ngữ pháp tiếng anh đầy đủ nhất

Mc lc Ex: i Grammar Review Mt cõu ting Anh bao gm cỏc thnh phn sau õy SUBJECT - VERB AS PREDICATE - COMPLEMENT - MODIFIER (OBJECT) DIRECT INDIRECT SUBJECT cú th l mt ng t nguyờn th, mt VERB_ING, mt i t, song nhiu nht l mt danh t Chỳng bao gi cng ng u cõu, lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t Vỡ l danh t nờn chỳng liờn quan n nhng sau: Danh t m c v khụng m c (Count noun/ Non - count noun) Danh t m c: Dựng c vi s m, ú nú cú hỡnh thỏi s ớt, s nhiu Nú cú th dựng c vi "a" v "the" Danh t khụng m c: Khụng dựng c vi s m, ú nú khụng cú hỡnh thỏi s ớt, s nhiu Nú khụng th dựng c vi "a", cũn "the" ch mt s trng hp c bit Mt s danh t m c cú hỡnh thỏi s nhiu c bit Mt s danh t m c cú dng s ớt/ s nhiu nh ch phõn bit bng cú "a" v khụng cú "a" Ex: an aircraft/ aircraft; a sheep/ sheep; a fish/ fish Mt s cỏc danh t khụng m c nh food, meat, money, sand, water i c dựng nh cỏc danh t s nhiu ch cỏc dng, loi khỏc ca danh t ú Ex: water -> waters (Nc -> nhng vng nc) Danh t "time" nu dựng vi ngha l "thi gian" l khụng m c nhng dựng vi ngha l "thi i" hay "s ln" l danh t m c Ex: Ancient times (Nhng thi c i) - Modern times (nhng thi hin i) Bng s trang 45 l cỏc nh ng dựng c vi cỏc danh t m c v khụng m c Vic xỏc nh danh t m c v khụng m c l ht sc quan trng v thng l bc c bn m u cho cỏc bi nghe/ ng phỏp ca TOEFL cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam Quỏn t khụng xỏc nh "a" v "an" Dựng "an" trc mt danh t bt u bng: o nguyờn õm A, E, I, O o bỏn nguyờn õm U, Y o Nhng danh t bt u bng "h" cõm (an heir/ an hour) o Nhng t m u bng mt ch vit tt (an S.O.S/ an M.P) o Lu ý: ng trc mt danh t m u bng "uni " phi dựng "a" (a university/ a uniform) Dựng "a" trc danh t bt u bng mt ph õm c dựng trc mt danh t khụng xỏc nh v mt v trớ/ tớnh cht/ c im hoc c nhc n ln u tiờn cõu Dựng cỏc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh nh: a lot of/ a great deal of/ a couple/ a dozen Dựng trc nhng s m nht nh thng l hng ngn, hng trm nh a/ one hundred - a/one thousand Dựng trc "half" (mt na) nú theo sau mt n v nguyờn vn: a kilo and a half, hay nú i ghộp vi mt danh t khỏc ch na phn (khi vit cú du gch ni): a half - share, a half holiday (ngy l ch ngh na ngy) Dựng vi cỏc n v phõn s nh 1/3 a/one third - 1/5 a /one fifth Dựng cỏc thnh ng ch giỏ c, tc , t l: $5 a kilo, 60 kilometers an hour, times a day Dựng trc cỏc danh t s ớt m c cