CHƯƠNG TRÌNH LUYỆN THI THPT QG 2016 – GV: Nguyễn Quỳnh Trang FB: LopCoQuynhTrang PARALLEL STRUCTURE (Cấu trúc song song) VIDEO LỜI GIẢI CHI TIẾT có website MOON.VN [Truy cập tab: Tiếng Anh – Khoá học: CÔNG PHÁ NGỮ PHÁP] • Cấu trúc song song giúp viết mượt mà, dễ đọc • Tạo âm điệu cho câu, giúp câu dễ hiểu • Khi viết câu văn dài/ nhiều ý, không giữ cho cấu trúc song hành, tương đương dễ gây hiểu lầm cho người đọc • Các phần tương tự câu phải có cấu trúc (sử dụng cấu trúc tương tự để diễn tả ý nghĩa tương tự) Note: Nếu có mốc thời gian khác câu, hành động phải tuân quy luật thời gian - KHÔNG áp dụng nguyên tắc song song USAGE • Liệt kê chuỗi có từ từ/ cụm từ trở lên: Các thành phần phải tương ứng với từ loại (N – N, adj – adj, V – V, ) động từ Example • Parallel adjectives: ✗ My son says his new English teacher is modest, generosity, and sociable ✓ My son says his new English teacher is modest, generous, and sociable • Example • Parallel nouns: ✗ They studied about the past, mathematics, and how matter is constituted ✓ They studied history, mathematics, and chemistry • Parallel V tense: ✗ He learned to play tennis, swimming, and the art of horseback riding ✓ He learned to play tennis, to swim, and to ride a horse • Example • Example Moon.vn - Học để khẳng định Hotline: 0432 99 98 98 CHƯƠNG TRÌNH LUYỆN THI THPT QG 2016 – GV: Nguyễn Quỳnh Trang FB: LopCoQuynhTrang Parallel clauses: ✗ In her praises of the summer camp, she mentioned that the food was good, that the climate was perfect, and what superb equipment they had ✓ In her praises of the summer camp, she mentioned that the food was good, that the climate was perfect, and that the equipment was superb ✗ The old house was battered by the rain and there was no color left because it was standing in the open sunlight ✓ The old house was battered by the rain and bleached by the sun USAGE • So sánh ý tưởng • Diễn tả ý tưởng tương phản/ đối lập Example ✗ The branch office in Denver was better equipped than Houston ✓ The branch office in Denver was better equipped than the one in Houston USAGE • Sử dụng cấu trúc song song câu có cặp liên từ tương quan: either/ or, neither/ nor, not only/ but also,… Example ✗ Helen wanted not only to graduate from college but also money ✓ Helen wanted not only to graduate from college but also to make more money Note • Khi dùng cấu trúc song song, KHÔNG lược bỏ từ cần thiết như: giới từ, đại từ quan hệ, Example ✗ We considered moving to a small town in the Northwest or a suburb of Denver ✓ We considered moving to a small town in the Northwest or to a suburb of Denver Note • Nhưng với chuỗi gồm cụm từ trở lên, lược bỏ mạo từ/ giới từ sau xuất liệt kê thứ • Nếu bỏ từ liệt kê thứ hai trở bỏ hết, KHÔNG đưa lại vào liệt kê cuối Moon.vn - Học để khẳng định Hotline: 0432 99 98 98 CHƯƠNG TRÌNH LUYỆN THI THPT QG 2016 – GV: Nguyễn Quỳnh Trang • FB: LopCoQuynhTrang Example ✗ On his first visit to New York, he was delighted with the sound of people speaking English, the grandeur of the architecture being built in the center of the city, and with the delicious feeling of a person being away from home ✓ On his first visit to New York, he was delighted with the sound of people speaking English, with the grandeur of the architecture being built in the center of the city, and with the delicious feeling of a person being away from home ✓ On his first visit to New York, he was delighted with the sound of people speaking English, the grandeur of the architecture being built in the center of the city, and the delicious feeling of a person being away from home Note • Cố gắng viết trúc song song với số từ tương đương Example ✗ He was a good scientist, but was very poor in keeping books ✓ He was a good scientist, but poor bookkeeper ✗ He believed in democracy for the upper classes, but felt that the common people should be ruled by their superiors ✓ He believed in democracy for the upper classes, but autocracy for the masses RULE Kiểm tra cấu trúc song song • Bước 1: Nhìn toàn câu xem: Câu có liệt kê ý tưởng tương tự/ tương phản hay không? • Bước 2: Nếu có, xem xét thành phần liệt kê, xem có phần khác biệt (về tự loại, thời thì) với phần lại không Nếu không câu hoàn chỉnh • Lưu ý: Với mệnh đề song song, cần đảm bảo mệnh đề có đủ S-V (có thể lược bỏ S sau có chung S), V chia thời • Example ✗ The tour guide said they would observe sea lions, they would hunt seashells and could photograph the wildlife ✓ The tour guide said they would observe sea lions, they would hunt seashells and they would photograph the wildlife ✓ The tour guide said they would observe sea lions, hunt seashells and photograph the wildlife RULE Moon.vn - Học để khẳng định Hotline: 0432 99 98 98 CHƯƠNG TRÌNH LUYỆN THI THPT QG 2016 – GV: Nguyễn Quỳnh Trang FB: LopCoQuynhTrang Các thành phần câu dùng cấu trúc song song: • Cả câu (entire sentence) • Một phần câu (sentence part) • Phần phụ câu (subordinate addition) • Phần nhỏ phần phụ (subpart of subordinate addition) • Example Ironing clean shirts, , and buying a pack of gum for fresh breath were the tasks Aaron completed before the first day of spring semester A the printout of a course schedule B printing a course schedule C making sure that he had printed a course