A Compounding
Trang 6cont., Compounding
‘Compounding is the joining of two or more Words into a Single Word,
¢ Such words are called compounds
‘They contain two or more words
¢ Compounds may be written as: > One word as in: cornflakes
> A hyphenated word as in: long-haired
> Two words as in: high school
¢ compound words may take three forms
‘They may be an “open compound”, a “hyphenated compound”, or a “closed compound”:
> Examples:
1 sweet potato (open compound)
2 mother-in-law (hyphenated compound)
3 secondhand (closed compound)
Dr Shadia Yousef Banjar 11/15/2011
Trang 7
B Derivation
Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing Words , as
Trang 8con? Derivation
‘Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing words EXAMPLES: > disadvise >emplane > ecosystem > coachdom ¢Usually invented in the heat of speaking and writing
‘They are immediately understandable because we
Trang 9
C Invention
Now and then new words are totally invented like Kodak and Goof
Few of them find their way in the common vocabulary
Trang 10
cont.,
Invention
¢ Coining is the creation of new words without reference to the existing morphological resources of the language, that is, solely out of the sounds
of the language
¢Coining is very rare, but the most typical sources are invented trade
Trang 11D Echoism
Echoism is the formation of words whose sound suggest their meaning like hiss and peewee The sound is either natural like the roar of a waterfall or artificial like the clang
of a bell
Trang 13E Clipping
Clipping means cutting off the beginning or
the end of a word or both leaving a part to stand for the whole ;lab , dorm, prof ,
exam
The back-clipped words are those words that lose their forepart , like plane and phone
exam, fax,
deli, flu, doc,
Trang 14cont., Clipping
¢ Clipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or
shortened without changing the meaning of the word ¢ There are four types of clipping:
1 back clipping, 2 fore-clipping,
3 middle clipping, and 4 complex clipping
Back clipping is removing the end of a word as in gas from gasoline
Fore-clipping is removing the beginning of a word as in gator from alligator
Middle clipping is retaining only the middle of a word as in flu from
influenza
Complex clipping is removing multiple parts from multiple words as in sitcom from situation comedy
¢ Some of the most common products of clipping are names Liz, Ron, Rob, Sue, and so on
http://www brighthub.com/education/languages/articles/59679
Trang 15
F, Acronoymy
Acronomy is the process whereby a word is
formed from the initials or beginning segments of a succession of words
EXAMPLES:
> NATO( North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Trang 16conk, Acronoymy
‘Initialisms and Acronyms are shortenings, build from the initial letters in a phrase or name While acronyms are pronounced as single words (NASA, AIDS), initialisms are pronounced "as a sequence of letters" (DNA, USA)
(Finegan 2007, 48)
«Some acronyms even become words of our everyday language, such as laser or zip code But the most famous word based on a shortening is the initialism OK
‘Initialisms and acronyms can be sub-divided into a few groups:
1 Acronyms containing non-initial letters (Uinterpol - International Criminal Police Organization, radar - radio detection and ranging) 2 Pronounced as a combination of initialism and acronym (CD-ROM,
JPEG)
3 Recursive initialisms, tn which the abbreviation refers to itself (PHP - PHP hypertext preprocessor)
4 Pseudo-initialisms, which consist of a sequence of characters that, when pronounced as intended, invoke other, longer words (JOU - I
owe you, CU — See you) This kind of initialism is frequently seen on the
internet
5 Initialisms whose last abbreviated word is often redundantly included anyway (PIN number)
Trang 17
G Blending
¢Blending is the fusion of two words into one ,usually the first part of one word with the last part of another, as in gasohol, from gasoline and alcohol
‘The two classes, blends and clipped words, are not sharply separated, and some words may be put into either class
Trang 18
cont., Blending
Blending involves taking two or more_ words, removing parts of each, and joining the residues
together to create a new word whose form and meaning are taken from the source words
EXAMPLES:
¢ smog = smoke + fog
¢ brunch = breakfast + lunch
¢ motel = motor + hotel
webinar = (worldwide) web + seminar
transistor = transfer + resistor ¢ autobus = automobile + omnibus
Trang 19
H Back-formation
Backformation is the formation of new words by the
removal of an affix It may be defined as the
formation of a word from one that looks like its derivative When a backformation becomes established in the language, we can only tell that it is a backformation if we
know the etymology of the words in question EXAMPLES: «sculpt (from sculptor), eburgle (burglar), eproofread (proofreading), ‘scavenge (scavenger)
eto vacuum (vacuum cleaner),
eair-condition (air- conditioning),
eskydive (skydiving),
Trang 20
I Folk Etymology
Changing a word, in part or in whole, to make
it more understandable and more like familiar words
EXAMPLES:
‘Type A (foreign words):
> Cockroach was borrowed from Spanish cucaracha but was folk-etymologized as cock + roach
‘Type B (one part becomes obsolete):
> sand-blind(as tif "blinded by the sand") from Old English sam-blind "half-blind" (sam- is a once-
common prefix cognate with "semi-")
Trang 21
J Antonomasia
Antonomasia means the formation
of common noun, a verb, or an
adjective from the name of a person or place
Examples:
> sandwich(from Sandwich who once spent
twenty-four hours at the gaming table with no
other refreshment than some slices of cold beef
between slices of toast) pos
Trang 22
cont., Antonomasia >Frisben (from the Frisbie Bakery in Bridge Water), >Connecticut (whose pie tins were used for a throwing game),
> Vandal (from the vandals a Germanic people who overran southern Europe 1500 years ago and sacked
and looted Rome in the fifth century)
‘Names from history and literature have given us man common nouns:
>A lover for instance may be called a romeo, a don juan, a casanova
Trang 23
K Reduplication
-Reduplication is the process of forming a new word by doubling a morpheme, usually with a change of vowel or initial consonant, as
in pooh-pooh, tiptop, And hanky-panky
‘The basic morpheme is the second half, like dilly-dally, but it may be the first half, tick tock, or both halves, like singsong, neither
half, like boogie-woogie
Trang 24
cont., Reduplication ‘The term “REDUPLICATION” involves three meanings : 1.The process 2.The result of the process (that 1s, the new word)
3 The element repeated