As became abundantly clear during a conference sponsored by CIAs Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI) in Charlottesville, Virginia, on 10 and 11 September 2003, the challenges that face the US Intelligence Community in the aftermath of the terrorist attack on the United States two years earlier are perceived by members of that community as being far more complex, demanding, and consequential than any they have heretofore encountered. That conference brought together an experienced group of national security specialists from the intelligence and policy communities to discuss Intelligence for a New Era in American Foreign Policy. Not long after the Charlottesville conference, Dr. James Steiner, CIA’s Officer in Residence and Associate at the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy (ISD) of the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, coordinated an effort to answer one of the challenging questions that have arisen in the changed post911 security environment: how can the Intelligence Community effectively provide actionable intelligence while being mindful of its traditional practice of separating, to the extent possible, the intelligence and policy functions of national security decisionmaking. The resulting oneday roundtable conference became for CSI the first in a planned series of projects on intelligence and policy intended to foster better understanding of the often perplexing dynamic between the consumers of intelligence and intelligence professionals. The roundtable, Where Is the Red Line? Actionable Intelligence vs. Policy Advocacy, took place on 10 November 2003 at Georgetown University. Instead of using a conference format, with formal papers and designated commentators, the roundtable was conducted as a discussion among a relatively small circle of participants, divided about equally between professional (current or former) intelligence officers and senior intelligence consumers drawn from the ranks of former policymakers. Ambassador Thomas Pickering, former Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, and a former Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, Richard Kerr, served as cochairmen.