cross culture tài liệu giao thoa văn hóa

VNU Journal of Science: Foreign Studies, Vol 31, No (2015) 25-36 Expressing Satisfaction in American English and Vietnamese (as Seen from the Categorical Dimension of Directness-Indirectness) Nguyễn Thị Thùy Linh* Faculty of English, VNU University of Languages and International Studies, Phạm Văn Đồng, Cầu Giấy, Hanoi, Vietnam Received 18 March 2015 Revised 21 May 2015; Accepted 19 November 2015 Abstract: Based on the theories of cross-cultural communication, this study aims at investigating the similarities and differences in expressing satisfaction towards different co-interactants in the Vietnamese and American languages and cultures It focuses primarily on the popularity of strategies of expressing satisfaction employed The author takes into consideration such informants’ social parameters as age, gender, marital status, living area, and knowledge of foreign language(s) Keywords: Cross-cultural communication, expressing satisfaction, directness and indirectness Introduction∗ view, Nguyen Quang [2 : 2] remarks that, “one cannot master a language without profound awareness of its cultural background; in both verbal and non-verbal communication, culture makes itself strongly felt.” A learner can truly master English only when he is able to have a good understanding of the inter-relationship between culture and language As a matter of fact, to attain a good command of communication, culture learning apparently turns out to be indispensable Brembeck [1 : 37] notes that, “to know another’s language and not his culture is a very good way to make a fluent fool of oneself” The same holds true of the teaching and learning of English In order to help learners achieve communicative competence, we have to pay close attention to culture awareness and acquisition That dialectical connection has always been a concern of researchers and it has received more and more agreement With this in For this reason, the researcher has carried out a small-scale study on expressing satisfaction viewed from the categorical dimension of Directness-Indirectness 1.1 Cross-cultural communication Culture shapes communication and ways of interpreting communication Therefore, there is high likelihood that problems arise when people _ ∗ Tel.: 84-1662328288 Email: nthithuylinh88@gmail.com 25 N.T.T Linh/ VNU Journal of Science: Foreign Studies, Vol 31, No (2015) 25-36 26 from different cultures communicate That is the reason why studies of “cross-cultural communication” come to life Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied linguistics [3] gives the definition of cross-cultural communication simply as “an exchange of ideas, information, etc between people from different backgrounds” In a broader sense, cross-cultural communication is “communication (verbal and non-verbal) between people from different cultures; communication that is influenced by cultural values, attitudes and behavior; the influence of culture on people’s reactions and responses to each other” [4] COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN CULTURAL CONFLICT MISCOMMUNICATION CULTURE SHOCK MISUNDERSTANDING MISINTERPRETATION CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION STEREOTYPE PREJUDICE ETHNOCENTRISM COMPLEX CULTURAL SCHEMATA VALUES BELIEFS PERCEPTIONS TABOOS CUSTOM S TRADI-TIONS SOCIOPOLITICS CIVILISATION LEVEL CCC-Nguyen Quang N.T.T Linh/ VNU Journal of Science: Foreign Studies, Vol 31, No (2015) 25-36 It is understandable that when cross-cultural communication occurs, difficulties, misunderstandings or communication failures may happen because people from different cultural backgrounds have different values, beliefs, perspections and communication styles They often interpret others’ interactive behaviour according to their own cultural conventions and they tend to use their own culture to value others If the cultural values of the speakers are widely different, misinterpretations and misunderstandings can arise and even result in a total breakdown of communication This can also lead to confusion, anger, disappointment and culture shock as an inevitable consequence Nguyen Quang’s bottom-up flowchart [2] of culture shock and communication breakdown can well serve as a good illustration Undoubtedly, cultural differences are the source of difficulties and failures in crosscultural communication Only with awareness of cultural differences can people keep their communication smooth and easy In other words, knowledge and skills of the field are the key to effective cross-cultural communication 1.2 Expressing satisfaction in cross- cultural communication 1.2.1 What is ‘expressing satisfaction’? According to the classification of speech acts by Searle [5], expressing satisfaction belongs to the type of expressives, i.e “those kinds of speech act that state what the speaker feels … And in using an expressive, the speaker makes words fit the world (of feelings)” [6] To be more precise, they are based on psychological states and relate to the expression of feelings or emotions to the receiver 27 In another way, expressing “satisfaction” found in Oxford English Dictionary Online [7] is "the good feeling that you have when you achieved something or when something you wanted to happen does happen" It is often mistaken among those good feelings as happiness, joy, contentment or fulfillment However, when taking a closer look, there are some slight distinctions among them - Happiness is a state of mind or feeling characterized by contentment, love, satisfaction, pleasure, joy, etc It often depicts the good feelings of a person in general, therefore, “satisfaction” is meant beyond the shade of “happiness” - Contentment (rather formal) is a feeling of happiness or satisfaction with what you have - Fulfillment is a feeling of happiness or satisfaction with what you or have done Satisfaction, in this article, should be identified as “the gratification you feel after you have fulfilled a need, wish or expectation.” [8] On this basis, expressing satisfaction is meant to be an act of showing how happy and content somebody is when he/she has attained something longing It is such an amorphous feeling; therefore the expression of it may vary from person to person In terms of channels, there are supposed to be two main types of strategies when expressing satisfaction They are: - Non-verbal strategies: + Body action + Smiling + Silence + Crying + Others - Verbal strategies: + Thanking N.T.T Linh/ VNU Journal of Science: Foreign Studies, Vol 31, No (2015) 25-36 28 + Understating + Seeking agreement + Using joke + Being optimistic + Giving gift + Asking questions + Raising However, as stated from the beginning, the purpose of this study is to investigate expressing satisfaction as a speech act Therefore, it is to take the focal point on verbal strategies and explore the differences between the two cultures (Vietnamese and American) 1.2.2 Directness- Indirectness strategies in expressing satisfaction According to Nguyen Quang [9], there are direct strategies and indirect strategies in a communicative act: Directness strategies: Single directness (SD) Compound directness (CD) Directness + conventional indirectness (D-CID) Directness + non-conventional indirectness (D-NID) Indirectness strategies: Conventional indirectness (CID) Non-conventional indirectness (NID) Conventional indirectness + conventional indirectness (CID- CID) Conventional indirectness + directness (CID- D) Non-conventional indirectness directness (NID- D) + In expressing satisfaction as a communicative act, the Vietnamese respondents in this research resort to strategies while the American ones take 10 out of the 12 strategies suggested by Nguyen Quang [9] Eight strategies used by the Vietnamese respondents in the three situations (at home, at work and in public) under investigation include: SD: Cám ơn nhiều nhé! CD: Cám ơn nhé! Thật may biết mà sửa sớm tốt biết bao! D-CID: Cám ơn ấy! Gia đình tuyệt vời mà! D-NID: Cám ơn! Bí chỗ phải biết lòng với sống! CID: Thỉnh thoảng nhà em có chuyện linh tinh nhìn chung ổn rồi! NID: Số em may mà! CID- D: Thế mà không nghĩ ra! Cảm ơn nhé! NID- D: Vai u thịt bắp có khác! Cám ơn ông nhé! Meanwhile, the American informants resort to the following 10 strategies: SD: Thanks! Conventional indirectness + nonconventional indirectness (CID- NID) CD: That’s so kind of you to say so! You know that I feel blessed by my family Non-conventional indirectness + conventional indirectness (NID- CID) CID: My arms were about to pull out of their sockets! Non-conventional indirectness + nonconventional indirectness (NID-NID) NID: You really are a blessing! D- CID: I am very grateful but of course no family is perfect N.T.T Linh/ VNU Journal of Science: Foreign Studies, Vol 31, No (2015) 25-36 29 D- NID: Thanks a bunch! Nobody’s perfect, by the way! informants: one - American and the otherVietnamese CID- D: You understand these things so thoroughly Thanks for walking me through it! The informants were requested to give verbal responses to the following specific situations: NID- D: I messed up But thanks! Situation (family setting): How would you verbally express your satisfaction to the following person (best friend, nodding acquaintance, brother/sister, colleague, boss, subordinate) when someone (another person) says you are lucky to have a happy family? NID- NID: You know me too well I should be clever as you CID- NID: It’s good to hear another perspective on this Those are good ideas, honey! Access 2.1 Research questions For the discovery of major similarities and differences between the Vietnamese and American in expressing satisfaction, this study is aimed to be largely a qualitative one Two main research questions are raised: How American and Vietnamese informants express their satisfaction in given situations? What are major similarities and differences between Vietnamese and American informants in expressing satisfaction in the situations under investigation? 2.2 The questionnaire The study is conducted to examine how the Vietnamese and American express their satisfaction In order to get data for the contrastive analysis, two versions of questionnaire (English and Vietnamese) were designed and delivered to two groups of Situation (office setting): How would you verbally express your satisfaction to the following person (best friend, nodding acquaintance, brother/sister, colleague, boss, subordinate) when someone (another person) shows your mistakes in your work and suggests the solutions? Situation (public setting): How would you verbally express your satisfaction to the following person (best friend, nodding acquaintance, brother/sister, colleague, boss, subordinate) when someone (another person) enthusiastically helps you with your heavy shopping bags? 2.3 The informants The survey questionnaires are administered to two groups of informants The Vietnamese group consists of 30 informants living in Northern Vietnam The second group was 30 Native American speakers who are now living in the United States Details of the informants’ parameters are illustrated in the following table: 30 N.T.T Linh/ VNU Journal of Science: Foreign Studies, Vol 31, No (2015) 25-36 Table Number of informants with their status parameters STATUS PARAMETERS AGE GENDER MARITAL STATUS AREA WHERE INFORMANTS SPEND MOST OF THEIR TIME OCCUPATION ACQUISITION OF LANGUAGE INFORMANTS Vietnamese 13 17 22 20 10 26 10 20 Below 40 Above 40 Male Female Single Married Rural Urban Social- service Tech- scientific American 22 22 14 16 12 18 13 17 With FL(s) 28 26 Without FL(s) 2.4 Data collection and analysis procedure Data collection procedure was carried out during the first two stages of the research Based on hypotheses and anticipations, the author designed two types of survey questionnaires: one in English and the other in Vietnamese These questionnaires were carefully piloted by the researcher and some pre- informants chosen at random After that, the questionnaires were converted to a google document stored online so that it was easier to spread and keep the data In addition, the questionnaires were also delivered directly to some American and Vietnamese respondents in person The researcher, though fully aware of the necessity to certify the validity of the study through other methods such as interviewing or recording, failed to conduct these to all of the informants due to the limited time and the scope of the study What can be strongly emphasized in the method is that the researcher managed to have penpal interviews via Skype with many American informants, which contributed greatly to the major findings of the study itself The next stage is called data analysis in which all the collected materials were critically analyzed in the light of cross cultural communication In brief, the data may be viewed and collated from the perspectives of directnessindirectness and politeness strategies It should be noted that this is largely a qualitative study and data was collected from the informant The context may somehow made change to the responses from informants Hence, no overgeneralization is firmly made Findings and discussion Following is the summary of the research findings and discussion: 3.1 Use of D-ID as seen from communicating partners’ parameters 3.1.1 Vietnamese findings As can be seen from the table, most Vietnamese informants are in favor of directness when it comes to expressing their satisfaction in given situations Indirectness, N.T.T Linh/ VNU Journal of Science: Foreign Studies, Vol 31, No (2015) 25-36 on the other hand is less preferred by the majority and yet, informants are inclined to 31 choose indirect strategies when they communicate with those who have equal status Table D- ID in the situations under study (Vietnamese) Situation Directness 65% Indirectness 35% Situation Directness 81.12% Indirectness 18.88% Situation Directness 72.23% Indirectness 27.77% Table Use of D-ID as seen from Vietnamese communicating partners’ parameters Strategy Directness (%) 40% 70% 56.66% 63.34% 86.67% 83.34% Communicating partner Best friend Nodding acquaintance Brother/ sister Colleague Boss Subordinate The majority of respondents chose to be straightforward when communicating to people with different social distances However, there 3.1.2 American findings Indirectness (%) 60% 30% 43.34% 36.66% 13.33% 16.66% is still some exception, that is, when the communicating partner is the best friend Table D-ID in the situations under study (in American) Situation Directness 68.34% Indirectness 31.66% Situation Directness 58.34% Indirectness 41.66% Situation Directness 82.78% Indirectness 17.22% Table Use of D-ID as seen from American communicating partners’ parameters Strategy Communicating partner Best friend Nodding acquaintance Brother/ sister Colleague Boss Subordinate First and foremost, the greatest number of the sampling (82.78%) express their emotion directly when the scenario is in public It seems Directness (%) Indirectness (%) 36.67% 73.34% 63.33% 36.67% 83.34% 80% 63.33% 26.66% 36.67% 63.33% 16.66% 20% that people tend to make use of simple and quick strategy of directness rather than resort to other various types of strategies Meanwhile, 32 N.T.T Linh/ VNU Journal of Science: Foreign Studies, Vol 31, No (2015) 25-36 within the office settings, the choice between direct or indirect strategies is comparatively equal When the informants interact with their family members or best friend, the strategies are more varied In comparison with Vietnamese responses, American informants seem to make use of more direct and indirect strategies The degree of Directness fluctuates from 36.67% to 83.34%, whereas indirectness is employed at quite unstable rates, ranging from 16.66% to 63.33% In terms of indirectness, it is remarkably preferred when communicating with best friend and colleague Bosses in Vietnam and America seem to receive the most direct expressions - Differences: The American informants use more strategies than the Vietnamese ones (10 against 8) A special finding is within the office background If Vietnamese people are bound to choose just some certain strategies of expressing satisfaction, American ones are quite different 3.1.3 Similarities and differences - Similarities: Both Vietnamese and American informants are more in favour of directness when expressing satisfaction In Vietnamese 86.67% 40% 60% 13.33% Highest percentage of D Lowest percentage of D Highest percentage of ID Lowest percentage of ID Vietnamese Communicating partner Boss Subordinate Nodding acquaintance Collegague Brother/sister Best friend Differences in the choice of direct and indirect strategies can be clearly seen in the following features: More direct Percentage Percentage 86.67% 83.34% 70% 63.34% 56.66% 40% 83.34 80% 73.34% 63.33% 36.67% 36.67% > > < < In American 83.34% 36.67% 63.33% 16.66% American Communicating partner Boss Subordinate Nodding acquaintance Brother/sister Colleague Best friend Less direct 3.2 Use of D-ID as seen from informants’ parameters 3.2.1 Vietnamese findings It is observable that directness is utilized at a comparatively higher rate than indirectness, especially by informants aged under 40 Male participants tend to be more direct in expressing satisfaction with 87.5% With regard to N.T.T Linh/ VNU Journal of Science: Foreign Studies, Vol 31, No (2015) 25-36 residence, far beyond the researcher’s expectation, rural people are likely to take more directness than indirectness into consideration with 76.92% versus 23.08% Meanwhile only 25% of urban population express their feelings directly 33 It can be inferred from the data that there is a disparity in the degree of directness between individuals who work in the fields of social sciences and service (SS & S) (50%) and those majoring in natural sciences and technology (NS & T) (70%) Table Use of D-ID as seen from Vietnamese informants’ parameters Strategy Informants’ para Age Gender Marital status Residence Occupation Acquisition of FL (s) Under 40 Over 40 Male Female Single Married Rural Urban Social- service Tech- scientific Yes No Directness (%) 76.92% 61.53% 87.5% 72.72% 80% 60% 76.92% 25% 50% 70% 61.54% 75% Indirectness (%) 23.08% 38.47% 12.5% 27.28% 20% 40% 23.08% 75% 50% 30% 38.46% 25% 3.2.2 American findings Table Use of D-ID as seen from American informants’ parameters Strategy Informants’ para Age Gender Marital status Residence Occupation Acquisition of FL (s) Under 40 Over 40 Male Female Single Married Rural Urban SS & S NS & T Yes No It is worthy of note that more indirect strategies are chosen by American informants Similar to most cases for Vietnamese Directness (%) 75% 63.64% 62.5% 72.72% 71.43% 56.25% 55.55% 75% 64.71% 61.54% 71.43% 50% Indirectness (%) 25% 35.36% 37.5% 27.28% 28.57% 43.75% 44.45% 25% 35.29% 38.46% 28.57% 50% informants, all of the groups employ more directness than indirectness 3.2.3 Similarities and differences N.T.T Linh/ VNU Journal of Science: Foreign Studies, Vol 31, No (2015) 25-36 34 - Similarities: A major similarity which can be realized in the data analysis is that both Vietnamese and American informants employ more direct strategies The evidence is in almost any cases, directness outnumbers indirectness In addition, indirectness is favoured mostly by those who are over 40 and get married already - Differences: + The most striking difference is that the rate of using indirectness by American Highest percentage of D Lowest percentage of D Highest percentage of ID Lowest percentage of ID informants is significantly higher than that by Vietnamese ones + Vietnamese male participants rarely employ directness to express their satisfaction while opposite is the case of American informants + With regards to residence, Vietnamese urban respondents are less direct than Vietnamese ones, while with the American, it is the opposite In Vietnamese 87.5% 25% 75% 12.5% > > < < In American 75% 50% 50% 25% The informants’ parameters presenting their impact on directness and indirectness in the two cultures also differ: Vietnamese Informants Male Single Under 40 Rural Without FL(s) Female Tech-sci With FL(s) Over 40 Married Social-service Urban More direct Percentage 87.5% 80% 76.92% 76.92% 75% 72.72% 70% 61.54% 61.53% 60% 50% 25% Less direct 3.3 Discussion In terms of direct- indirect strategies Contrary to Kaplan’s cultural thought patterns [10] which suggest that the Orient appear to be more roundabout than the AngloSaxons, this research has come out with the Percentage 75% 75% 72.72% 71.43% 71.43% 64.71% 63.64% 62.5% 61.54% 56.25% 55.55% 505 American Informants Under 40 Urban Female With FL(s) Single Social-service Over 40 Male Tech-sci Married Rural Without FL(s) finding that the American informants actually opt for more indirectness than the Vietnamese ones This study proves that, the majority of the Vietnamese informants resort to directness whilst the American choose from a variety of indirect and direct strategies to express their satisfaction N.T.T Linh/ VNU Journal of Science: Foreign Studies, Vol 31, No (2015) 25-36 Regarding the effects of social distance in measuring levels of indirectness, the research findings reveal that the closer the social distance between the interlocutors is, the more varied indirect strategies are used This is similar in both groups of informants 35 indirect communicative strategies, not to mention the greater variety of strategies they make use.Besides, the study also