anh văn chuyên ngành hóa

Unit 2: physical chemistry Unit Physical Chemistry 56 cau What you know about physical chemistry? a Physical chemistry is the study of the physical basis processes b Physical chemistry is the study of the physical basis of chemical systems c Physical chemistry is the study of the chemical basis of chemical systems and processes d Physical chemistry is the study of the physical basis of chemical systems and processes Answer: d Physical chemistry is concerned with the measurement, description, and prediction of the characteristics of chemical systems and their ……… with each other with respect to the transfer of mass and energy e cooperation f interactions g collaborations h interaction Answer: b Chemical thermodynamics deals with the transfer of……… in chemical changes and seeks to characterize the equilibrium state of chemical systems a strength b punch c animation d energy Answer: d Chemical kinetics deals with the rate and……… of chemical changes a mechanism b automatic c proficient d mechanical Answer: a Structure of matter (molecular structure) is a broad area of experimental and theoretical description of the properties of……… at the atomic and molecular level a matter b material c issue d substance Answer: a Only use internal -1 Unit 2: physical chemistry Quantum theory explains the nature of chemical……… while the spectra of atoms and molecules are explained by quantum mechanics a link b tie c Bonding d obligation Answer: c The discipline that allows us to bring our knowledge of……… structure to bear on the problems of equilibrium and kinetics is found in the study of statistical mechanics a atoms b molecular c substances d compound Answer: b a b c d Unlike gases, liquids not have the……… of infinite expansibility property material goods goods belongings Answer: a As a result, a given sample of a liquid has clearly defined……… surfaces a pounce b leap c bounding d limit Answer: c 10 Compared with gases, liquids are only slightly compressible and expansible, their volumes changing relatively……… with changes in temperature and pressure a powerful b minute c large d little Answer: d 11 In terms of the……… molecular theory, the average distances between molecules are much less in liquids than in gases a mobile Only use internal -2 Unit 2: physical chemistry b kinetic c immobile d static Answer: b 12 Furthermore, in liquids the kinetic energy of the molecules is apparently largely overcome by the……… forces between them a rigid b incoherent c cohesive d interconnect Answer: c 13 We may consider the liquid state, then, simply as an extension of the gaseous state into the region of short intermolecular distances and high……… attractions a b c d intermolecular interatomic interaction inter – tie Answer: a 14 Despite the strong forces of………………., the molecules in a liquid cannot be considered as rigidly fixed a attraction b rejection c pull d attractant Answer: a 15 All liquids flow, a fact which is best explained by the assumption that there is a continuous movement or …………… of the molecules throughout the body of a liquid a diffuse b spread c diffusion d diffused Answer: c 16 As a result of the attractive forces between molecules, however, all liquids are characterized by a certain internal friction which tends to resist the movement of one portion of the liquid in relation to another This internal resistance to flow is called…………… Only use internal -3 Unit 2: physical chemistry a b c d viscous viscosity viscidity b and c are correct Answer: d 17 Viscosity is an …………… property from a practical as well as from a theoretical standpoint a unimportant b important c insignificant d valuable Answer: b 18 The value of an oil for lubricating purposes is determined to a large extent by its viscosity and by the exact manner in which its viscosity varies with……………… a temperature b pressure c energy d air Answer: a 19 A heavy oil is one that is highly……………, whereas a light oil has a lower viscosity a viscous b viscosity c viscid d a and c are correct Answer: d 20 Various devices for determining the relative viscosities of …… are in common use; most of them depend either upon the rates of flow of liquids through capillary tubes or standard orifices, or upon the resistance which the liquids offer to the ………… of disc or paddles, or the dropping of balls through the liquids a liquids – alternation b liquids – rotation c liquidation – rotation d liquidation – alternation Answer: b 21 The intermolecular forces of attraction account ………… for the viscosities ………… for the surface behavior of