schedule Giải thích: chỗ trống cần cụm danh động từ Đáp án B “printing a course schedule” phù hợp với “ironing a clean shirt” ”buying a pack of gum” giữ cấu trúc song song Trong đó, đáp án A “the printout of a course schedule” cụm danh từ với cụm giới từ kèm theo Đáp án C “making sure that he had printed a course schedule” cụm danh động từ với mệnh đề quan hệ kèm theo Hai đáp án phá hoại cấu trúc song song Example Stuart wiggled his foot, drummed a Jimi Hendrix riff with his pencil, and , but he could not burn off the caffeine-induced energy from an extra large cup of coffee A chewed a mouthful of gum B was chewing a mouthful of gum C his jaw worked a mouthful of gum Chỗ trống cần bắt đầu với động từ thuộc khứ đơn Đáp án A “chewed…” phù hợp với “wiggled” “drummed” giữ cấu trúc song song Trong đó, câu B “ was chewing a mouthful of gum” khứ tiếp diễn; câu C “his jaw worked a mouthful of gum” lại mệnh đề Hai đáp án B C phá hoại cấu trúc song song Example The blonde who sucked the ends of her hair, the athlete who blinked nervously, and would not share their algebra homework with Jake A the rebel slouching in his seat B the slouching rebel Moon.vn - Học để khẳng định Hotline: 0432 99 98 98 CHƯƠNG TRÌNH LUYỆN THI THPT QG 2016 – GV: Nguyễn Quỳnh Trang FB: LopCoQuynhTrang C the rebel who slouched in his seat Giải thích: chỗ trống cần danh từ theo sau mệnh đề tính ngữ Đáp án C “the rebel who ” phù hợp với ”the blonde who…” giữ cấu trúc song song Trong đó, câu A “the rebel slouching in his seat” danh từ theo cụm phân từ; câu B “the slouching rebel” lại cụm danh từ hai đáp án phá hoại cấu trúc song song Example _ , no recognition for her skills, and a dislike for the polyester uniform made Kelsey quit the ping-pong team A Because she was frustrated with the coach B Frustration with the coach C Having become frustrated with the coach Giải thích: chỗ trống cần cụm danh từ Đáp án B “frustration with the coach” phù hợp với “no recognition ” ”a dislike ”giữ cấu trúc song song Trong đó, đáp án A “because she was frustrated with the coach” mệnh đề phụ; đáp án C “having become frustrated with the coach” lại cụm danh động từ hai đáp án phá cấu trúc song song • How to create Parallel structure Using Coordinators – And, But, Or, Nor Example: • I need to talk to the manager or his assistant • He will leave at six and arrive at nine • That dress is charming but overpriced • Classes can be interesting or boring • There are students in the classroom and in front of the building Note ✗ Trang is not only famous in Hanoi but also in HCMC ✓ Trang is famous not only in Hanoi but also in HCMC “as well as” câu có đồng chủ ngữ: cụm có “as well as” đứng dấu phẩy, V chia theo S thứ Example: • Betty, as well as her parents, is going out of town • The teacher, as well as her students, is attending the conference Moon.vn - Học để khẳng định Hotline: 0432 99 98 98 CHƯƠNG TRÌNH LUYỆN THI THPT QG 2016 – GV: Nguyễn Quỳnh Trang • FB: LopCoQuynhTrang How to create Parallel structure Using Correlative Conjunctions: Example: • He is not only an excellent student, but also an outstanding athlete • Robert is not only talented but also good-looking • Maria excels in mathematics as well as in science • Lindsey not only plays the violin but also composes music • I know both where you went and what you did • How to create Parallel structure Using Correlative Conjunctions: Example: • He wants either to go by train or to go by plane • He wants to go either by train or by plane • Either Adam or his friends are going to the beach later today • Neither the boys nor Carmen has seen this movie before • How to create Parallel structure Comparative forms: Khi so sánh, điểm tương đồng khác biệt đối tượng phải song song với Example: • To be rich is better than to be poor • The language skills of the student in the evening classes are the same as those of the student in the day classes • Exercise: Identifying parallel errors Steel is alloyed with manganese to increase its strength, hardness, and resistance to wear The type of plant and animal life living in and around a pond depends on the soil of the pond, what the quality of the water is, and the pond’s location Philosophers are concerned with questions about nature, human behavior, society, and reality • Exercise: Identifying parallel errors When taking part in winter sports, one should wear clothing that is lightweight, warmth, and suitable for the activity Moon.vn - Học để khẳng định Hotline: 0432 99 98 98 CHƯƠNG TRÌNH LUYỆN THI THPT QG 2016 – GV: Nguyễn Quỳnh Trang FB: LopCoQuynhTrang Folklore consists of the beliefs, customs, traditions, and telling stories that people pass from generation to generation Major sources of noise pollution include automobiles and other vehicles, industrial plants, and heavy construction equipment • Exercise: Identifying parallel errors Because of their hardness, industrial diamonds can be used for cutting, grind, and drilling Scholar John Fiske wrote on history, religious, and social issues Electricity is used to light, hot, and cool buildings 10 T S Eliot was equally distinguished as a poet, he wrote criticism, and a dramatist Giáo viên Quỳnh Trang Nguồn: Moon.vn Moon.vn - Học để khẳng định Hotline: 0432 99 98 98