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PLATE I ELABORATE PAINTED HIEROGLYPHS FROM A THEBAN TOMB HIEROGLYPHS INCISED UPON A LIMESTONE STELA CURSIVE HIEROGLYPHS WRIT'fEN WITH A REED ON PAPYRUS DIFFERENT STYLES OF HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING (DYN XVIII) www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com PREFACE TO TI-IE THIRD EDITION T HE second edition of this work having sold out unexpectedly quickly, it became apparent that there was still a demand which would have to be met The problem then arose as to how a third edition could be produced without jettisoning what seemed among the main advantages of its predecessor, namely its relative cheapness In the meantime the cost of printing had gone up by leaps and bounds, and the sole practical course therefore appeared to be to dispense with the setting up of new pages so far as possible, and to leave most of the changes to be recorded in an extended A ddittons and CorrectIons Considerable saving has been achieved by abandoning any attempt to bring up to date the bibliographical references in the footnotes to the Introduction, pp 18-24c An inevitable defect of the marginal notes which form so large a part of the work has been the impossibility, except at enormous expense, of replacing the original citations by others more correct or more easily accessible; for instance, I should have liked to use Anthes's edition ofthe Hat-nub texts with greater frequency_ More serious has been my inability (in general) to reconsider my opinions in the light of E Edel's great A ltagyptische Grammatzk, 1, 1955; of Lefebvre's second edition, Cairo, 1955; of Sander-Hansen's Studien zur Grammatz"k der Pyramidentexte, Copenhagen, 1956; ofThacker's Sen~itic and EgypHan Verbal Systems, Oxford, 1954; of Vergote's essay on a kindred ~t.lbject published in Chronzque d'Egypte for January, 1956; and of Westendorf's Der Gebrauch des Passt'vs in der klassichen Lt'teratur der A'gypter, Berlin, 1952 In fact, I admit having left my critics plenty of scope for their animadversions In conclusion I must express my great indebtedness to several colleagues; above all, to Dr T G Allen, not only for his able review in jNES x 287-90, but also for a long list of minor corrections Among others to whom lowe valuable comments are A de Buck, J Cerny, E Edel, and H James To the Oxford University Press my debt is immense j also to the Griffith Institute, which has again sponsored my task with its usual generosity VIl www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION T H E revision that has here been undertaken is more extensive than will appear at first sight This fact is disguised by the retention of the same pagination as in the first edition throughout the whole of the grammar proper (pp 25-421) That retention was desirable for many reasons, not the least being the need for economy It was clear from the start that photographic reproduction would have to be the basis of the new edition, and that the bulk of the alterations must consist of fresh words and sentences pasted in over the original text This has involved much time-robbing com­ pression and counting of letters, but the plan proved feasible, and it has been necessary to append only six additional pages (pp 422-7) to contain longer passages and new paragraphs which could not be inserted in the way just mentioned From p 428 onwards the pagination of the first edition has had to be altered, and in the Sign-list and the Vocabularies which follow it the lay-out has needed considerable change in order to introduce fresh matter, though photography continued to be used as thetechnical procedure Not a few new words have been added to the Egyptian-English Vocabulary in the hope that, in the absence of any trustworthy and at present obtainable hieroglyphic dictionary, that Vocabulary may prove of greater assistance to the beginner I have, however, disregarded the Book of the Dead, as well as the medical and mathematical texts, partly because these belong to later stages of the student's reading, and partly because here provisionally adequate indexes already exist; also catalogue-like writings such as the Longer List of Offerings and the Ramesseum Onomasticon have been ignored; more names of places and deities have been introduced, I am afraid rather capriciously, but no names of private persons or royalties have been admitted The expansion of the Egyptian-English Vocabulary has increased the bulk of the book and consequently the cost of production; in order to avoid further extravagance I have regretfully refrained from serious additions to the English-Egyptian Vocabulary,- which thus remains what it was intended to be at the outset, a help towards the satisfactory accomplish­ ment of the Exercises The t preliminaries' have required to be reprinted almost in their entirety Having discovered that neither pupils nor teachers make use of my elaborate 'Contents' (pp xi-xviii of the 1st ed.) I have cut those pages to the bare minimum, substituting detailed subject-indexes at the end of the volume And, needless to say, the List of Abbreviations has had to be completely reset ix www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com EGYPTIAN GRAMMAR To turn now to the alterations in the grammatical section, it must be admitted that but few newly published texts have been laid under contribu­ tion In this abstention there is, however, the compensating advantage that those new texts will serve as touchstones to test the validity and comprehen­ siveness of my grammatical rules A certain number of new examples have been added, but not enough to render seriously incomplete the admirable index of passages utilized, contained in Mme Gauthier-Laurent's Supplement to Gardiner's Egyptian Grammar, N euilly-sur-Seine, 1935; although the grammatical notes there prefixed to the index by myself have now become superfluous through incorporation in the present new edition, the index retains all its utility and will, I trust, continue to be widely used No small part of the corrections in my text consists of better formulation or'necessary qualification of statements there made, and it is here, though by no means solely here, that the acute criticisms of myoid friend Battiscombe Gunn have proved specially valuable There is a certain irony in the fact fhat a reform for which I am personally responsible has imposed upon me the arduous duty of modifying throughout the book the form in which examples taken from hieratic texts are quoted, see below, p 422, § 63 A As regards grammatical doctrine, although I have taken scrupulous pains to read and weigh all dissentient criticisms that have appeared since 1927, I have been unable to persuade myself of the necessity of abandoning any of my main positions, particularly in respect of the theory of the verb; I have replied in a recent review (JEA 33,95 ff.) to Polotsky's able assault on my account of the nature of the Imperfective stimf form A bone of contention between Gunn and myself has long been the status and the formal aspects of the so­ called Prospective Relative Form; an important new discovery by Clere seems to me to have greatly strengthened my own case, so much so that what in the first edition was described in that way now receives the appella­ tion Perfective Relative Form, a name previously accorded to the relative form here given the title 'the sdmw-nj Relative Form'-a change very satisfactori1y marking the relationship of the latter form to the narrative stim·njform; see on this subject below §§ 380 387- 411 