liquids a not only - but also b so – that Only use internal -4 Unit 2: physical chemistry c not – that d a and c are correct Answer: a 22 Any molecule in the center of a liquid is attracted equally in all directions by the …………… molecules a surrounding b arounding c immediately d bounding Answer: a 23 At the surface, however, a molecule is ……… by other molecules of the liquid only in those directions which lie within the 180 are ………… the plane of the surface a arounded – below b surrounded – below c surrounded – above d arounded – above Answer: b 24 The resultant of molecular attractions is an ………… force down ward tending to draw the surface molecules into the body of the liquid and therefore to reduce the surface to a………… a minimum – maximum b balanced – minimum c maximum – minimum d unbalanced – minimum Answer: d 25 The ……… energies of the molecules in a …… are acting continually in oppositions to the intermolecular forces is even more strikingly demonstrated by the familiar phenomenon of evaporation a kinetics – liquid b dynamic– liquids c kinetic – liquid d kinetic – aqueous Answer: c 26 As in gases, not all of the molecules of a liquid have the …… kinetic energy a unchanged b uncharged c opposite d same Answer: d Only use internal -5 Unit 2: physical chemistry 27 ………… of a given body of liquid proceeds more readily the larger the surface area and any factor which tends to facilitate the escape of molecules from the surface of a liquid likewise increases the rate of………………… a evaporation - purification b evaporation – sublimation c evaporation – evaporation d a and b are correct Answer: c 28 The process of evaporation is accelerated by rise in………… , which increases the average kinetic energy of the molecules, as well as by decrease of the gaseous pressure ……… the liquid, which reduces the concentration of molecules that tend to block the escape of other molecules from the liquid a temperature – above b temperature – below c pressure – above d pressure – below Answer: a 29 Evaporation of a liquid in a closed vessel does not appear to proceed……………, for after a time the volume of the liquid remains……… This fact is readily explainable in terms of the kinetic-molecular theory a immediately – beginning b immediately – constant c indefinitely – constant d indefinitely - beginning Answer: c 30 As the concentration of free molecules above the liquid increases, more and more molecules of the vapor, in the course of their motion, …………… with the surface and are recaptured by the liquid a collided b collide c conflicted d a and b are correct Answer: b 31 Bond Bond Enthalpy (kJ/mol) 435 243 H-H Cl-Cl Only use internal -6 Unit 2: physical chemistry H-C 414 H-Cl 431 C-Cl 331 Based on the bond enthalpies listed above, what is the value of ∆H for the reaction CH + Cl → CH Cl + H ? a 275 kJ b 109 kJ c 83 kJ d – 83 kJ e – 109 kJ 32 Eventually a condition in which the rate of condensation of the vapor id ……… the rate of evaporation of the liquid is attained a less than b more than c even to d equal to Answer: d 33 Such a condition, in which two opposite changes are proceeding at equal rates, is called dynamic………… a equilibrium b equipment c equimolecular d equation Answer: a 34 The pressure of the vapor in ………… with a liquid at a given temperature is called the ………… of the liquid at that temperature a stability – vapor pressure b balance – steam pressure c equimolecular – steam pressure d equilibrium – vapor pressure Answer: d 35 The vapor pressure of water at 0 C is 4.6 mm of……… a mercurial b mercury c quicksilver d b and c are correct Answer: d 36 Ordinary evaporation is a …………… phenomenon only a surface Only use internal -7 Unit 2: physical chemistry b outside c skin d smooth Answer: a 37 As a liquid is heated, however, a ………… is reached at which bubbles of vapor form rapidly throughout the whole volume of liquid a pressure b temperature c weight d power Answer: b 38 The bubblses rise to the surface and burst as the vapor escapes The liquid is then said to……………., and the phenomenon is called boiling or…………… a boiling - ebullioscopy b boiling - ebullition c boil - ebullition d boil - ebullioscopy Answer: c 39 The pressure within the bubbles is ………… the vapor pressure of the liquid at that temperature, and the bubbles obviously …………… form and increase in size until that value equals the external ……………… upon the liquid a less than – can – temperature b equal to – cannot – pressure c more than – can – pressure d equal to – cannot – temperature Answer: b 40 The ……………………of a liquid is that temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the external ………… acting upon the surface of the liquid a boiling point – temperature b vapor point – pressure c boiling point – pressure d vapor point – temperature Answer: c 41 All the heat energy absorbed by a liquid at its boiling point is used to………… the liquid a vaporize b vaporized Only use internal -8 Unit 2: physical chemistry c vaporise d a and c are correct Answer: d 42 No matter how rapidly heat is supplied, the temperature of a pure boiling liquid remains……… , as long as the pressure is ………… a constantly – unchanged b constant – unchanged c constant – changed d constantly – changed Answer: b 43 What is the oxidation state of chromium in (NH ) Cr O ? a +7 b +5 c +6 d +4 Answer: c 44 Given that a certain organic compound absorbs light in the visible region, it CANNOT be true that it a is aromatic b is an alkane c contains a nitro group d contains a chlorine atom Answer: b 45 Which of the following hydrogen molecules has the highest vibrational frequency (D = deuterium; T = tritium) H2 a HD b D2 c HT d Answer: a 46 Of the following, which corresponds to a compound with exactly one ring or double bond? a C H 10 O b C H 10 Cl O c C H 11 Cl d C H 12 O Answer: a 47 If 4.0g of a gas occupies 11.2L at 0.0 o C and 0.25 atmosphere, then the molecules mass of the gas is a 8.0 g Only use internal -9 Unit 2: physical chemistry b 16 g c 32 g d 64 g Answer: c 48 The azide ion, N - , is isoelectronic with which of the following? a NO b NO c CO d SO Answer: c 49 Given that dU = TdS – PdV and that H = U + PV, which of the following is true? a dH = TdS +VdP b dH = SdT – VdP c dH = - SdT – PdV d dH = dU – TdS Answer: a 50 Although graphite is thermodynamically more stable than diamond at 25 o C and atmosphere, a diamond will not transform into graphite, even over a period of thousands of years Which of the following correctly explains this observation? a ∆G for reaction C(diamond) → C(graphite) is greater than zero b The reverse reaction C(graphite) → C(diamond) would proceed relatively quickly c ∆S for reaction C(diamond) → C(graphite) is less than zero d The reaction C(diamond) → C(graphite) is not observed because it has a large activation energy Answer: d 51 How is cohesive force? a link force b coagulative force c active force d sticky force Answer: c 52 What is the Vietnamese meaning of “internal resistance”? a lực liên kết nội b lực liên kết ngoại c lực ma sát nội d lực ma sát ngoại Answer: c Only use internal - 10 Unit 2: physical chemistry a Heavy b Hard c Soft d Hard and soft Correct answer: c The carboxylate end of the soap molecule is attracted to water It is called the water-loving end What does the “water-loving” mean? a Hydrophilic b Hydrophobic c Electrophilic d Nucleophilic Correct answer: a 10 The hydrocarbon chain is attracted to oil and grease and repelled by water It is known as the water-hating end What does the “water-hating” mean? a Hydrophilic b Hydrophobic c Electrophilic d Nucleophilic Correct answer: b 11 How many general categories of soaps and detergents found in the home a personal cleansing, laundry, dishwashing and household cleaning b personal cleansing, laundry and dishwashing c laundry, dishwashing and household cleaning d personal cleansing and laundry Correct answer: a 12 Fabric softeners make fabrics ……….and fluffier a Softer b Harder c Lighter d Heavier Only use internal - 59 Unit 2: physical chemistry Correct answer: a 13 Water softeners, added to the wash or rinse, inactivate hard water minerals Since detergents are more effective in ……… a Hard water b Soft water c Mineral water d Hard and soft water Correct answer: b 14 Laundry Detergents and Laundry Aids are available as liquids, powders, gels, sticks, sprays,……?… a pumps and sheets b pumps c sheets and bars d pumps, sheets and bars Correct answer: d 15 Enzyme presoaks are used for soaking items before washing to remove difficult stains and soils When added to the wash water, they increase……?… a cleaning power b weight powder c wet powder d small powder Correct answer: a 16 Soap and detergent manufacturing consists of a broad range of processing and -… ?…… a Cleaning operations b Packed operations c packaging operations d Finishing operations Correct answer: c Only use internal - 60 Unit 2: physical chemistry 17 Cleaning products come in three principal forms: What they are? a Gel, powders and liquids b Gel, bars and liquids c Gel, bars and powders d bars, powders and liquids Correct answer: d 18 Traditional bar soaps are made from fats and oils or their fatty acids which are reacted with …… a inorganic soluble-water bases b inorganic water-soluble bases c inorganic bases water-soluble d water-soluble bases inorganic Correct answer: b 19 The final step in the manufacture of soaps and detergents is …… ? a packaging b finishing c cleaning d selling Correct answer: a 20 Soap and detergent manufacturing ……?… a broad range of processing and packaging operations a consist of b constitution of c consists d consists of Correct answer: d 21 The raw materials may be …?…… to remove impurities and to achieve the color, odor and performance features desired in the finished bar a treated b pretreated c treat d pretreat Only use internal - 61 Unit 2: physical chemistry Correct answer: b Only use internal - 62 Unit 2: physical chemistry 65 cau ve more reading about environment The biosphere consists of a atmosphere b hydrosphere and atmosphere c atmosphere and lithosphere d atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere Answer: d Atmosphere a is air environment b consists of air and water c consists of soil and water d consists of soil and air Answer: a Hydrosphere a is air environment b is soil environment c is water environment d is water and soil environment Answer: c The biosphere is place where a living things not interact with their environment b living things interact with their environment c nonliving things interact each other d living things interact each other Answer: b Lithosphere is a air environment b water and air environment c soil environment d organisms and their environment Answer: c Studying an ecosystem concentrates on a the relationship between organisms and organisms b the relationship between organisms and their environment c the relationship between nonliving things d plants and animals Answer: b The term ecosystem refers to a all the living things in a given area Only use internal - 63 Unit 2: physical chemistry b all the living things and the nonliving things in a given area c all the nonliving things in a given area d the relationship between organisms and organisms Answer: b A grassland is an ecosystem because it consists of a the grass b earthworms, insects and bacteria c plants and animals d plants and animals together with their surroundings Answer: d The living components of an ecosystem affect the nonliving components by a the consumption b the decomposition c the production d the relationship between organisms and their environment Answer: d 10 is known as the biotic a The nonliving components b The living components c The nonliving and the living components d all are correct Answer: b 11 The abiotic components consist of a plants and animals b factors of the nonliving environment c factors of the living environment d bacteria Answer: b 12 Both the biotic and abiotic components a are unequally important in the ecosystem b are equally important in the ecosystem c are not important in the ecosystem d not relate in the ecosystem Answer: b 13 are known as the producers a Animals b Green plants c Both green plants and animals d Bacteria Only use internal - 64 Unit 2: physical chemistry Answer: b 14 capture the energy from the sun and together with carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the air and water (H2O) convert together those into food energy a Green plants b Animals c Both green plants and animals d Bacteria Answer: a 15 Plants are known as autotrophs because a they are green plants b they are producers c they are able to manufacture their own food d they are consumers Answer: c 16 can take substances from the environment and covert those into materials that can be used by other organisms as food a Green plants b Animals c Consumers d Decomposers Answer: a 17 can provide oxygen which is taken in by humans and animals in the process of respiration a Consumers b Animals c Green plants d Decomposers Answer: c 18 We call the microscopic plants phytoplankton because a they give a pond or a body of water a green color b they are invisible to your eyes c they are microscopic drifting plants d big plants Answer: c 19 green plants consist of a trees b big plants c phytoplankton d trees, big plants and phytoplankton Only use internal - 65 Unit 2: physical chemistry Answer: d 20 Animals are known as heterotrophs because a they obtain their food from plants or other animals b they are producers c they are able to manufacture their own food d they are unlike the green plants Answer: a 21 Consumers include a herbivores b carnivores c omnivores d herbivores, carnivores and omnivores Answer: d 22 Herbivores are