Cấu trúc quần xã thực vật phù du trong các hồ chứa ở cao nguyên Lâm Viên, tỉnh Lâm Đồng (4)

L I CAM OAN Tụi xin cam oan y l cụng trỡnh nghiờn c u c a tụi Cỏc k t qu lu n ỏn ny l trung th c, ch a cú cụng b b t k cụng trỡnh no Tỏc gi i L IC M N Tụi xin by t lũng bi t n su s c n PGS.TS D ng nh h on Nh H i, PGS.TS Lờ Bỏ ng v t n tỡnh d n d t tụi su t quỏ trỡnh nghiờn c u Tụi xin chõn thnh c m n GS.TS Nguy n Ng c Lm t o m i i u ki n thu n l i cho tụi su t quỏ trỡnh h c t p t i C s o t o Xin c m n Lnh o Vi n H i d ng h c v Lnh o Tr ng ih c L t t o i u ki n v th i gian v s h tr v v t ch t cho tụi quỏ trỡnh h c t p v nghiờn c u Xin c m n ThS Nguy n Th Mai Anh, CN Nguy n Cho h tr cho tụi nh lo i ng, th c v t phự du Xin c m n cỏc anh, ch ng nghi p, cỏc em sinh viờn khoa Mụi tr nguyờn, Tr ng ih c ng v Ti L t giỳp tụi o c, thu m u ngoi th c a v phõn tớch m u t i phũng thớ nghi m su t th i gian tụi th c hi n lu n ỏn c bi t, xin c m n gia ỡnh, s ng viờn tinh th n c a cha, m v em gỏi S hy sinh h t lũng c a ch ng cựng v i s kh e m nh, t l p c a hai giỳp tụi v qua t c kho ng th i gian y khú kh n v th thỏch v a qua Xin chõn thnh c m n t t c ! Tỏc gi Tr n Th Tỡnh ii M CL C DANH M C CC T VI T T T iv DANH M C CC THU T NG CHUYấN NGNH v DANH M C HèNH, B NG vi M U CH NG T NG QUAN 1.1 Cỏc c tr ng h nhi t i 1.1.1 Gi i thi u chung 1.1.2 Nhi t , s phõn t ng v xỏo tr n c t n c 1.1.3 B c x v 1.1.4 Dinh d 1.1.5 L 1.2 ng v cỏc ch t hũa tan .8 i th c n, nh h ng top-down v bottom-up h sinh thỏi h .9 c i m hỡnh thỏi v phõn lo i TVPD n 1.2.1 c ng t 12 c i m hỡnh thỏi v nh ng c n c phõn lo i TVPD 12 1.2.2 Cỏc nhúm TVPD n c ng t 17 1.3 Sinh thỏi th c v t phự du 21 1.3.1 nh sỏng v quang h p c a TVPD 21 1.3.2 nh h ng c a nhi t , s phõn t ng v xỏo tr n lờn TVPD 23 1.3.3 Trao i ch t v h p thu dinh d 1.3.4 Chi n l ng c a TVPD 25 c s ng v s thớch nghi c a TVPD .26 1.4 Bi n ng qu n xó TVPD theo th i gian 33 1.4.1 Nh ng thay i ng n h n - di n bi n quy mụ phõn t v t bo 34 1.4.2 Nh ng thay i trung h n - di n th qu n xó TVPD 34 1.4.3 Nh ng bi n ng di h n - dao ng theo n m 35 1.5 Phõn b khụng gian c a TVPD 36 1.5.1 Kh n ng di chuy n ch ng c a TVPD c t n 1.5.2 Di chuy n b ng c a TVPD c t n c 37 c 39 iii 1.5.3 Cỏc tỏc nhõn gõy hao h t TVPD th y v c 39 1.6 Mụ hỡnh AQUATOX 41 1.6.1 Khỏi quỏt mụ hỡnh AQUATOX 41 1.6.2 Cỏc nghiờn c u ng d ng mụ hỡnh AQUATOX 45 1.7 c i m khu v c nghiờn c u 48 1.7.1 i u ki n t nhiờn cao nguyờn Lõm Viờn 48 1.7.2 c i m cỏc h ch a 1.8 Nghiờn c u TVPD CH cao nguyờn Lõm Viờn 49 Vi t Nam 51 NG V T LI U V PH 2.1 it NG PHP NGHIấN