and the addition to p_ 303 on p.426- The only other terminological change in the book has been that from 'the m of equivalence' to 'the m of predication', an obviously more exact description, which nlay, mJreover, beconle an absolute necessity if Cerny's conjecture recorded in § 38, OBS proves, on further investigation, to be justified by the evidence On minor points of detail lowe much, not only to the reviews by Griffith and Allen already utilized by me in Mme Gauthier-Laurent's book, but also to a list of suggestions from Lefebvre, himself the author of an admirable Grammaire de l' Egyptien classtque (Cairo, x www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 1940), and to further suggestions from Clere, Allen, and several others In the Sign-list the greatest improvements have been due to that learned and judicious scholar L Keimer, though in this respect he has been almost rivalled through the acute powers of observation of Nina M Davies, my close associate in Egyptological enterprise over a long series of years My cordial thanks are due to all the above-mentioned, but my greatest debt is to Gunn, who, as a teacher, has used my manual ever since its first appearance and without whose invaluable aid this second edition could hardly have been undertaken with success Gunn has read and discussed every page with nle It would have spoken ill for the independence of mind of each of us if we had always found ourselves in agreement, but I have accepted a high percentage of his criticisms, and for the infinite pains he has taken in seeking to improve my book, no words can express the gratitude that I feel I return to my opening statement that this second edition has involved more extensive revision than may appear at first sight In point of fact there is hardly a page that has not been plastered with pasted-on corrections the safety of which has been the source of constant anxiety alike to the printers and to myself As the result of this and of the vastly increased cost of pro­ duction, the expenditure on the book in its republished form will not be far short of that on the original edition It is with equal relief and gratitude, therefore, that I acknowledge the signal generosity of the Committee of Management of the Griffith Institute in consenting to finance the work as one of the Institute's own publications It is in my eyes of the highest im­ portance that they have also consented to sell the book at a price which, though necessarily higher than that of the first edition, will not place it be­ yond the reach of any but the poorest students The tale of my indebtedness would be incomplete without reference to the enthusiastic and unflagging assistance rendered by my friends at the Oxford University Press, as well a.s by my personal secretary Miss N M Myers, who very rapidly acquired the necessary skill in preparing for the printers the preliminary pasted.up models required by them In conclusion, I would beg students and teachers alike to read once again the first page of my Preface to the First Edition It contains my answer to certain critics who have complained of the formlessness of my work Since the whole exposition centres round a series of thirty-three progressive Exercises it could hardly have assumed a very different shape, and I reiterate with all possible emphasis my conviction that no student will ever obtain a mastery of Egyptian or of any other foreign language unless he has schooled himself to translate into it with a high degree of accuracy June, 1949 Xl www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION W HEN the plan of the present work was first conceived, little more was intended than to provide English-speaking students with a simple introduction to the Egyptian hieroglyphs, and it was with this object in view that the first few lessons were drafted It soon became apparent, however, that the book was destined to obtain a wider scope, both as the result of my own predilections and also through the necessities of the case And so what has remained in form a book for beginners has become in substance an elaborate treatise on Egyptian syntax I have tried to mitigate this discrepancy by a fullness of statement that would have been unnecessary for advanced scholars, and have not shrunk from repetition whenever repetition appeared to serve a useful purpose Much thought has been devoted to the order in which the different topics are presented I had long held that the learner ought to become thoroughly familiar with the forms of the non-verbal sentence, and also with the little words of the language (prepositions, particles, &c.), before tackling the complicated and difficult problems connected with the verb At the same time I have always believed that reading of actual hieroglyphic texts, as well as translation from English into Egyptian, should begin at the earliest possible moment, and for those purposes some elementary knowledge of the verb is indispensable It has been attempted to reconcile these conflicting principles by making shift with the sgmj and Sdnt'l1j forms throughout the first twenty Exercises To the Exercises I attach the greatest possible importance Without them the beginner might well be bewildered by the mass of information imparted Since, however, the sentences given for translation have been so chosen as to illustrate the more vital syntactic rules, the pupil who will take trouble with this side of his task ought to find himself rewarded by a firm grasp of the most essential facts Like everything else in the book, the Sign-list at the end has assumed proportions which were not originally intended The Egyptian-English Vocabulary in no sense constitutes a dictionary of Middle Egyptian, but will, it is hoped, enable students to translate easy pieces like many of those given in Professor Sethe's handy reading-book After these preliminary explanations I turn to the real business of this Preface, namely the statement of n1y manifold obligations to others Were I to expatiate on my indebtedness to published works I should have a still longer tale to tell The marginal notes relieve me of this necessity Nevertheless, special mention must be made of Professor Adolf Erman's XHI www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION A egyptische Grammatik, for many years past the indispensable guide of every aspirant to a knowledge of hieroglyphics, as well as of Professor Kurt Sethe's fundamental and epoch-making treatise on the Egyptian verb Although I have borrowed from these classics as much as seemed relevant to my purpose, their utility is very far from having been exhausted In particular, Professor Sethe's work should be consulted on all questions connected with phonetic changes and the relation of Old and Late Egyptian to Coptic, aspects of the subject left almost entirely untouched in the present volume But also on matters where our books overlap, I would earnestly recommend constant reference to these two earlier treatises by scholars whom I am proud to acknowledge as my teachers, and to whose personal influence and friendship my debt is enormous To Professor Kurt Sethe I am also directly indebted for many acute suggestions and criticisms on the first half of the book, which I was permitted to read throug.h with him in manuscript during two visits to Gottingen in I921 and 1922 respectively At an earlier stage I had ample opportunities of discussing Egyptian syntax in all its aspects with Mr Battiscombe Gunn, and his contributions to my book are very considerable Some of Gunn's remarkable discoveries have