those a that eat animals and plants b that eat animals c that eat plants only d producers Answer: c 23 Carnivores are those a that eat animals and plants b that eat animals only c that eat plants d consumers Answer: b 24 Omnivores are those a that eat animals and plants b that eat animals only c that eat plants only d decomposers Answer: a 25 A human being is a a herbivore b carnivore c omnivore d producer Answer: c 26 All the energy used by animals come from Only use internal - 66 Unit 2: physical chemistry a the sun b the plants c other animals d the plants and other animals Answer: b 27 The decomposers a cannot use the bodies of dead animals and plants for their food b can capture the energy from the sun c can use the bodies of dead animals and plants for their food d can use the energy from the sun Answer: c 28 Biotic components of the ecosystem include a producers b decomposers c consumers d all are correct Answer: d 29 is known as its ecological habitat a The work performed by an organism b The place where the organism lives in the ecosystem c The energy flows from the sun to the organisms d The work performed by an organism and the place where the organism lives in the ecosystem Answer: b 30 The nonliving factors of the environment make up a the ecosystem b biotic component of the ecosystem c abiotic component of the ecosystem d ecological habitat Answer: c 31 are the nonliving factors of the environment make up a light, temperature b water, pH c wind, chemical nutrients, soil d light, temperature, water, pH, wind, chemical nutrients, soil, etc Answer: d 32 Environmental factors can a provide essential energy and materials to organisms b determine the kind of organisms Only use internal - 67 Unit 2: physical chemistry c provide the conditions necessary for the survival of the organisms d provide essential energy, materials, conditions and determine the kind of organisms Answer: d 33 Autotroph is a self-nourishing organism b organisms that cannot produce its own food c organisms that feeds on others d consumer Answer: a 34 Biomass a Amount of organic materials in plants b Amount of organic materials in plants and animals c Amount of organic materials in animals d Amount of organic materials in producers, consumers and decomposers Answer: d 35 Energy pathway which proceeds from the producers to the consumers is known as a food web b food chain c food net d food cycle Answer: b 36 Photosynthesis is a Process of manufacturing food by green plants b Process of manufacturing food by animals c Process of manufacturing food by bacteria d Process of manufacturing food by fungi Answer: a 37 The difference between energy that flows into an ecosystem and chemical nutrients is a energy that flows into an ecosystem can be recycled and chemical nutrients are used repeatedly b energy that flows into an ecosystem cannot be recycled but chemical nutrients are used repeatedly c energy that flows into an ecosystem cannot be recycled and chemical nutrients are not used repeatedly d energy that flows into an ecosystem is energy but chemical nutrients are materials Answer: b 38 The movement of the materials and nutrients between the living and nonliving Only use internal - 68 Unit 2: physical chemistry environment is known as a the energy flows b the energy cycles c the nutrients cycles d the nutrients flows Answer: c 39 The energy from the sun first flows to a the herbivore b the plants c the carnivore d omnivore Answer: b 40 Choose the right sentence a The energy from the sun flows to the carnivore and to the last consumer until the energy is lost into the ecosystem b The energy from the sun flows to the herbivore that eats the plant, goes to the carnivore, and to the last consumer until the energy is lost into the ecosystem c The energy from the sun flows to the plants goes to the herbivore that eats the plant, to the carnivore, and to the last consumer until the energy is lost into the ecosystem d The energy from the sun flows to the animals goes to the herbivore that eats the plant, to the carnivore, and to the last consumer until the energy is lost into the ecosystem Answer: c 41 The energy a cannot go back to the source b can be used over and over again c can go back to the source d can be stored in biomass only Answer: a 42 Bacteria and fungi are known as a consumers b decomposers c producers d consumers and decomposers Answer: d 43 The nutrients a are stored in the abiotic environment b are stored in the biotic environment c are stored in the abiotic and the biotic environment Only use internal - 69 Unit 2: physical chemistry d cannot stored at all Answer: a 44 The nutrients can be used a over and over by plants b over and over by animals c over and over by decomposers d by producers, consumers and decomposers Answer: d 45 Through the cycle of nutrients a the organic compounds found in the bodies of organisms aren’t converted inorganic compounds b the organic compounds found in the bodies of organisms are converted other organic compounds c the organic compounds found in the bodies of organisms are converted inorganic compounds d the inorganic compounds found in the bodies of organisms are converted inorganic compounds Answer: c into into into into 46 Nutrients may be classified into a one type b two types c three types d four types Answer: b 47 What are macronutrients a carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen b copper and zinc c iron and boron d magnesium Answer: a 48 Choose the right sentence a Macronutrients are those that are required by the organisms in large quantities b Macronutrients are those that are required by the organisms in small quantities c Macronutrients aren’t the major components of fats and carbohydrates d Macronutrients is necessary in the production of chlorophyll Answer: a 49 The highest amount of moisture that the air can hold is called a evaporation b saturation Only use internal - 70 Unit 2: physical chemistry c respiration d condensation Answer: b 50 The processes of are responsible for the return of water from the atmosphere into the land and other bodies of water a evaporation b saturation c condensation and precipitation d evaporation, saturation, condensation and precipitation Answer: c 51 The water from the land and other bodies of water returns to the atmosphere through the process of a evaporation b saturation c condensation and precipitation d evaporation, saturation, condensation and precipitation Answer: a 52 Returning of water from the atmosphere into the land and other bodies of water through a the process of evaporation b the processes of condensation and precipitation c the processes of condensation d The processes of precipitation Answer: b 53 The water from the land and other bodies of water returns to the atmosphere through a the process of evaporation b the processes of condensation and precipitation c the processes of condensation d The processes of precipitation Answer: a 54 Much of the carbon in the environment exists in the form of a coal, oil and gas b carbon dioxide (CO2) c hydro carbonate (H2CO3) d calcium carbonate Answer: b 55 Carbon dioxide mainly releases through a the process of photosynthesis Only use internal - 71 Unit 2: physical chemistry b the process of respiration c burning d the process of respiration and burning Answer: d 56 Plants use CO2 in the process of a photosynthesis b respiration c burning d photosynthesis, respiration and burning Answer: a 57 Though the process of respiration, animals a obtain their food from the plants b release CO2 c obtain there food from other animals d obtain their food from the plants and release CO2 Answer: d 58 Plants use nitrogen in the form of a nitrites b nitrates c nitrites and nitrates d nitrogen Answer: b 59 Nitrogen is a macronutrient b micronutrient c intermediate-nutrient d micronutrient and intermediate-nutrient Answer: a 60 Nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted into nitrates in ways a one way b two ways c three ways d many ways Answer: b 61 The organisms that convert nitrogen are a bacteria b algae c fungi and algae d bacteria, algae, and fungi Only use internal - 72 Unit 2: physical chemistry Answer: d 62 The converting nitrites into nitrogen is called a nitrification b denitrification c nitrogen-fixing d nitrogen cycle Answer: b 63 The most complex of the nutrient cycles are a carbon cycles b phosphorus cycles c water cycles d nitrogen cycles Answer: d 64 Algae bloom is a very rapid growth of algae in surface waters due to increase in inorganic nutrients b very rapid growth of algae in surface waters due to increase in organic nutrients c very rapid growth of algae in deep waters due to increase in inorganic nutrients d Very rapid growth of algae in deep waters due to increase in organic nutrients Answer: a 65 Eutrophication is a Accumulation of nutrients in a lake or pond due to human intervention b Accumulation of nutrients in a lake or pond due to human intervention or nature causes c Accumulation of nutrients in a lake or pond due to nature causes d Accumulation of organism in a lake or pond Answer: b Only use internal - 73