C U 53 ng nghiờn c u 53 2.2 V t li u v ph ng phỏp nghiờn c u 53 2.2.1 Th c a 53 2.2.2 Th c nghi m 54 CH NG K T QU V TH O LU N 62 3.1 Thnh ph n loi, m t v phõn b c a TVPD h an Kia, Xun H ng v Tuy n Lõm 62 3.1.1 Thnh ph n loi TVPD h Xun H 3.1.2 Bi n ng m t TVPD h Xun H 3.2 ỏnh giỏ hi n tr ng mụi tr ng n ng, Tuy n Lm v an Kia 62 ng, Tuy n Lm v an Kia 77 c h Xun H ng, Tuy n Lm v an Kia84 3.2.1 Hi n tr ng mụi tr ng n c h Xun H 3.2.2 Hi n tr ng mụi tr ng n c h Tuy n Lõm 89 3.2.3 Hi n tr ng mụi tr ng n ch 3.2.4 So sỏnh hi n tr ng mụi tr 3.3 ng 84 an Kia 93 ng h nghiờn c u v i cỏc h khỏc 98 c tr ng c u trỳc qu n x TVPD v tỏc ng c a cỏc y u t mụi tr 3.3.1 Chlorophyll a v y u t mụi tr ng 99 ng 99 3.3.2 T ng quan gi a m t TVPD (theo ngnh) v i y u t mụi tr 3.3.2 T ng quan gi a m t cỏc loi TVPD v i y u t mụi tr ng .100 ng .102 ii 3.4 nh h ng c a dinh d 3.4.1 Dinh d ng v s c n lờn sinh tr ng v sinh tr ng c a TVPD .107 3.4.2 S c n c a VPD v sinh tr 3.5 Mụ ph ng v d bỏo xu h ng c a TVPD 107 ng c a TVPD 108 ng phỏt tri n h sinh thỏi h ch a b ng mụ hỡnh AQUATOX 111 K T LU N CHUNG 117 NH NG ểNG GểP M I C A LU N N 119 DANH M C CC CễNG TRèNH CễNG B 120 TI LI U THAM KH O 121 DANH M C PH L C 130 iii DANH M C CC T ANOVA (Analysis of Variance): phn tớch ph VI T T T ng sai CCA (Canonical Correspondence Analysis): phn tớch nh v tr c ti p Chl-a (chlorophyll a): di p l c t a DAPI (4,6 diamidino-2-phenylindole): thu c nhu m hu nh quang DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): phõn t acid nucleic DO (Dissolved Oxygen): ụ xy hũa tan VPD: ng v t phự du VNS: ng v t nguyờn sinh TV: ng, th c v t FC (Fecal Coliform): coliform ch u nhi t HTMT: hi n tr ng mụi tr ng NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit): n v o c theo thang Nephelo QCVN: quy chu n Vi t Nam RDA (Redundancy - Analysis): phõn tớch giai th a RSi (Reactive Silicon Oxide): silic hũa tan (SiO3-2) SVPD: sinh v t phự du TN (Total nitrogen): nit t ng s TP (Total phosphorour): ph t t ng s TVPD: th c v t phự du TVTS: th c v t th y sinh TL: t o lam VK: vi khu n VR: vi rỳt PACGAP (Prediction and Assessment of Cyanobacterial Growth and Production): Mụ hỡnh d bỏo, ỏnh giỏ chi u h ng phỏt tri n v n ng su t c a VKL PROTECH (Phytoplankton RespOnses To Environmental CHange): mụ hỡnh d bỏo ng h c c a cỏc qu n th TVPD h v h ch a FAA: formaldehyde acetic acid iv DANH M C CC THU T NG Ultra-oligotrophic: c c ki t d ng Oligotrophic: ki t d ng Mesotrophic: dinh d ng trung bỡnh Eutrophic: phỳ d CHUYấN NGNH ng Hypertrophic: siờu phỳ d ng Taxon/taxa: b c phõn lo i (s ớt/s nhi u) Zmix: sõu t ng xỏo tr n Picoplankton: TVPD kớch th c t 2-20 àm Nanoplankton: TVPD kớch th c 0.2-2 àm Epilimnion: t ng trờn Metalimnion: t ng gi a Hypolimnion: t ng ỏy Top down: m i quan h /tỏc ng t trờn xu ng Bottom up: m i quan h /tỏc ng t d i lờn v DANH M C HèNH, B NG DANH M C HèNH Hỡnh 1.2 Nhi t trung bỡnh n Hỡnh 1.3 L cỏc v ch i th c n th y v c n Hỡnh 1.4 Hỡnh d ng c b n c a TVPD n c ng n i a 10 c ng t 13 Hỡnh 1.5 Mu s c m t s nhúm TVPD 17 Hỡnh 1.6 Nhi t v s phõn t ng c t n c 24 Hỡnh 1.7 Mụ t hỡnh d ng nhúm ch c n ng hỡnh thỏi 32 Hỡnh 1.8 Bi n ng c a TVPD theo th i gian 34 Hỡnh 1.9 Mụ hỡnh khỏi ni m c a AQUATOX cho h sinh thỏi 42 Hỡnh 2.3 Mụ hỡnh s c a nit AQUATOX 43 Hỡnh 2.1 H th ng th y v n cao nguyờn Lm Viờn v cỏc h nghiờn c u 53 Hỡnh 2.2 M i quan h gi a t c t ng tr ng bi u ki n, t ng tr ng riờng, m c ch t b n v b ly gi i 56 Hỡnh 2.3 Cỏc tr m thu m u v cỏc i m ti p nh n n c vo h an Kia 59 Hỡnh 2.4 S húa n i dung v cỏc h p ph n nghiờn c u 61 Hỡnh 3.1 Thnh ph n loi TVPD h Xun H ng 62 Hỡnh 3.2 Thnh ph n loi TVPD h Tuy n Lõm 68 Hỡnh 3.3 Thnh ph n loi TVPD h an Kia 69 Hỡnh 3.4 Ch s a d ng Shannon (H) c a TVPD t ng m t c a h Xun H ng, Tuy n Lm v an Kia 72 Hỡnh 3.5 Bi u RDA c a y u t mụi tr ng v nhúm hỡnh thỏi ch c n ng theo Reynolds et al., (2002) 74 Hỡnh 3.6 Bi u RDA c a y u t mụi tr ng v nhúm hỡnh thỏi ch c n ng theo Salmaso & Padisỏk, 2007 76 Hỡnh 3.7 Bi u RDA c a y u t mụi tr ng v nhúm hỡnh thỏi ch c n ng theo Kruk et al., (2010) 77 Hỡnh 3.8 Bi n thiờn m t t bo Cyanophyta v Chlorophyta n c h Xun H ng 79 Hỡnh 3.9 Bi n thiờn m t t bo Euglenophyta; Bacillariophyta; Dinophyta v Cryptophyta n c h Xun H ng 80 Hỡnh 3.10 Bi n thiờn m t t bo t o Cyanophyta; Chlorophyta; Bacillariophyta v Dinophyta hai t ng n c h Tuy n Lõm 81 Hỡnh 3.11 Bi n thiờn m t t bo Cyanophyta; Bacillariophyta; Dinophyta, Chrysophyta v Cryptophyta h an Kia 82 vi Hỡnh 3.12 Bi n thiờn Secchi v c ng ỏnh sỏng, pH v n ng nitrat h Xun H ng 86 Hỡnh 3.13 Bi n thiờn n ng chl a, m t VPD n c h Xun H ng 89 Hỡnh 3.14 Bi n thiờn pH, n ng amoni v ph t phỏt, hm l ng Chl a v VPD n c h Tuy n Lõm 91 Hỡnh 3.15 B n hi n tr ng s d ng t l u v c h an Kia giai o n 2005-2015 93 Hỡnh 3.16 Bi n thiờn c ng ỏnh sỏng, Secchi, n ng chlorophyll a v DO, i chi u QCVN v i coliform ch u nhi t, amoni & ph t phỏt n c h an Kia 96 Hỡnh 3.17 B n hi n tr ng s d ng t t i l u v c h an Kia n m 2010-2015 97 Hỡnh 3.18 Bi u phõn tớch CCA thnh ph n loi TVPD v y u t mụi tr ng n c h Xun H ng 103 Hỡnh 3.19 Bi u phõn tớch CCA thnh ph n loi TVPD v y u t mụi tr ng n c