been published in his Studies in Egyptian Syntax (Paris, I924), but there are other important observations due to him which have not hitherto found their way into print Points on which I am definitely conscious of having received new ideas from Gunn are as follows: the unequal range of meaning displayed by iw when its subject is nominal or pronominal (§§ 29 1I7); the signification of iIJ (§§ 40, 3; 228); the inversions quoted in § 130; the distinction between ir m-&t and lJr m-!Jt (p 133, bottom); the function of ink pw to introduce narratives or answer questions (§ 190, 1); the rule as to the position of a nonlinal subject after the negatival complement (§ 343); lastly, th'e preference given to iw sdm·tw over iw·tw s{fm·tw (§ 463) Some of these points are of great interest, and I can only regret that their discoverer is not the first to announce them As it is, I am grateful that the privilege has been accorded to me Furthermore, Gunn read not once only, but many times over, my manuscript of the first six Lessons, and here I often had occasion to avail myself of his advice Three visits to Berlin enabled me to supplement my own extensive collections with references from the Berlin dictionary; the Sign-list and the sections on the prepositions and particles are those parts of the book that have derived the most benefit from this source Latterly, Professor Grapow and Dr Erichsen have been most kind in answering from the Berlin Zettelkasten inquiries put to them by letter Dr Blackman has favoured me with notes on the expression prt·!Jrw (p 172) Professor Griffith has provided the hieroglyphic transcript of the sample of demotic in Plate II XIV www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com GRAMMATICAL AND ORTHOGRAPHIC final element of compound phrases, §§ 61 354; added to parts used as ns., § 354 Direct genitive, see under Genitive, direct and in­ direct Direct speech, § 224 Direction of writing, § 16 Disjunction, how expressed, § 91 Doubtful readings, § 63 Dual appearance of some adjs ending in -ty, § 79, end, cf also § 77, I Dual of adjectives, § 72; omission of ending, § 74; dual of n(y) rare and archaistic, § 86 Dual of nouns, §§ 72 73, I 4; omission of end­ ings, § 74; treated as m sing., § 5Il, la; apparent duals, § 77, I; forms of suffix-prons after, § 75, express contingent or temporary quali6cation, § 141; indicating agent after pass parts., p 279; § 379, 3; so used also as element in reI igmw'nj (§ 386, 2) and narrative sgm·nf, § 411, 2; reflexive use after imper., § 337, Defective writings, § 59 Definite article, § II2, end; usually dispensed with, § 21 ; rnasc Pl with neuter sense before reI form an anticipation of L.E usage, § I I, 4, end Degrees of comparison, absent in Eg., §§ 50 97; meaning of, how conveyed, §§ 50 97 207 Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns: enumerated, § I 10; construction of, § I I I ; meaning of, § I 12 ; as subj of sent with adv pred., §§ Il6 II7; with nom pred., this preceding, § 127, (see too esp under pw in Eg.-Eng! Vocab.); plur (really neuter in meaning) nJ, nw etc treated as m., but referred back to with f suffix-prons., §§ I I I 5Il, 3; demo adj has precedence over other adjs., § 48, Denominative verbs, § 292 Dependence (of verbs and clauses) often not marked, § 30 Dependent pronouns, §§ 33, 2; 43; main uses, § 44 ; as obj of all verb-forms except infin., § #, I; with infin in exceptional cases, § 301; obj of imperative, § 339; of negatival complement, § 341 ; retained obj after pass parts., §§ 377, 2; 386 (disputed by de Buc~, Add p 425); as subj after adj pred., §§ #, 3; 48, 2; 137; after adj anticipat­ ing n., § 139; after interrogatives, §§ 127, 3; 132 497, I; 498 503,4; after words signifying 'belong­ ing to', n(y), § II4, 2; ink, ntk, etc., § II4, 3; n·i-lmy, etc., § I14, 4; 1St pers hardly used as subj except after n(y), § 137, and possibly with pass parts., Add p 425 to § 374; 2nd pers after imperatives, § 337, I; 3rd pers f sy replacing ending -ti of old perfect., § 374, end; dep pron as subj after many non-enclitic parts., §§ 44, 2; 2#; after nty, § 200, 2; after ntt, § 237; reflexive use, § 45 For st and tw see in Eg.-Eng! Vocab Determinative of dual, § 73, Determinative of plurality, § 73, 3; added to some sing ns., § 77, 3; to collectives, § 77, 3; to f parts with neuter meaning, § 354 Determinatives, § 23; only rarely absent from words, ib.; inaccuracy of term, § 23, OBS.; p 440; generic, § 24; p #1; stroke § 25; phonetic, § 54; after w Dual of pronouns, early obsolete: suffix-prons., § 34; dep prons., p 45, n 5h Dynamic sense of construction with (lr+ infin , § 320 Ellipses, § 506; definition, ib.; in questions and answers to questions, § 506, I; in exclamatory wishes, etc., § 506, 2; in label mode of statement, § 506, 3; in comparisons, § 506, 4; omission of prons., § 506 , Emphasis: often rests on indep pron I st sing before adv pred., § 65, end; on subj in participial state­ ment, §§ 373 391; on adj without external mark, § 96, I ; do., conveyed by m of predication, § 96, 2; of sents by means of rJ, § 152 See too under Anticipatory emphasis Enc1itic particles, §§ 66 245-57; defined, §§ 208 226; position in sent., § 66 For the individual particles see the Eg.-Eng! Vocab Epithet, adjectives as, §§ 48, I; 94 See too under Laudatory epithets Exclamations: use of old perf in, see under Exhorta­ tions See too under Interjections Exclamatory ending 'u!y, §§ 49· 137· 139· 14I 374· Exhortations: expressed by 2nd and 3rd pers of old perf., § 313; use of imperf i!lmj in, § 440, 5; use of perf sgmj in, §§ 40, 2; 450, 4; do., after i!J, § 450, 5, a Existential sentences, §§ 107-8; use of wnn in, § 107, I; lw wn 'there is', 'was', § 107, 2; iw omitted in, after nty and certain particles, §§ 107, ; 20 I, OBS ; , 633 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com INDEXES or else iw changed into wnn, § 107, 2, OBS.; ne­ gated, see under Non-existence Feminine ending -t, § 26; attached to ideograms, § 25 ~ fallen already in O K in status absolutus, p 34, n I a; p 432, n 4; falls also in status con­ struetus, p 66, n a ; retained in status pronomi­ nalis, §§ 78, OBS ~ 62, end Feminine gender used to express neuter, § 51 ; so too in pron st, § 46 Feminine plural: ending -wt, § 72 ; the w never shown in adjs., §74; referred to by m old perfs and parts., §5 II ,2 Filiation: s/+direct genitive, § 85, end; do., early with graphic inversion, ib.; expressed by ir n, ms n, p 279, top; § 379, end Flexional endings in verbs, § 296 Fractions: expression of, § 265; in the corn-measure, § 266, I; in other measures, § 266, 3; in weights, § 266,4, Future participle: represented by stimtyjy, §§ 363 364, 365, 3; rarely by an actual part., § 368 Future, reference to, in perf reI form, § 389, 2, b Future, statements with regard to: expressed with wnnj in sents with adv pred., §§ 118, 2; 440, 3; do., in existential sents., § 107, I; using r of futur­ ity, § 122; do., in pseudo-verbal construction, §§ 332 333; in verbal sents., with imperf stimj, of custom and the like, § 440, 3; with perf 19mj, § 45 , 3; do., preceded by in+n or by indep pron., §§ 227, 2; 45 , 5, e; do., preceded by mk, § 234; by br or lJrj, §§ 239 450, 5, e; by kl or kJj, §§ 242 450, 5, d; using stim'inj, § 429,2; sgm·lJrj, § 43 I, I; S9m'kl j, § 434 Negated, mainly nn igmj; see under nn in Eg.-Eng! Vocab:; Im'brj sgm, § 43 • Futurity, r of, see under last entry and r prep in Eg.