Memorable: Almost all the best adverts are memorable in some way.Persuasive: Some ads are extremely persuasive and we find we buy products wedo not really need.Misleading: Although there are regulations against this, many adverts are stillmisleadingAdvance: One major advance is in the use of computers in transport regulation.Develop development: It is not easy to predict how this technology is going todevelop.Progress: The 21st century has already seen considerable progress in computertechnology.Revolution revolutionary revolutionise: It is undeniable that computers haverevolutionised our lives.Breakthrough: One of the greatest technological breakthroughs ever made wasthe microchip
The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the United States by Charles A Beard and Mary R Beard This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: History of the United States Author: Charles A Beard and Mary R Beard Release Date: October 28, 2005 [EBook #16960] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES *** Produced by Curtis Weyant, M and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES BY CHARLES A BEARD AND MARY R BEARD New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1921 All rights reserved Copyright, 1921, By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Set up and electrotyped Published March, 1921 Norwood Press J.S Cushing Co.—Berwick & Smith Co Norwood, Mass., U.S.A PREFACE As things now stand, the course of instruction in American history in our public schools embraces three distinct treatments of the subject Three separate books are used First, there is the primary book, which is usually a very condensed narrative with emphasis on biographies and anecdotes Second, there is the advanced text for the seventh or eighth grade, generally speaking, an expansion of the elementary book by the addition of forty or fifty thousand words Finally, there is the high school manual This, too, ordinarily follows the beaten path, giving fuller accounts of the same events and characters To put it bluntly, we not assume that our children obtain permanent possessions from their study of history in the lower grades If mathematicians followed the same method, high school texts on algebra and geometry would include the multiplication table and fractions There is, of course, a ready answer to the criticism advanced above It is that teachers have learned from bitter experience how little history their pupils retain as they pass along the regular route No teacher of history will deny this Still it is a standing challenge to existing methods of historical instruction If the study of history cannot be made truly progressive like the study of mathematics, science, and languages, then the historians assume a grave responsibility in adding their subject to the already overloaded curriculum If the successive historical texts are only enlarged editions of the first text—more facts, more dates, more words—then history deserves most of the sharp criticism which it is receiving from teachers of science, civics, and economics In this condition of affairs we find our justification for offering a new high school text in American history Our first contribution is one of omission The time-honored stories of exploration and the biographies of heroes are left out We frankly hold that, if pupils know little or nothing about Columbus, Cortes, Magellan, or Captain John Smith by the time they reach the high school, it is useless to tell the same stories for perhaps the fourth time It is worse than useless It is an offense against the teachers of those subjects that are demonstrated to be progressive in character In the next place we have omitted all descriptions of battles Our reasons for this are simple The strategy of a campaign or of a single battle is a highly technical, and usually a highly controversial, matter about which experts differ widely In the field of military and naval operations most writers and teachers of history are mere novices To dispose of Gettysburg or the Wilderness in ten lines or ten pages is equally absurd to the serious student of military affairs Any one who compares the ordinary textbook account of a single Civil War campaign with the account given by Ropes, for instance, will ask for no further comment No youth called upon to serve our country in arms would think of turning to a high school manual for information about the art of warfare The dramatic scene or episode, so useful in arousing the interest of the immature pupil, seems out of place in a book that deliberately appeals to boys and girls on the very threshold of life's serious responsibilities It is not upon negative features, however, that we rest our case It is rather upon constructive features First We have written a topical, not a narrative, history We have tried to set forth the important aspects, problems, and movements of each period, bringing in the narrative rather by way of illustration Second We have emphasized those historical topics which help to explain how our nation has come to be what it is to-day Third We have dwelt fully upon the social and economic aspects of our history, especially in relation to the politics of each period Fourth We have treated the causes and results of wars, the problems of financing and sustaining armed forces, rather than military strategy These are the subjects which belong to a history for civilians These are matters which civilians can