h Tuy n Lõm 105 Hỡnh 3.20 Bi u phõn tớch CCA thnh ph n loi TVPD v y u t mụi tr ng n c h an Kia 106 Hỡnh 3.21 Bi n thiờn sinh kh i TVPD TN thỏng 6/2014 n c h Tuy n Lõm 107 Hỡnh 3.22 Bi n thiờn sinh kh i TVPD TN thỏng 12/2014 n c h Tuy n Lõm 107 Hỡnh 3.23 Di n bi n ch t l ng n c t ng m t h an Kia 113 Hỡnh 3.24 Mụ ph ng bi n ng TVPD h an Kia cho k ch b n th nh t 114 Hỡnh 3.25 Mụ ph ng bi n ng VPD h an Kia cho k ch b n th nh t 115 Hỡnh 3.26 Mụ ph ng bi n ng TVPD v VPD cho k ch b n th hai 116 DANH M C B NG B ng 1.1 So sỏnh h nhi t i v h ụn i B ng 1.2 Cỏc ngu n n c v t l N/P t B ng 1.3 H th ng phõn h ng dinh d ng ng ng cỏc th y v c d ng h B ng 1.4 Phõn bi t cỏc nhúm TVPD theo kớch th c 13 B ng 1.5 Kớch th c trung bỡnh c a cỏc taxon TVPD, th tớch x p x v di n tớch b m t c a m t s loi TVPD 14 B ng 1.6 c tớnh giỏ tr truy n quang n c h 23 B ng 1.7 Cỏc nhúm hỡnh thỏi ch c n ng TVPD theo Reynolds (2002) 29 B ng 1.8 Cỏc nhúm hỡnh thỏi ch c n ng TVPD theo Salmaso & Padisỏk (2007) 31 B ng 1.9 c tớnh di c c a cỏc nhúm TVPD c t n c 36 B ng 1.10 So sỏnh mụ hỡnh AQUATOX v i cỏc mụ hỡnh sinh thỏi khỏc 47 B ng 1.11 M t s c i m h an Kia 51 vii B ng 2.1 N ng N v P b sung vo thớ nghi m dinh d ng 55 B ng 2.2 i u ki n b trớ thớ nghi m pha loóng 57 B ng 3.2 Danh l c thnh ph n loi TVPD h Tuy n Lõm 66 an Kia 69 B ng 3.3 Danh l c thnh ph n loi TVPD h B ng 3.4 Cỏc ch s a d ng sinh h c TVPD h Xun H B ng 3.5 Ch s a d ng loi TVPD (H) ng, Tuy n Lõm, an Kia 71 t ng m t c a h nghiờn c u 72 B ng 3.6 Cỏc nhúm hỡnh thỏi ch c n ng hi n di n h nghiờn c u 73 B ng 3.7 Y u t mụi tr ng t ng quan ỏng k v i sinh kh i nhúm hỡnh thỏi ch c n ng theo Reynolds et al., 2002 t phõn tớch RDA 75 B ng 3.8 M t TVPD h Xun H ng 78 B ng 3.9 M t TVPD h Tuy n Lõm 80 B ng 3.10 M t TVPD h an Kia 83 B ng 3.11 Cỏc thụng s th y, lớ, húa v sinh h c n c h Xun H B ng 3.12 Cỏc thụng s th y, lớ, húa v sinh h c n c h Tuy n Lõm 89 B ng 3.13 Cỏc thụng s th y, lớ, húa v sinh h c n ch B ng 3.14 T ng 100 ng quan gi a chl-a v y u t mụi tr ng 84 an Kia 94 B ng 3.15 K t qu phõn tớch h i quy a bi n TVPD v i y u t mụi tr B ng 3.16 K t qu phõn tớch CCA h Xun H ng 101 ng, Tuy n Lõm v an Kia 104 B ng 3.17 K t qu phõn tớch ANOVA cỏc nghi m th c t TN dinh d ng 108 B ng 3.18 Cỏc ph ng trỡnh mụ t ng h i quy t ng tr ng bi u ki n c a cỏc nhúm SVPD (con m i) nh ng pha long khỏc t thớ nghi m 109 B ng 3.19 N ng cỏc ch t dinh d ng v l u l ng n c t cỏc nhỏnh su i tr c vo h an Kia 111 B ng 3.20 T l úng gúp t i l ng dinh d ng vo h B ng 3.21 Cỏc thụng s t i tr m St.6 t ng m t h an Kia t cỏc nhỏnh