-Engl Vocab Geminating verb-forms: imperf parts., §§ 356 357 358; 1{jmtyjy, in 2ae gem only, § 364'; imperf rel form, §§ 380 386 387, 1; imperf irjmj, §§ 271.274, OBS I; 438 439; wnn·/jrj, §§ 430 471, I; old perf., § 310, end Geminating verbs, §§ 269 274, Ons I; 2ae gem., § 280; 3ae gem., § 284 Gemination: term misleading, § 277; possible ex­ planation of, §§ 269 356, Ons.; distinguished from reduplication, § 274, end; found in weak vbs end­ ing in -lor -w, § 270 Gender: of ns and adjs., §§ 26 72 79 92; of adj as epithet and pred., § 48; concord of, § I I See too under Infinitive, Participles, and Relative forms Generalizations: affirmative, expressed by imperf sgmj, § 440, I; by Iw sgmj, § 462; by lwj sf/mj, § 463 Negated by n stim'nj, §§ 105, 3; 418, I; possibly expressed by geminating forms of old perf., § 310 Generic determinatives, § 24; p 441 Genitival adjective, see under n(y) in Eg.-EngJ Vocab Genitive, direct and indirect, § 85 Direct, uses, ib.; changed to indirect when adj intervenes, Add to § 86, p 423; suffix-prons used as, §§ 35, I; 85; do., as semantic obj after infin., § 300; as semantic subj after intrans infins., rarely elsewhere, §§ 301 306, 2; as semantic subj after pass., § 379, Indirect, see under n(y) in Eg.-Engl Vocab 'Give', anomalous vbs., § 289, Glosses introduced by pw, §§ 189, I; 325; do., with neg vb tm, § 347, Grammatical predicate, defined, § 126; normally follows gramm subj., ib Grammatical subject, defined, § 126; normally pre­ cedes gramm pred., ib Greetings: expressed by 2nd or 3rd pers of old perf., § 313; by part., with ending 'wy, § 374; by adv pred., § 153 Group-writing, § 60; p 437, n lb Headings: n used in, § 89, I; infin., § 306, I; parts and reI forms, § 390 Hieratic writing, § 8; mode of transcribing, § 63 A, see Add p, 422 Hieroglyphic signs: generalities, § 6; pp 438-4 I ; details in the Sign-list Hieroglyphic writing, see in General Index Horizontal lines, writing in, § 16 Ideograms or sense-signs, §§ 6, I; 22; after phonetic signs called determinatives, § 23; ambiguity of term, § 42, OBS Ideographic writings, accompanied by stroke-deter­ minative, § 25 ; ambiguity of designation, p 440 Idiomatic phrases used as nouns, § 194 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com GRAMMATICAL AND ORTHOGRAPHIC Immutable verbs, § 26'; Imperative, §§ 335-40; meaning and endings, § 335 ; forms from mutable vbs., § 336; use and adjuncts of, § 337; periphrasis with iT, § 338, I; 3rd pers equivalent uses imi, § 338,2; 'beware lest', § 338, 3; obj of, § 339; negation of, § 340 Imperfective relative form, § 38o; origin, § 386, I; forms of, § 387, I; tense-distinction in, § 389, I Imperfective tense, implies repetition or continuity, §§ 295 355· 365 See below under Participle, Relative form, 8gmj form Impersonal use: with adj pred., § 145; do., adj foIl by prep n, § 141; in iw+old perf with adj mean­ ing, § 467; perhaps sometimes with actual adj., ib.; §§ 422 465; in iw+vb of motion, § 466; with different forms of suffix-conjugation, § 486; esp with pass sgmj, §§ 422.465 Indefinite article, usually unexpressed, § 21; later expressed by wr n, § 262, I Indefinite pronoun, see under tw in Eg.-Engl Vocab Independent pronouns, §§ 33,3; 64; main uses, § 65; as subj in sents with nom pred:,- §§ 125 127,4; 128 499, (with interrog pron.); with adj pred (mainly 1st pers sing.), § 136; very rare with adv pred., § 116, end; with meaning 'belongs to me', etc., § 114, 3; as agent after infin., § 300; do., giving rise to conjunctive tense in L.E and Copt., § 300, DBS.; before parts in participial statement, §§ 227, 3; 373; in anticipatory emphasis before Jrlmj, § 148, I; do., future sense, § 227, 2; do., perfect sr/mj, § 450, 5, e; before ir/m'nj, § 148, I; in cl with nom or adj pred., preceded by prep., § 154, end; rarely follow iw, § 468, 3; negated by n, § 134 Indirect genitive, see under n(y) in Eg.-Engl Vocab Indirect questions, § 504; not differing from direct, § 504, I; without interrogative word, § 504, 2; sense rendered by part or reI form, §§ 399· 50 4, Indirect speech, § 224 Infinitive, §§ 298-308; nature defined, § 298 ; excep­ tionally with passive sense, § 298; nominal and verbal, § 298; complementary, § 298, OBS.; forms, § 299; forms in Coptic, p 431; gender of, § 299; subjs and objs., how expressed, §§ 300 301; as obj of certain verbs, § 303; in this use alternating with sdmj form, §§ 184 298 302; after genitival adj., § 305; after preps., § 304, see too under I;zT, m, and T in Eg.-Engl Vocab.; after I;zT, meaning contrasted with that of old perf., §§ 304, I; 320; use in headings, etc., § 306, I; in narrative, §306,2; later replaces negatival complement after tm, § 344 ; tm itself as, §§ 308 348; with preceding nn, n, and iwty, see in Eg.-Engl Vocab Inflexion of verbs, § 296 Interjectional comments, often elliptical in form, § 506 ,2 Interjections, § 258 Interrogative adverbs, see under WT'T and 1n in Eg.­ Engl Vocab Interrogative partic1es, see in Eg.-Engl Vocab under in, Tf, and tT Interrogative pronouns, see in Eg.-Engl Vocab under fIJ, ilst, pw, PtT, m, and ry Interrogative words: sometimes absent in questions, § 491 (direct); § 504, (indirect); not necessarily at beginning of question, but occupy same place as in statement, § 495; often close to an interrog encl particle, ib Intransitive verbs, § 291, 2; pass parts from, § 376; reI forms from, § 384; some apparent, take obj § 84 A, see Add., p 423 Inversion of subject and predicate, §§ 126 127 130 137, OBS Juxtaposition, direct, of subject and predicate: in sents with nom pred., §§ 125 127 130 497 Label mode of statement, § 506, Late Egyptian: defined, § 4; def art in, § I 12, end; indef art in, § 262, I; pronominal compound, § 124; higher numbers foll by n(y), § 262, 2; con­ junctive tense in, § 300, OBS.; m gender of infin in, p 223, bottom; neuters in, expressed by m., § I I, 4; m def art before reI form with neuter sense, p 417, bottom Laudatory epithets: may employ either imperf or perf parts., § 367; doubt whether imperf reI form in, is to be rendered as past or present, § 389, I Letters: imperf Jgmj in address of, § 440, 7; gd, f gdt, in opening words, § 450, I; formula SWr/l ib pw, § 298; nh without suffix for '(my) lord' in, p 239, n 8; concluding formula nfT sr/m·k, § 188, Lists, absolute use of nouns in, § 89, I Logical predicate: defined, § 126; normally follows 635 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com INDEXES log subj., ih.; cases where it precedes, § 127; parts and reI forms used to indicate, § 391 Logical subject, § 126 M of predication (term substituted for former 'm of equivalence', p viii), see below Predication, m of Masculine fonns written where fern expected, § SII, Masculine gender, § 26; of infin in L.E., p 223, bottom; used for neuter in L.E., § I l , Medical prescriptions: pass sgmj common in, § 422, Middle Egyptian, defined, §§ l\10nograms: with J'J, § 58 (1); others, § 58 (2) Mood: not clearly expressed in M.E., §§ 30 294; Add., p 426 to p 303, n 23 ; how indicated in sents with adv pred., § 118; with nom pred., § 133; with adj pred., § 142 143 l\iotion, verbs of, § 291, 2, a; old perf in, describes position reached as result of the movement, p 238, top; sdm·n·f form in, lays stress on the movement itself, § 4, Multiple sentences, § 505 Mutable verbs, §§ 267 268 Narrative: verb-forms, p 222, top; p 324, bottom; compound verb-forms in past, §§ 460-85; n used absolutely for purpose of, § 89, 2; infin do., § 306, 2; parts and reI forms do., § 390 Negation, §§ 104-6: of sents with adv pred., § 120; with nom pred., § 134; with adj pred., § 144; of advs., § 209; of preps., § 160; of parts., reI forms and sgmtyjy by tm, § 397; effected by nfr n, § 351,1; by nfr pw, § 351,2; paraphrased by wdj, § 352 See too the next entries, under Non-exist­ ence below, and under n, nn, and 'tV in Eg.