reveals that the Vietnamese informants are inclined to be more straightforward and simpler in expressing satisfaction In terms of informants’ status parameters The results of data analysis show that all investigated status parameters, namely age, gender, marital status, occupation, residence and acquisition of foreign language(s) have different impacts upon both Vietnamese and American informants in their verbal politeness behavior Generally speaking, it has been shown that, both of the Vietnamese and American informants at older age, of weaker sex, of social science working groups appear to be more open and freer than those of the opposite groups There are some certain differences between the two groups of informants; however, it is not really significant Conclusion As an important speech act, expressing satisfaction includes many strategies which the speaker makes use of during their daily interaction This study has found out some noteworthy points Firstly, both American and Vietnamese informants tend to be in favor of short and direct responses They mostly choose thanking as a safe communicative strategy when expressing their satisfaction By contrast, the American informants prefer to exploit References [1] Brembeck, W (1977) Development and teaching of college course in intercultural communication Reading in intercultural communication Pittsburgh: SIETAR Publications, University of Pittsburgh [2] Nguyễn Quang (1998) Intercultural communication HULIS, VNU [3] Richards, C Jack, Platt, John and Platt, Heidi (1992) Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, London: Longman [4] Levin, D.R & Adelman, M.B (1993) Beyond language-intercultural communication for English as a second language Prentice Hall, Inc [5] Searle, J.R (1969) Speech Acts: An essay in the philosophy of language Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [6] Yule, G (1996) Pragmatics Oxford: Oxford University Press [7] Oxford English Dictionary Online Available at oed.com: Oxford University Press [8] Johnson, P.G (2012) The secret society of happy people: 31 types of happiness guide PJ Press [9] Nguyễn Quang (2004) Giao tiếp nội văn hóa giao văn hóa NXB Đại học Quốc Gia [10] Kaplan, R (1966) Cultural Thought Patterns in Inter-Cultural Education In T J Silva & P K Matsuda (Eds.), Landmark Essays on ESL Writing Philadelphia: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 36 N.T.T Linh/ VNU Journal of Science: Foreign Studies, Vol 31, No (2015) 25-36 Nghiên cứu giao thoa văn hóa cách thức diễn đạt hài lòng người Mỹ người Việt Nam Nguyễn Thị Thùy Linh Khoa tiếng Anh, Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ, ĐHQGHN, Phạm Văn Đồng, Cầu Giấy, Hà Nội, Việt Nam Tóm tắt: Dựa tiền đề lý luận giao thoa văn hóa, nghiên cứu nhằm mục đích xem xét giống khác việc diễn đạt hài lòng đối tượng khác ngôn ngữ văn hóa Mỹ, Việt Nam Nghiên cứu tập trung chủ yếu vào chiến lược ngôn ngữ sử dụng để diễn đạt hài lòng Ngoài ra, tác giả nghiên cứu dựa tham số đối tượng nghiên cứu tuổi tác, giới tính, tình trạng hôn nhân, nơi sinh sống, trình độ ngoại ngữ thứ hai Từ khóa: Năng lực giao tiếp văn hóa, diễn đạt hài lòng, trực tiếp gián tiếp [...]... Press [9] Nguyễn Quang (2004) Giao tiếp nội văn hóa và giao văn hóa NXB Đại học Quốc Gia [10] Kaplan, R (1966) Cultural Thought Patterns in Inter-Cultural Education In T J Silva & P K Matsuda (Eds.), Landmark Essays on ESL Writing Philadelphia: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 36 N.T.T Linh/ VNU Journal of Science: Foreign Studies, Vol 31, No 4 (2015) 25-36 Nghiên cứu giao thoa văn hóa về cách thức diễn đạt... Nam Nguyễn Thị Thùy Linh Khoa tiếng Anh, Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ, ĐHQGHN, Phạm Văn Đồng, Cầu Giấy, Hà Nội, Việt Nam Tóm tắt: Dựa trên tiền đề lý luận của giao thoa văn hóa, nghiên cứu này nhằm mục đích xem xét sự giống và khác nhau trong việc diễn đạt sự hài lòng đối với những đối tượng khác nhau trong ngôn ngữ và văn hóa Mỹ, Việt Nam Nghiên cứu tập trung chủ yếu vào các chiến lược ngôn ngữ được sử... đạt sự hài lòng Ngoài ra, tác giả còn nghiên cứu dựa trên các tham số của đối tượng nghiên cứu như tuổi tác, giới tính, tình trạng hôn nhân, nơi sinh sống, trình độ ngoại ngữ thứ hai Từ khóa: Năng lực giao tiếp văn hóa, diễn đạt sự hài lòng, trực tiếp và gián tiếp