su i 112 an Kia 112 viii ng n ng cho phộp A1 (2 mg/l) N ng ph t phỏt v n v t so v i tiờu chu n cho phộp c lo i B2 (0,5mg/l) t 1,2 n 1,8 l n Khi n ng dinh d ng n cho th y sinh kh i TVPD v ch an Kia gi m, k t qu mụ ph ng c a mụ hỡnh VPD c ng gi m theo Trong ú gi m ỏng k l sinh kh i t o silic (Hỡnh 3.26) Hỡnh 3.26 Mụ ph ng bi n ng TVPD v VPD h an Kia b ng mụ hỡnh AQUATOX cho k ch b n th hai Vi c c t gi m 1/3 t i l ng dinh d ng c a nhỏnh su i S4 v S5 ch l m t nhi u k ch b n cú th c xu t mụ ph ng ch t l mụ hỡnh AQUATOX c t gi m t i l ng dinh d c th l nhỏnh S4 v S5, nghiờn c u xu t ph ng n c h nh mong i t ng i vo h t cỏc nhỏnh su i, ng ỏn quy ho ch l i l u v c c a nhỏnh su i ny, ú cú c vi c tr ng th c v t th y sinh h p thu v lo i b dinh d ng tr c n c vo h , ho c xõy d ng m t s h l ng d c nhỏnh su i ny 116 K T LU N CHUNG cỏc h Xun H Th c v t phự du ng, Tuy n Lm v an Kia phn b ngnh, bao g m Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Euglenophyta, Dinophyta, Chrysophyta v Cryptophyta Trong ú, 112 taxa H ng, 43 v 44 taxa l n l chi m u th t h Tuy n Lm v c h Bờn c nh ú, h Xun H an Kia S l ng loi t o l c ng cũn cú s l ng taxa t o m t Trong m t t o lam d ng s i v t o m t u th lam d ng t p on v t o hai roi u th h an Kia ng h Xuõn an Kia l t o silic cao nh t v h th c ghi nh n a d ng loi TVPD h Xun H ng thỡ t o h Tuy n Lõm T o silic v t o vng ỏnh u h Xun H ng th p nh t, cao h n v t ng hai h Tuy n Lm v an Kia Cỏc nhúm TVPD theo hỡnh thỏi ch c n ng ph n ỏnh tr ng sinh thỏi th y v c c b n ch t v c nh ng m c nh t nh Khi xem xột ỏnh giỏ m i quan h gi a c u trỳc qu n xó TVPD v i y u t mụi tr (2002) v Kruk et al., (2010) nờn ng, h th ng theo Reynolds et al., c s d ng C h nghiờn c u u l nh ng h khụng phn t ng H u h t cỏc thụng s th y, lớ, húa n c khụng khỏc bi t theo t ng nh ng khỏc bi t theo M i h mang nh ng c tr ng sinh thỏi riờng, ú: - Xun H y u cho n ng l h c n, c v giỏ tr pH th ng xuyờn cao Nhn t gy c ch c h l sinh kh i TVPD T l N/P n m ng ng thớch h p cho s phỏt tri n c a t o lam - H Tuy n Lm cú su trung bỡnh, khụng c v cú n ng dinh d ng th p nh t h nghiờn c u -H an Kia th N ng dinh d ng xuyờn c, c khụng liờn quan n sinh kh i TVPD ng cao vo nh ng thỏng khụ Cỏc phn tớch t ng quan h i quy theo hm l ng chl a, theo nhúm TVPD v phn tớch CCA cho th y thnh ph n, m t v sinh kh i TVPD quan v i y u t mụi tr ng M i h ch u s chi ph i c a m t vi y u t nh t nh Trong ú, c chi ph i lờn c u trỳc qu n x TVPD lờn c u trỳc qu n x TVPD h Xun H TVPD h Xun H h cú m i liờn ng, h ng v an Kia c h Nhi t cú tỏc ng d n i n chi ph i qu