-Eng! Vocab Negatival complement, § 341; forms, use, and origin, ib Negative verb, §§ 342-50: two stems, imi and tm, § 342; subj of, § 343; foIl by negatival comple­ ment, § 34 ; later by infin., §§ 343· 344 Negative universal propositions with parts and reI forms, § 394 Negatives, double, § 346, Neuter: expressed by f., § 51; in L.E by m., § 5I l , 4; meaning of, treated syntactically as m already in M.E in old perf., parts., and reL forms, ib.; demonstratives in n- properly neuter in meaning, § I I I; treated syntactically as m., §§ I I I; § I I, 3; f parts with plur strokes with sense of~ § 354· Nim, Coptic for 'who ?', 'whom?', § 496 Nishe-adjectives, derivatives in -y from preps or ns., §§ 79-81; may govern a n or suffix-pron., § 80; used as ns., § 81; from preps., introducing epi­ thets, § 158; at base of Idmtyjy, § 364 Nominal: use of term defined, § 28, 2; parts of verb, p 222, top; infins that are, § 298 Nominal predicate, sents with, §§ 125-34; questions with, introduced by In iw, § 492, 4; by In alone, § 493, ; virt n cls with, § 186, Nominative: suffix-prons as, §§ 35, 3; 83; termcon venient, but not strictly scientific, for Eg., § 83, OBS Non-enclitic particles, §§ 227-44; defined, § 226; position in sentence, § 66; foIl by dep prons., § 44, For the individual particles see the Eg.­ Eng! Vocab Non-existence, how expressed, § 108; srimj form as subj of phrases expressing, § 188, 2; parts and reI forms do., § 394 N on-geminating forms: of vb., §§ 269 270; of sgmj form, § 271; of perf parts., § 356; of perf reI form, § 387, Non-verbal sentences, § 28; anticipatory emphasis in, § 147 Noun clauses, §§ 69; 182-93; defined, § 183; verbal commoner than non-verbal, -ib.; virtual, as obj., introduced by s!lmj, § 184; by sgm·nj, § 185; virt with adj., adv., or nom pred., § 186; intro­ duced by ntt or wnt, § 187; virt as subj., § 188; as pred., with pw as subj., §§ 189 190; after genitival adj., introduced by sgmi, § 191; do., introduced by sgm-n'j, § 192; after preps., §§ 154 193 ; see for these too under Adverb clauses Nouns: gender of, §§ 26 92; number of, §§ 72-7; adjs used as, § 48, 3; adjs felt as, §§ 136 509, ; nisbe-adjs used as, § 81 ; do., ending in -ty, at base of sgmty-jy, § 364; derived from verb-stems with initial i or w, § 290; derived from parts., p 274, top; § 359; parts and reI forms used as, §§ 354­ 390; idiomatic phrases used as, § 194; syntax of, §§ 83-92; as subj and obj., § 83; do., place of, in sent., § 66 (exceptions, § 5°7); as subj of sents with adv pred., § 116; in pseudo-verbal construc­ www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com GRAlVIMATIC.AL AND ORTHOGRAPHIC exclamatory use of 2nd and 3rd pers., § 313; 3rd pers f sometimes replaced by part.+sy, p 290, top; as cl of circumstance, § 314; do., exception­ ally preceding main cI., § 314, end; expressing result, p 240, n a ; qualifying obj of vbs., § 315; qualifying subj., § 316; in virt reI cIs., § 317; other uses, § 318; in pseudo-verbal construction, §§ 319 320 322-30 334; explanation of this term, § 319; relation to sents with adv pred., 'lb.; contrast of, in this construction, with br+infin" § 320; preceded by subj with adj vbs., p 245, bottom; with adj vbs., after lw, subj omitted, § 467; sim with vb of motion, § 466 See further under Pseudo-verbal construction Omission of subject: in sents with adv pred., § 123; with adj pred., §§ 145 467; in verbal sents., §§ 466 486 487 'Or', how expressed, § 91, Ordinal numbers, see Numbers, ordinaL tion, §§ 319 322 323; in suffix conjugation, § 410; in reI forms, § 380; in sgmtf, § 405; after infin from intransitive vbs., § 301; do., rarely from transitive vbs., ib.; as pred., see under Sentences with nominal predicate; as predicative adjunct, § 84; in genitive, §§ 85 86; in dative, § 52; in vocative, § 87; adverbial uses of, §§ 88 205, 6; with the function of a sent., § 89; governed by nisbe-adjs., § 80 Number of nouns and adjectives, § 72, see too under Adjectives, Nouns, Singular, Dual, and Plural Numbers, cardinal: names of, § 260; construction of, §§ 26 I 262; use as ordinals, § 264 Numbers, ordinal, § 263; use of cardinals as, § 264­ Numerals, writing of, § 259 Oaths: how expressed, § I ; use of iw in statements introduced by, § 468, I Object: dep pron as, except after infin., § 44, I; suffix-prons as, after infin., § 300; of infin., con­ formed to use with suffix-conjugation, § 301 ; after parts and sgmtyjy, § 375; retained, after pass parts., § 377, but see Add pp 425-6; not shown with reI forms whose subj is identical with ante­ cedent, §§ 382 386; exceptional cases, § 385; no vbs with two objs., §§ 84 291, I ; after vbs appar­ ently intrans in sense, § 84 A, see Add p 423; igmf as, §§ 184 442, (imperf.); 452, I (perf.); do., negated by tmj, § 347, I; sgm·nj form as, § 185; infin as, § 303 Object, retained: see above under Object Object, semantic: defined, § 297, I; direct, ib.; in­ direct, ib See too in various paragraphs quoted above under Object Objective genitive, suffix-prons as, p 90, n Obligation, sometimes expressed by parts., § 371 Old Egyptian: defined, § 4; dual suffix-prons in, § 34; indep prons !.Wt and hot in, § 64; plur demonstratives lpn, etc., in, § 110; particles ISk and ik in, § 230; Jt- used for both n and nn in, § 104; ,gm·klj form belongs to, § 434 Old perfective, §§ 309-18; endings, § 309; affinities, § 309, OBS I; transliteration of, § 309, OBS 2; forms in mutable vbs., § 310; rare geminating forms, ib.; meaning and use, § I I; with pass sense from transitive vbs., ib.; rare act sense from same, § 312; independent use of 1st pers., § 312; Parentheses, virt adv cIs sometimes as, § 507, Parenthetic, cIs of circumstance introduced by lw originally perhaps felt as, § II7, OBS Participial statement, §§ 227, 3; 373· Participle, imperfective active: endings and forms from mutable vbs., § 357; implies repetition or continuity, ,§§ 355 365; with like implication in reference to past, § 366; better adapted for refer­ ence to present, § 365 ; so especially in participial statement, § 373, 2; use in laudatory epithets, § 367; rare use in reference to future, § 368 See further under general heading Participles Participle, imperfective passive: endings and forms from mutable vbs., § 358; use in reference to con­ tinued or repeated action in past, § 369, 2; in present, § 369, 4; in future, § 369, 6; use as adj pred., § 374 and Add p 425 See further under general heading Participles Participle, perfective active: endings and forms from mutable vbs., § 359"; free of any particular implications, § 355; specially suited to refer to past action, § 365; so particularly in participial statement, § 373, I; use in laudatory epithets, § 367, I; expresses vigour and immediacy with some vbs better than imperf part., § 367, 2; rarely in reference to future events, § 368 See further under general heading Participles 637 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com INDEXES Participle, perfective passive: forms with reduplica­ tion from 2-1it vbs., § 360; normal forms from other verb-classes, § 361; various derivatives, § 361, OBS I; use in reference to past occurrences, § 369, I; in reference to present states, § 369, See further under general heading Participles Participle, prospective: separate existence of such a participle denied, § 355, OBS Participles, §§ 353-62; 365-79; §§ 227, 3; defined, § 353; use as epithet or as n., ib.; have meaning of Engl reI cls., ib.; most