understand—matters which they must understand, if they are to play well their part in war and peace Fifth By omitting the period of exploration, we have been able to enlarge the treatment of our own time We have given special attention to the history of those current questions which must form the subject matter of sound instruction in citizenship Sixth We have borne in mind that America, with all her unique characteristics, is a part of a general civilization Accordingly we have given diplomacy, foreign affairs, world relations, and the reciprocal influences of nations their appropriate place Seventh We have deliberately aimed at standards of maturity The study of a mere narrative calls mainly for the use of the memory We have aimed to stimulate habits of analysis, comparison, association, reflection, and generalization—habits calculated to enlarge as well as inform the mind We have been at great pains to make our text clear, simple, and direct; but we have earnestly sought to stretch the intellects of our readers—to put them upon their mettle Most of them will receive the last of their formal instruction in the high school The world will soon expect maturity from them Their achievements will depend upon the possession of other powers than memory alone The effectiveness of their citizenship in our republic will be measured by the excellence of their judgment as well as the fullness of their information C.A.B M.R.B New York City, February 8, 1921 A SMALL LIBRARY IN AMERICAN HISTORY SINGLE VOLUMES: BASSETT, J.S A Short History of the United States ELSON, H.W History of the United States of America SERIES: "Epochs of American History," edited by A.B Hart HART, A.B Formation of the Union THWAITES, R.G The Colonies WILSON, WOODROW Division and Reunion "Riverside Series," edited by W.E Dodd BECKER, C.L Beginnings of the American People DODD, W.E Expansion and Conflict JOHNSON, A Union and Democracy PAXSON, F.L The New Nation CONTENTS PART I THE COLONIAL PERIOD chapter I The Great Migration to America The Agencies of American Colonization The Colonial Peoples The Process of Colonization II Colonial Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce The Land and the Westward Movement Industrial and Commercial Development III Social and Political Progress The Leadership of the Churches Schools and Colleges The Colonial Press The Evolution in Political Institutions IV The Development of Colonial Nationalism Relations with the Indians and the French The Effects of Warfare on the Colonies page 12 20 20 28 38 39 43 46 48 56 57 61 Colonial Relations with the British Government Summary of Colonial Period PART II CONFLICT AND INDEPENDENCE V The New Course in British Imperial Policy George III and His System George III's Ministers and Their Colonial Policies Colonial Resistance Forces Repeal Resumption of British Revenue and Commercial Policies Renewed Resistance in America Retaliation by the British Government From Reform to Revolution in America VI The American Revolution Resistance and Retaliation American Independence The Establishment of Government and the New Allegiance Military Affairs The Finances of the Revolution The Diplomacy of the Revolution Peace at Last Summary of the Revolutionary Period PART III FOUNDATIONS OF THE UNION AND NATIONAL POLITICS VII The Formation of the Constitution The Promise and the Difficulties of America The Calling of a Constitutional Convention The Framing of the Constitution The Struggle over Ratification VIII The Clash of Political Parties The Men and Measures of the New Government The Rise of Political Parties Foreign Influences and Domestic Politics IX The Jeffersonian Republicans in Power Republican Principles and Policies The Republicans and the Great West The Republican War for Commercial Independence The Republicans Nationalized The National Decisions of Chief Justice Marshall Summary of Union and National Politics PART IV THE WEST AND JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY 64 73 77 77 79 83 87 90 93 95 99 99 101 108 116 125 127 132 135 139 139 143 146 157 162 162 168 171 186 186 188 193 201 208 212 X The Farmers beyond the Appalachians Preparation for Western Settlement The Western Migration and New States The Spirit of the Frontier The West and the East Meet XI Jacksonian Democracy The Democratic Movement in the East The New Democracy Enters the Arena The New Democracy at Washington The Rise of the Whigs The Interaction of American and European Opinion XII The Middle Border and the Great West The Advance of the Middle Border On to the Pacific—Texas and the Mexican War The Pacific Coast and Utah Summary of Western Development and National Politics PART V SECTIONAL CONFLICT AND RECONSTRUCTION XIII The Rise of the Industrial System The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution and National Politics XIV The Planting System and National Politics Slavery—North and South Slavery in National Politics The Drift of Events toward the Irrepressible Conflict XV The Civil War and Reconstruction The Southern Confederacy The War Measures of the Federal Government The Results of the Civil War Reconstruction in the South Summary of the Sectional Conflict PART VI NATIONAL GROWTH AND WORLD POLITICS XVI The Political and Economic Evolution of the South The South at the Close of the War The Restoration of White Supremacy The Economic Advance of the South XVII Business Enterprise and the Republican Party Railways and Industry The Supremacy