n xó an Kia v pH chi ph i lờn TVPD h an Kia N ng 117 cỏc h p ch t ch a nit v ph t chi ph i lờn c u trỳc qu n x TVPD h nghiờn c u m c khỏc C nit v ph t u chi ph i s phỏt tri n c a TVPD n Lõm Ch a th y rừ vai trũ i u ch nh sinh kh i TVPD c a VPD c h Tuy n h Xun H i u n ny cú bi u hi n m nh t, khụng liờn t c v mang tớnh ch n l c H ng T c l khụng th y cú tỏc ng c a c a VPD v i c tớnh l n l ng h Xuõn VPD lờn t o lam d ng s i nh ng s c n c xỏc nh l ngu n gy ch t chớnh cho VK, t o lam n bo v t o, t l 0,167; 0,394 v 0,591 d-1 Trong ú, vi rỳt l nguyờn nhn chớnh gy ch t cho cỏc qu n th VK v t o lam d ng s i M c ch t giỏn ti p c a t o lam d ng s i v VK VR c Mụ hỡnh AQUATOX n ch d ng, hm l c tớnh l n l t l 0,713 d-1 v 0,258 d-1 c ỏp d ng mụ ph ng hai k ch b n ch t l an Kia v i cỏc thụng s c mụ ph ng v d bỏo g m: t i l ng ng dinh ng chl-a, v sinh kh i ng, th c v t phự du K t qu cho th y, ki m soỏt gi m t i l ng, n ng amoni, nitrat v ph t phỏt gi m d phộp i v i tiờu chu n n i ng ng cho c m t T ú, nghiờn c u xu t quy ho ch l i l u v c hai nhỏnh su i S4 v S5 b ng cỏch tr ng m t s th c v t th y sinh ho c xy d ng cỏc h l ng trờn l u v c hai nhỏnh su i ny 118 NH NG ểNG GểP M I C A LU N N - y l nghiờn c u u tiờn Vi t Nam v tỏc ng c a cỏc i u ki n mụi tr ng lờn c u trỳc qu n x TVPD b ng vi c phn tớch t ng h p cỏc ỏp ng c a TVPD v i cỏc y u t mụi tr - Ch ng cỏc h ch a cao nguyờn Lm Viờn c c tr ng c u trỳc c a qu n x TVPD cỏc h ch a cao nguyờn Lm Viờn b ng cỏch ti p c n v ng d ng cỏc ph n m m, cỏc cụng c , cỏc thớ nghi m v ph ng phỏp m i - L nghiờn c u u tiờn n c ng t c cỏc t c sinh h c th y v c Vi t Nam - L n u tiờn thnh viờn l Vi t Nam ỏnh giỏ Vi t Nam ỏp d ng mụ hỡnh d bỏo chi u h i th c n th y v c n ng phỏt tri n c a cỏc c ng t 119 DANH M C CC CễNG TRèNH CễNG B Tr n Th Tỡnh, on Nh H i, Lờ Bỏ D ng, 2015 Nghiờn c u tỏc ng gy ch t c a vi rỳt v ng v t phự du lờn vi khu n v th c v t phự du h phỳ d ng Cao nguyờn Vi t Nam T p Sinh h c, s n m 2015 (200-206) DOI: 10.15625/0866-7160/v37n2.5839 Tran Thi Tinh, Doan Nhu Hai, Le Ba Dung, 2015 Seasonal variation of phytoplankton in Tuyen Lam reservoir in Da Lat, Vietnam Journal of Biology, Vol 37, No (414-424) DOI: 10.15625/0866-7160/v37n4.6650 Tr n Th Tỡnh, 2014 ỏnh giỏ tỡnh tr ng phỳ d ng m t s h ch a t i b ng ch s TSI v AQ T p s 13, thỏng 12-2014 (36-43), Tr ng L t ih c Tõy Nguyờn ISSN 1859-4611 Tr n Th Tỡnh, on Nh H i, Bựi Nguy n Lm H, Nguy n Th Thanh Thu n, 2016 ỏnh giỏ m c nh h ng c a cỏc ngu n n ỏp d ng mụ hỡnh AQUATOX qu 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