adjs are, from adj vbs., § 135; number and gender, § 354; with additional determinative when used as ns., ih.; four kinds of, § 355; cannot be distinguished in immutable vbs., § 356; general rule as regards gemination, §§ 356 362; partial exceptions, perf pass part from 2-1it vbs., £b.; general rule as regards endings, § 362; distinction of meaning in tenses, §§ 365 370; how tending to express dis­ tinctions of time, § 365; both kinds of act part in laudatory epithets, § 367; act parts in refer­ ence to future events, § 368; tense-distinction in pass parts., § 369; summary as regards tense­ distinction, § 370; lise to express obligation, § 371 ; uses as predicate, §§ 372-4; in participial statement, §§ 227, 3; 373; as adj pred., § 374 and Add p 425; expression of obj and dative with, § 375; extended use of pass parts., § 376; these with retained obj., § 377, but see Add pp 425-6; omission of resumptive pron with, § 378 ; semantic subj after pass parts., § 379; reL forms derived from pass parts., § 386; sfl.mt1 form derived do., § 405; verb-forms of suffix conjugation derived do., §§ 411 421 425 427 438.447; absolute use of parts., § 390; use to point to logical pred., § 391 ; emphatic or emphasized, § 393; in negative universal propositions, § 394; after iw fon, § 395 ; parts of wnn as equivalent of reI adj., § 396; negation of parts., § 397; use in comparisons, § 398 ; in virt indirect questions, §§ 399· 50 4, 3; as pred in reI cls with nU, § 400 Particles, see above Enclitic particles, Non-enclitic particles; also Accumulation of particles Passive: of forms of suffix conjugation, mediated by -tw, §§ 39 67 410; sense of most old perfs from transitive vbs., p 237, bottom; some exx of intin must be translated as, § 298; as means of avoiding expression of semantic subj., § 486; supposed, of reI forms, § 388 See too under Participle(s), Passive sfl.m1 form, 8fl.mm1 form, Passive voice Passive sgm1 form, §§ 419-24; defined, § 419; end­ ings and forms from mutable vbs., § 420; origin and relations of, § 421; used in past narrative, § 422, I; do., impersonally, p 340, top; after iw as pass of iw sgm'n1, § 422, I; after mk as pass of mk sgm'n1, ib.; after rlzr·n as pass of r/:lr'n sfl.m·n1, §§ 422, I; 481; after is!, ib.; in reference to future events, § 422, 2; do., impersonally, ih.; do., after br, § 422, 2, end; in reference to present, § 422, 3; in subordinate cls., § 423; m virt cl of circumstance parallel to old perf., § 423, I; with sense of cl of condition, § 423, 2; very rare after preps., § 423, 3; negated by n, § 424, I; by tm in virt cl of circumstance, § 424, 2; doubtful exx after nn, § 424, Passi ve voice, § 293; defined, § 376 Past: Engl tense, § 295, OBS I; how expressed in Eg., §§ 295.31 I, end; 355· 407.414.422, ; 450, I; p 383 Negated mainly by nsgm1, §§ 105, 455 Past perfect: Engl tense, § 295, OBS I; expressed in Eg by sgm·n1, §§ 67 414, 2; in virt d of time, § 212 Peculiarities of hieroglyphic writing, §§ 54-63 Perfect tense, Engl.: see under Past perfect, Present perfect Perfective relative form, formerly called Prospective, p 297, n 4; forms of, § 387, 2; use in reference to past action, § 389, 2, a; to prospective action, § 389,2, b Perfective tense, Eg., distinguished from Engl Perfect, § 295, OBS I; see too §§ 355 365 and under Old perfective Person: concord of, § 509; special uses of 1st, in old perf., § 312; exclamatory use there of 2nd and 3rd, § 31 3­ Personal pronouns, see under Pronouns, personaL Phonetic complements, § 52 Phonetic determinatives, § 54 Phonetic signs, preceding ideograms foIl by stroke det., § 25, OBS Phonograms or sound-signs, §§ 6, 2; of three kinds, uniliteral or alphabetic, biliteral and triliteral, § 17· ptel-forms in Hebrew, possible analogy of Eg geminating verb-forms to, §§ 269, OBS.; 274· 35 , OBS.; 438, OBS www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com GRA!vIMATICAL AND ORTHOGRAPHIC 155· 4#, 3; 454, 4; before sgm·nj form, §§ 15 417; rarely before pass sgmj, § 423, 3; before sgmtj form, §§ 407-9 Present perfect: Engl tense, § 295, OBS I; ex­ pressed in Eg by sgm'nj, §§ 67 414, 2; in virt d of time, § 212 Present time, expressed in Eg mainly by imperf forms, §§ 355 365, 2; 367 370 373, 2; 389, I; 440, I; but sometimes by perf., §§ 367 369, 3; §373 (b); 450,2; negated mainlybynsgm·nf, §§ 10 5, 3; 418, I; but sometimes by n igmj, § 455, Prohibitions, §§ 338, I 2; 340 Pronominal compound (tw'i, etc.), § 124; origin, t'b., OBS.; as subj of sents with adv pred., £b.; after ntt, § 223; in pseudo-verbal construction, § 330 ; with r+ infin., § 332, end Pronouns, demonstrative, §§ 110-12 Pronouns, interrogative, §§ 496-502 Pronouns, personal: three kinds, § 33 See under Dependent pronouns, Independent pronouns, Suffix-pronouns, Occasionally omitted, § 506, 5; ordinarily not precede n to which they refer, § 507, I; 3rd sing used with blk im and J.rm·i, more rarely 1st sing., § 509, See too Reflexive use of pronouns Proper nouns, transcription of, Appendix B, pp 434-7· Prospective: reference of verb-forms, see Future; relative form, term abandoned in this edition, § 295, OBS 2; p 298, top Prothetic ~ i, § 272 Pseudo-participle, name given by others to verb­ form here called old perfective, § 309, OBS I Pseudo-verbal construction, §§ 319-34; defined, § 19; conforming to model of sentence with adv~ pred., ib.; meaning in, of old perf as compared with ~r+infin., § 320; without introductory word, § 322; intr by {w, § 323; by wnn, § 326; by parts", of wnn, § 396, 2; by non-enclitic particles, § 324; containing pw, § 325; after m-bt, § 327; after nty, § 328; after ntt and wnt, § 329; after the pro­ nominal compound, § 330; with m+infin., § 331; with r+infin., §§ 332-3; negation of, § 334; in questions intr by in iw, § 492, 6; by in ntt, § 494, Psychic activities, vbs expressing, § 29 I, I Pu la/-form in Hebrew, Egyptian analogies to, §§ 274· 360 Pi'lel-forms in Hebrew, Eg verb-forms analogous to, § 274; related nouns, § 274, OBS Place-names: gender of, § 92, I; fonns best to use in Egyptological books, p 435 Plural: of prons., §§ 34 43 64; of nb 'air, § 48 ; of ns and adjs., §§ 72 4; ns denoting foodstuffs and materials, written as plur., Sign-list Z 2; of demon­ stratives, § IIO; of old perf., § 309; of imper., § 335; of parts., §§ 354 357-9 361 ; of sgmtyjy, § 364; f collectives sometimes referred to by plur suffix-prons., § 510, Plurality, determinative of, § 73, 3; see too Z in the Sign-list Plurals, apparent, § 77 Possession, sentences expressing, §§ 114-15; 115A (Add p 423)' Possessive adjectives, equivalents of Engl., § 113 Predicate: three kinds of non-verbal sentence, dis­ tinguished according as they have adverbial (§§ 116 24), nominal or pronominal (§§ 125-34), or adjectival (§§ 135-45), § 28; virt cls of circum­ stance used as, § I Predicate, grammatical and logical: distinguished and defined, § 126 Predicate, logical: cases where it precedes logical subject, §§ 127 128 130­ Predication, m of (formerly called m of equivalence, p viii), § 162, 6; used where Engl has nominal pred., §§ 38.44,2; II6 II7; p 151, n 8; used to emphasize adj as epithet, §§ 96, 2; 2°4, 2; do., parts., § 393; before reI cls introduced by nty, § 199, end; in cls of time, circumstance, and con­ dition, §§ 133, OBS.; 150 214 Predicative adjunct: introduced by m after vbs of 'becoming', 'making', by rafter vbs of 'appoint­ ing' and like, § 84 Preposition+noun, used as epithet of ns., § 158, I; used as n., § 158, Prepositional adverb clauses: without ntt, § 222; with ntt, § 223; former negated by tmj, § 