneous Poisson process 187 Period based 308 Proportional hazards 190 Proportional intensities 192 Renewal process 187 Repair alert 248 Risk influence 448 Selection 197, 553 State discriminant 533 Statistic based nonparametric 160 Statistic based parametric 159 Two-cycle 291 Virtual age 190 Monitoring Off-line 615 Oil based 114 On-line 616 Vibration based 113 Moral hazard 388 MPM system 469 MTTF 517, 518 Multivariate control chart 549 N Net present value 521, 525, 526, 528 Neural network 212, 622 NPV See Net present value O Oil degradation 541 Opportunity maintenance 325 656 Index Outsourcing Operational 24 Strategic 24 Tactical 24 P Parameter estimation Delay time model 359 Parameter Estimation 194 Penalties 407 Performance Assessment 65 Assessment Multi-sensor 63 Indicators 461, 613 Measurement 494 Peristaltic pump 357 Planned maintenance cost 512 Point process 236 PriFo 522 Priors Reference 140 Specification 145 Subjective 141 Prognostics 537 Approach 54 Approach Technologies 598 Project costs 524, 528 Punctuality costs 528 R RCM Analysis process 79 Data collection 80, 99 Implementation 80, 99 Regulator 400 Reliability Inherent Measures 254 Theory Renewal Process Alternating 189 Trend 235 Repair Maximal 187 Minimal 187 Replacement model Age based 306 Cumulative-usage based 310 Period based 308 Residual life prediction 119 Residual lifelength 524, 525 Risk Competing 245 Influencing factors 522, 524 Influence modeling 448 Management 438 RLL See residual lifelength Run to failure 94 S Safety costs 527 Scheduled Function test 95 Overhaul 96 Service Agent 377 Contract 381 Part classification 480 Set-up costs 509, 511, 512, 513, 515, 517, 519 Shape parameter 517 Signal Processing 64 Spares forecasting Approach 482 Method 482 Stakeholders Static grouping 512, 513 Systems approach T Technologies Diagnostic 598 Prognostic 598 Training set 637 Trend renewal process 237 Heterogeneous 242 U Unplanned costs 512 V Variable costs 525 Virtual age 406 Index W Warranty Extended 377 Servicing 384 Wear particles 541 Weibull 517 657