of the Republican Party (1861-1885) The Growth of Opposition to Republican Rule 217 217 221 228 230 238 238 244 250 260 265 271 271 276 284 292 295 296 307 316 316 324 332 344 344 350 365 370 375 379 379 382 389 401 401 412 417 XVIII The Development of the Great West The Railways as Trail Blazers The Evolution of Grazing and Agriculture Mining and Manufacturing in the West The Admission of New States The Influence of the Far West on National Life XIX Domestic Issues before the Country(1865-1897) The Currency Question The Protective Tariff and Taxation The Railways and Trusts The Minor Parties and Unrest The Sound Money Battle of 1896 Republican Measures and Results XX America a World Power(1865-1900) American Foreign Relations (1865-1898) Cuba and the Spanish War American Policies in the Philippines and the Orient Summary of National Growth and World Politics 425 425 431 436 440 443 451 452 459 460 462 466 472 477 478 485 497 504 PART VII PROGRESSIVE DEMOCRACY AND THE WORLD WAR XXI The Evolution of Republican Policies(1901-1913) Foreign Affairs Colonial Administration The Roosevelt Domestic Policies Legislative and Executive Activities The Administration of President Taft Progressive Insurgency and the Election of 1912 XXII The Spirit of Reform in America An Age of Criticism Political Reforms Measures of Economic Reform XXIII The New Political Democracy The Rise of the Woman Movement The National Struggle for Woman Suffrage XXIV Industrial Democracy Coöperation between Employers and Employees The Rise and Growth of Organized Labor The Wider Relations of Organized Labor Immigration and Americanization XXV President Wilson and the World War Domestic Legislation 507 508 515 519 523 527 530 536 536 538 546 554 555 562 570 571 575 577 582 588 588 Colonial and Foreign Policies The United States and the European War The United States at War The Settlement at Paris Summary of Democracy and the World War Appendix A Topical Syllabus Index 592 596 604 612 620 627 645 655 MAPS page The Original Grants (color map) Facing German and Scotch-Irish Settlements 27 Distribution of Population in 1790 59 English, French, and Spanish Possessions in America, 1750 (color map) Facing 108 The Colonies at the Time of the Declaration of Independence (color map) Facing 134 North America according to the Treaty of 1783 (color map) Facing 193 The United States in 1805 (color map) Facing 224 Roads and Trails into Western Territory (color map) Facing 233 The Cumberland Road 235 Distribution of Population in 1830 282 Texas and the Territory in Dispute 285 The Oregon Country and the Disputed Boundary 287 The Overland Trails 323 Distribution of Slaves in Southern States 326 The Missouri Compromise 335 Slave and Free Soil on the Eve of the Civil War 345 The United States in 1861 (color map) Facing 405 Railroads of the United States in 1918 427 The United States in 1870 (color map) Facing 443 The United States in 1912 (color map) Facing 500 American Dominions in the Pacific (color map) Facing 592 The Caribbean Region (color map) Facing 613 Battle Lines of the Various Years of the World War Europe in 1919 (color map) Between 618-619 ILLUSTRATIONS The Nations of the West John Winthrop, Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company William Penn, Proprietor of Pennsylvania A Glimpse of Old Germantown Old Dutch Fort and English Church Near Albany Southern Plantation Mansion A New England Farmhouse Domestic Industry: Dipping Tallow Candles The Dutch West India Warehouse in New Amsterdam (New York City) A Page from a Famous Schoolbook The Royal Governor's Palace at New Berne Virginians Defending Themselves against the Indians Braddock's Retreat Benjamin Franklin George III Patrick Henry Samuel Adams Spirit of 1776 Thomas Paine Thomas Jefferson Reading His Draft of the Declaration Mobbing the Tories George Washington Robert Morris Alexander Hamilton An Advertisement of The Federalist Celebrating the Ratification First United States Bank at Philadelphia Louis XVI in the Hands of the Mob A Quarrel between a Federalist and a Republican New England Jumping into the Hands of George III John Marshall A Log Cabin—Lincoln's Birthplace An Early Mississippi Steamboat Thomas Dorr Arousing His Followers Andrew Jackson Daniel Webster An Old Cartoon Ridiculing Clay's Tariff Santa Barbara Mission San Francisco in 1849 A New England Mill Built in 1793 An Early Railway Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1838 John C Calhoun Henry Clay An Old Cartoon Representing Webster "Stealing Clay's Thunder" Harriet Beecher Stowe Jefferson Davis The Draft Riots in New York City A Blockade Runner John Bright William H Seward Abraham Lincoln General Ulysses S Grant General Robert E Lee The Federal Military Hospital at Gettysburg Steel Mills—Birmingham, Alabama A Southern Cotton Mill in a Cotton Field A Glimpse of Memphis, Tennessee A Corner in the Bethlehem Steel Works John D Rockefeller Wall Street, New York City A Town on the Prairie Logging The Canadian Building Commodore Perry's Men Making Presents to the Japanese William J Bryan in 1898 President McKinley and His Cabinet Grover Cleveland An old cartoon.A Sight Too Bad Cuban Revolutionists A Philippine Home and territories, 325f compromises, 350 abolished, 357f Smith, Joseph, 290 Socialism, 577f Solid South, 388 Solomon, Hayn, 126 Sons of liberty, 82 South: economic and political views, 309f See also Slavery and Planting system, and Reconstruction South Carolina: founded, nullification, 253f See also Constitutions, state, Suffrage, Slavery, and Secession South Dakota, 442 Spain: and Revolution, 130 Louisiana, 190 Monroe Doctrine, 205 Spanish War, 490f Spoils system, 244, 250, 418, 536ff Stamp act, 82f Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 564 States: disorders under Articles of Confederation, 141 constitutions, federal limits on, 155 position after Civil War, 366f See also Suffrage, Nullification, and Secession Steamboat, 234 Stowe, H.B., 332 Strikes: of 1877, 581 Pullman, 581 coal, 526 See also Labor Submarine campaign, 600f Suffrage: colonial, 42, 51 first state constitutions, 239 White manhood, 242 Negro, 374f., 385 Woman, 110, 562ff Sugar act, 81 Sumner, Charles, 319 Sumter, Fort, 350 Swedes, 3, 13 Taft, W.H., 527f Tammany Hall, 306, 418 Taney, Chief Justice, 357 Tariff: first, 167 of 1816, 203 development of, 251f abominations, 249, 253 nullification, 251 of 1842, 264 Southern views of, 309f of 1857, 337 Civil War, 367 Wilson bill, 459 McKinley bill, 422 Dingley bill, 472 Payne-Aldrich, 528 Underwood, 588 Taxation: and representation, 149 and Constitution, 154 Civil War, 353 and wealth, 522, 551 and World War, 606 Tea act, 88 Tea party, 92 Tenement house reform, 549 Tennessee, 28, 224 Territories, Northwest, 219 South of the Ohio, 219 See also Slavery and Compromise Texas, 278f Tippecanoe, battle, 198 Tocqueville, 267 Toleration, religious, 42 Tories, colonial, 84 in Revolution, 112 Townshend acts, 80, 87 Trade, colonial, 70 legislation, 70 See Commerce Transylvania company, 28 Treasury, independent, 263 Treaties, of 1763, 61 alliance with France, 177 of 1783 with England, 134 Jay, 177, 218 Louisiana purchase, 191 of 1815, 201 Ashburton, 265 of 1848 with Mexico, 283 Washington with England, 481 with Spain, 492 Versailles (1919), 612f Trenton, battle, 116 Trollope, Mrs., 268 Trusts, 405f., 461, 472ff., 521, 526, 530 Tweed, W.M., 418 Tyler, President, 264f., 281, 349 "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 332 Union party, 365 Unions See Labor Utah, 290f., 329, 442 Utilities, municipal, 548 Vallandigham, 360 Valley Forge, 116, 129 Van Buren, Martin, 262 Venango, Fort, 59 Venezuela, 482f., 512 Vermont, 223 Vicksburg, 361 Virginia: founded, See also Royal province, Constitutions, state, Planting system, Slavery, Secession, and Immigration Walpole, Sir Robert, 66 Wars: colonial, 57f Revolutionary, 99f of 1812, 199f Mexican, 282f Civil, 344f Spanish, 490f World, 596f Washington: warns French, 60 in French war, 63 commander-in-chief, 101f and movement for Constitution, 142f as President, 166f Farewell Address, 178 Washington City, 166 Washington State, 442 Webster, 256, 265, 328 Welfare work, 573 Whigs: English, 78 colonial, 83 rise of party, 260f., 334, 340 Whisky Rebellion, 171 White Camelia, 382 White Plains, battle, 114 Whitman, Marcus, 284 William and Mary College, 45 Williams, Roger, 5, 42 Wilmot Proviso, 326 Wilson, James, 147 Wilson, Woodrow, election, 533 administrations, 588f Winthrop, John, Wisconsin, admission, 274 Witchcraft, 41 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 556 Women: colonial, 28 Revolutionary War, 124 labor, 305 education and civil rights, 554f suffrage, 562f Workmen's compensation, 549 Writs of assistance, 88 Wyoming, admission, 442 X, Y, Z affair, 180 Yale, 44 Young, Brigham, 290 Zenger, Peter, 48 Printed in the United States of America FOOTNOTES: [1] North Carolina ratified in November, 1789, and Rhode Island in May, 1790 [2] To prevent a repetition of such an unfortunate affair, the twelfth amendment of the Constitution was adopted in 1804, changing slightly the method of electing the President [3] Partly superseded by the 14th Amendment, p 639 [4] See the 17th Amendment, p 641 [5] Ibid., p 641 [6] See the 16th Amendment, p 640 [7] The following paragraph was in force only from 1788 to 1803 [8] Superseded by the 12th Amendment, p 638 [9] See the 11th Amendment, p 638 [10] First ten amendments proposed by Congress, Sept 25, 1789 Proclaimed to be in force Dec 15, 1791 [11] Proposed Sept 5, 1794 Declared in force January 8, 1798 [12] Adopted in 1804 [13] Adopted in 1865 [14] Adopted in 1868 [15] Proposed February 27, 1869 Declared in force March 30, 1870 [16] Passed July, 1909; proclaimed February 25, 1913 [17] Passed May, 1912, in lieu of paragraph one, Section 3, Article I, of the Constitution and so much of paragraph two of the same Section as relates to the filling of vacancies; proclaimed May 31, 1913 [18] Ratified January 16, 1919 [19] Ratified August 26, 1920 [20] Promoted from the vice-presidency on the death of the president [21] Population in 1912 [22] Population in 1918 [23] Population in 1903 [24] Population in 1917 [25] Population in 1911 Transcriber's Notes: Punctuation normalized in all Underwood and Underwood, N.Y Period added after Mass on verso page Original read "Mass, U.S.A." Chapter I, page 19, period added to pp 55-159 and pp 242-244 Chapter VIII, page 185, period added to "Vol." Original read "Vol III," Chapter XII, page 269 added period after "Vol" Vol II Chapter XII, page 270 Title of work reads "Selected Documents of United States History, 1776-1761" Research shows the document does have this title Topical Syllabus Missing periods added to normalize punctuation in entries such as on page 648 (4) Sixteenth Amendment—income tax (528-529) Index, Page 662, added comma to States: disorders under Articles of Constitution, 141 The remaining corrections made are indicated by dotted lines under the corrections Scroll the cursor over the word and the original text will appear End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the United States by Charles A Beard and Mary R Beard *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES *** ***** This file should be named 16960-h.htm or 16960-h.