347, Prepositions, simple or compound, § 161; simple, §§ 162-77; compound, §§ 178-81; suffix-prons after, § 35, 2; compound, often with genitival adj n(y) before n., p 13 I, bottom; rarely at begin­ ning of sent., § 159; negation of, § 160; use before n., suffix-pron or infin., § 154; before virt n cl with indep pron as subj and nom or adv pred., § 154, end j as conjunction before sgm·f, §§ 154 f 639 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com INDEXES Purpose: virt cIs of, with sgml (perf § 454, 3), §§ 40, I; 219; with wnl, § 118, 2; negated by tmI, § 347, 4; cls of introduced by n mrwt, §§ 181 222, Quadriliteral verb(s), § 283; causatives of 3-lit vbs belong to these, ib.; swtwt 'walk', doubtful causa­ tive of, § 286 Qualitative, Coptic verb-form, p 43 I, n I Quartae infirmae vbs., § 285; causatives of 3ae info belong to these, ib ; causatives of, § 287 Questions, §§ 490-504; various kinds of, § 490 ; often elliptical in form, § 506, I; for corrobora­ tion, defined, § 490; indicated only by tone of voice, § 491, I; using particle is, § 491, 2; intro­ duced by in, §§ 491, 3; 493 ; when negative nor nn precedes, answer 'yes' suggested, 491,3; introduced by in iw, § 492; by in ntt, § 494; for specification, defined, § 490; position of interrogative word in, § 495; introducing parts irf, rf, tT, ib.; interroga­ tive prons and advs used in, §§ 496-503, see too in Eg.-Engl Vocab.; imperf sdmj used in, § 440, 6; negated by tm-f, § 346, I; indirect, §§ 490 504; these sometimes not different in form from direct, § 504, I ; without interrogative word, § 504, 2; sense rendered by part or reL form, §§ 399· 504, ; rhetorical, §§ 489 490; answers to, pw used in, § 190, I Quinquiliteral verbs, § 286 R of futurity, § 122 Rank of officials considered abstractly, how ex­ pressed, p 336, n Reduplication, § 274; half-, ib.; of final con­ sonant only, ib.; do., in some pass verb-forms, comparable to Hebr pu'lal, ib.; §§ 360 425; of second radical, comparable to Hebr prel, § 274; how distinguished from gemination, ib., end; in names of small animals, etc., § 274, OBS Reflexive use of pronouns: of suffix-prons., § 36; of dep prons., § 45; in dative after imper., § 337, 2; phrases reinforcing reflexive sense, § 36 Relative adjective, see Eg.-Engl Vocab under nty; negative, ib under iwty Relative cIauses, §§ 195-204; definition, § 195 ; virtual, defined, opposed to those using reI adjs., ih.; not used for making additional statements, § I95, OBS.; virt., used when antecedent un­ defined, § 196; do., without expressed antecedent, § 197; rare when antecedent defined, § 198; in latter case usually with rel adjs., § 199, see above under Relative adjective: other ways of rendering sense of Eng reI cls., § 204; old perf in virt., § 317; pseudo-verbal construction in do., § 323 See too under Participles, Relative forms Relative forms of verb, §§ 380-9; definition and endings, § 380; three kinds, ih., and see under Imperfective reI form, Perfective reI form, and Sgmw·nl reI form; origin of, from pass parts., but nevertheless felt as active, § 386, see too Add p 425; supposed pass of, § 388; with direct semantic obj identical with antecedent, § 382; different from antecedent, § 383; reI forms from intrans vbs., § 384; tense-distinction in} § 389; abso~ute use of, § 390; used to point to logical pred., § 391 ; in the construction sgm pw ir(w)·nj, § 392; in negative universal propositions, § 394 ; in comparisons, § 398; from wnn with adv pred., p 314, n 4; with pseudo-verbal construction, p 314, n a, but see correction p xxviii; negated by tm, § 397, 3; in reI cIs with ntt, § 400 Relative past time, conveyed by sgm·nj form, §§ 156 212 4, 2; 15 417 Relative present or future time, conveyed by sgm/, §§ 155· 212 441 451 Repeated action, sometimes implied in reduplicated verb-stems, § 274; conveyed by imperf tense, § 295; so in imperf act parts., §§ 365-7; do., pass., § 369, 2; in imperf reI form, § 389, I; in imperf sgmj, §§ 440-4 446; perhaps in rare geminating old perf., § 310, end; conveyed also by iw sgml, § 462; by iwj sdmj, § 463 Repetition: of like consonants, avoided, § 62; do., with other signs, § 62 A (p 422); of the same con­ sonant, to indicate its retention in pronunciation, p 53, top; of a prep., suffix-pron or adj., to in­ dicate co-ordination, § 91, I ; do., to indicate dis­ junction, § 91, See too Repeated action Result: expressed by sgm'lnj, § 429; by sgm'hr/, § 431; by old perf., p 240, n a ; of movement, expressed by old perf in vbs of motion, §§ 31 I 414, 4; virt cIs of, § 220, 6; cIs of, introduced by T, §§ 163, I I (a); 222,6 Resumptive adverb, §§ 195 200, 2; 377, I; 378 Resumptive pronoun, defined, § 146; in reI cIs., www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com GRAMMATICAL AND ORTHOGRAPHIC §§ 195 200, 2; after pass parts in extended use, §§ 376 377; cases where omitted in do., § 378; not found with reI forms whose semantic object is identical with antecedent, § 382; elsewhere is necessary, §§ 383 384; exceptional cases of omis­ sion, § 385; importance of omission for origin of reI forms, § 386, I Retained object after pass parts.) § 377; this inter­ pretation disputed, p 425, Add p 294, n Rhetorical questions, §§ 89 490 'Said he', etc., phrases expressing, §§ 43 437 8gm 'hear', verb used as paradigm, § 39 8gm pw ir(w)·nj, with pass JrJm pw Iry, construction used in narrative, § 392 8rJmj form; preliminary account, §§ 39-40 ; belongs to suffix conjugation, § 410, I; endings, ib.; origin, § 41 I, I; at least two forms, § 41 I, I; imperfective, §§ 438-46; perfective, §§ 447-59 [see separate entries below]; in statements, § 39; wishes and exhortations, § 40,2; continuing imperative, § 337; from adj vbs., §§ 143 144, I; 150, end; 157, 4; from wnn and tm, see Eg.-Engl Vocab.; as obj of certain vbs., §§ 70 184; do., alternates with infin., §§ 184 298 302; as subj., § 188, 3; do., after phrase expressing non-existence, § 188, 2; sgmj pw, § 189; after genitival adj., § 191 ; in virt rttI cIs., §§ 196, 2; 197; after nty, § 201; after iwty, § 203, 5; in virt cIs of time, §§ 30 212; of circum­ stance, § 213; of condition, § 216; of asseveration, § 218; of purpose, §§ 40, I; 219; of result, § 220; in 'whether or whether' cIs., § 217; after nit nit, § 223; after and wnt, § 187; after prep preps., §§ ISS 157; (in detail) 161-81 ~ after ir 'if', § 150; after in or indep pron., future sense, § 227, 2; after lb, future consequence or exhorta­ tion, §§ 40, 3; 118, 2; 228; ist, in cls of time or circumstance, § 212; mk, future sense, § 234; }p and I;twy, § 23 ; br Jrjmj, brj sgmj, future sense, §239; sw (archaic), §24o; smwn, §24I; kl sdmj, klj sgmj, future consequence, § 242; in questions introduced by in iw, § 492, ; by in alone, § 493, 2; after archaic prons sw, s(y), S7l, p 424, Add to § 148, I Negated, see Eg.