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/9/6/16960/ Produced by Curtis Weyant, M and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net Updated editions will replace the previous one the old editions will be renamed Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission If you not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research They may be modified and printed and given away you may practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution *** START: FULL LICENSE *** THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at http://gutenberg.net/license) Section General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenbergtm electronic works 1.A By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement If you not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8 1.B "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement There are a few things that you can with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement See paragraph 1.C below There are a lot of things you can with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works See paragraph 1.E below 1.C The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States If an individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in the United States, we not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others 1.D The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can with this work Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United States 1.E Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1 The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net 1.E.2 If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9 1.E.3 If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work 1.E.4 Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenbergtm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm 1.E.5 Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License 1.E.6 You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.net), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1 1.E.7 Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9 1.E.8 You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works 1.E.9 If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenbergtm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section below 1.F 1.F.1 Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment 1.F.2 LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3 YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE 1.F.3 LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem 1.F.4 Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE 1.F.5 Some states not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions 1.F.6 INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenbergtm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause Section Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections and and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org Section Foundation Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541 Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at http://pglaf.org/fundraising Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S federal laws and your state's laws The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr S Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous locations Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email business@pglaf.org Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at http://pglaf.org For additional contact information: Dr Gregory B Newby Chief Executive and Director gbnewby@pglaf.org Section Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements We not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit http://pglaf.org While we cannot and not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States U.S laws alone swamp our small staff Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and addresses Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including including checks, online payments and credit card donations To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate Section works General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic Professor Michael S Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenbergtm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S unless a copyright notice is included Thus, we not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: http://www.gutenberg.net This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks ... vessels The English Royal African Company sent to America annually between 1713 and 1743 from five to ten thousand slaves The ship owners of New England were not far behind their English brethren... did not operate in the colonies alone The character of the English sovereigns, the course of events in English domestic politics, and English measures of control over the colonies—executive, legislative,... provinces governed by the king The Colonial Peoples The English. —In leadership and origin the thirteen colonies, except New York and Delaware, were English During the early days of all, save these two,