-Engl Vocab under n, nn; also ib under imy and tm Srjmj form, imperfective, §§ 438-46: introductory, § 438 ; various theories about, § 446; relation to pass parts and reI forms, § 4II, I; forms in mutable vbs., § 439; implies repetition or con­ tinuity, § 440; statements with present reference, § 440, I; past custom, § 440, 2; with future reference, § 440,3; after tb (unique ex.), § 440, 4; in exhortations and wishes, § 440, 5; in questions for specification, § 440, 6; in address of letters, § 440, 7; in subordinate cIs., § 441; as obj of certain vbs., § 442, I; as subj of adj pred., § 442, 2; as pred of pw, § 442, 3; after genitival adj., § 442, 5; after nty and iwty, § 443; in virt adv cls., § 444, I 2; after preps., § 444, 3; 2ae gem after ir 'if, § 444, 4; also 3a£ info when preceded by another sgmj, § 444, 4; negation of, § 445· Sgmj form, perfective, §§ 447-59: probably con­ ceals more thau one form, § 447; forms in mutable verbs, § 448; meaning of, § 449; in past state~ ments, § 450, I; with present reference, § 450, 2; future reference, § 450, 3; in wishes and exhorta­ tions, § 450, 4; after ib, § 450, 5, a; I;tl and tt'WJ, § 450, 5, b; br, § 450, 5, c; kl, § 450, 5, d; in ntf (or in X) sgmf, future sense, § 450, 5, e; hr·! stimj, future sense, § 450, 5,!; klj sgmj, future consequence, § 450, 5,g; in subordinate cIs., § 45 ; in n cIs., § 452; as obj of certain verbs, § 452, 1.2; after ntt, § 452, 2; as subj., § 452, 3; as pred 'of pw, § 452, 4; after genitival adj., § 452, 5; in reI cIs., § 453 ; in adv cls., § 454; in virt cls of time, circumstance, condition, § 454, I; of asseveration, § 454, 2; of purpose, § 454, 3; after preps., § 454, 4; after ir 'if, § 454, 5; forms from ii, iw 'come', § 459; concluding remarks, § 458 Negated, see Eg.-Eng! Vocab under n, nn For the Passive Jrjmj form see under this above Sgm'brj form, §§ 427 430-2: origin, § 427; forms in mutable vbs., § 430; with future reference, § 43 , I; present, § 431, 2; past, § 431, 3; negated by tm, § 432; wn·!J.rj and wnn'brj in the pseudo­ verbal construction, § 471 ; wnn'brj trJmj of future habit, § 473 ; summary, § 435 Sflm·{nj form, §§ 427-9: origin, § 427; forms in mutable vbs., § 428; in past narrative, § 429, I; in future consequences and injunctions, § 429, 2; wn·injin compound verb-forms, §§ 47°.472.473; concluding remarks, § 435 Sgm·klj form, §§ 427 433-4: origin, § 427; forms in mutable vbs., § 433; to express future conse­ quences or injunctions, § 434 641 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com INDEXES Sgmmj form, §§ 425-6: nature and meaning, § 425; forms in different verb-classes, ib.; pass meaning and uses, § 426 8gm·nj form, narrative, §§ 412-18 A: preliminary account, § 67; belongs to suffix conjugation, § 410; endings, ib., 412; origin, §4II, 2; forms from mu­ table vbs., §413; affirmative uses, §414; with past reference, § 414, I; do., after iw, §§ 68 464; do., after rbr'n, § 478; do., after rbr'nj, § 479; do., after mk, isl or subj in anticipatory emphasis, § 414, ; expressing reI past time, §§ 67 414, 2; after 'p, § 14, 3; after ir 'if', §§ 151 14, 3; from vbs of motion, § 414, 4; from rb and sbJ., § 414, 4; to express actions simultaneously spoken of and per­ formed, § 414, 5; in virt n cIs., with reI past reference, § 415; as obj of vbs., § 185; after genitival adj., § 192; in virt reI cIs., §§ 196, 2; 416; after nty, § 201; after iwty, §§ 203, 6; 418, end; in virt adv cls., § 417, I; with reI past reference as virt cI of time, §§ 67, end; 212; as virt cl of circumstance, § 213; after preps., §§ 156 417, 2; in questions introduced by in iw, § 492, 5; by in alone, § 493, Negated, see Eg.­ Engl Vocab under n, nn $tjmtj form, §§ 401-9: three uses, possibly not of same origin, § 401; I n stjmtj, negative, use, § 402 ; forms in mutable vbs., § 403 ; passive forms, § 404; origin, § 405; narrative itjmtj form, doubtful, § 406 ; after preps., § 407; negated by tm, § 408; forms in this use, § 409 8gmtyjy form, §§ 363-4; equivalent to future act part., ib.; object of, § 375; very rarely with pass sense, § 363; structure of, § 364; forms of, ib.; negated by tm, § 397, Sgm'W'nj relative form, p 297, n 4; origin, § 386, 2; relation to narrative sgm·nj form, § 411, 2; endings and forms in mutable vbs., § 387, 3; mainly past meaning, § 389, 3; meaning in verbs rb, bm, mri, § 389, Secundae geminatae verbs, § 280 ; causatives of, § 284 ; use of imperf itjmj perhaps sometimes due to inherent meaning of stem, § 446, end '-self', how expressed, § 36 Semantic object, defined, § 297, I; direct, ib.; in­ direct, ib ; agent a special case of indirect, § 297, 2; with infin., how expressed, §§ 300 301; after active parts., § 375; inherent in pass parts., §§ 376 377; in reI forms, §§ 382 383 Semantic subject, defined, § 297, I; with infin., how expressed, §§ 300 301; p 231, n 5; after pass parts., expressed as agent, § 379, I; by direct genitive, § 379, 2; by n, whether genitival adj or prep., § 379, 3; in reI forms, § 386, Semi-vowels, § 20; proofs of consonantal character, pp 43 431 Sense-signs, see under Ideograms Sentence-adverb, more appropriate designation of particles, §§ 226 244 Sentences: verbal, defined, § 27; non-verbal, de­ fined, § 28; with adv pred., §§ I I 6-24 ; with nom or pronom pred., §§ 125-34; with adj pred., §§ 135-45; existential, §§ 107-8; expressing posses­ sion, §§ 114 I 15; multiple, defined and exempli­ fied, § 505 ; classification of, according to intention of the speaker, § 489, see too under Statements, Questions, Commands, Wishes, Exhortations, Exclamations, and Interjections Sexiliteral verbs, only in O.K., p 216, n Singular number: with ns and adjs., § 72; see too under Pronouns, Participles, etc Sound-signs, see under Phonograms Spelling, conforms to definite habits, § 54; special cases, §§ 54-62 Spellings, defective, § 59 Statements, arising from desire to give information, § 489; label form of, § 506, ; seen in absolute use of ns., § 89; of infins., § 306; of parts or reI forms, § 390 Static sense of old perfective, p 238, top Status absolutus, § 78, OBS.; f ending -t fallen in this already in O.K., p 34, n I a; p 432, n 4; final r apt to disappear in, p 432, n 3; in Coptic infins., p 431, top Status constructus: in relation of direct genitive, § 85, OBSA; involves reduction of vowel and loss of f ending -t, ib.; in Coptic infins., p 431, top Status pronominalis in f ns., § 78, OBS.; in Coptic infins., p 431, top Stroke as determinative, § 25; extended use of, § 25, OBS I; see too the Sign-list under ZI Subject: pronouns as, see under Suffix-pronouns, Dependent pronouns, and Independent pronouns; ns as, see under Nouns See too under Gram­ matical subject, Logical subject, and Semantic subject; also under Omission of subject, Trans­ position of subject www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 www.facebook.com/alaa.esam.3979 eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com eng.alaa.esam@gmail.com GRAMMATICAL AND ORTHOGRAPHIC Subordinate clauses: defined, § 182; see under Ad­ verb clauses, Noun clauses, and Relative clauses; sense of, sometimes conveyed by actual sents., §489· Suffix conjugation: definition, enumeration of forms, and common features of these, § 410; concluding remarks, §§ 486-8 Suffix-pronouns, § 34: chief uses, § 35; (a) as subj., in srJmj form, §§ 35, 3; 39; in srJm·nj form, § 67 ; in all forms of the suffix conjugation, § 410; in reI forms, § 380; in sgmtj form, § 4°5; after lw as copula in sentences with adv pred., §§ 37 117; do., in pseudo-verbal construction, § 323; after infin from intrans vbs., § 3°1; do., rarely from trans vbs., ib.; after nty, § 200, 2; after ntt, § 223; (b) as genitive after ns., §§ 35, I; 85, end; after preps., §§ 35, 2; 159; nouns followed by suffixes are not necessarily defined, §§ 35, OBS.; 115; (c) as seman­ tic subj (properly subjective genitive) after pass parts., § 379, 2; (d) as semantic obj (properlyob­ jective genitive) after infin., § 300; of 2nd and 3rd pers sing rarely after pass parts., § 377, end Summary writings, i.e omission of inflexions and like, §§ 20 296 Superlative.: of adjs., meaning conveyed by genitival adj., § 97; by lmy, ib.; by wr or wrt, ib ; a suffix; pron may help to indicate, ib.; of advs., indicated by wrt or by phrases like T bt nbt, § 207 Syntax of nouns and pronouns, §§ 83-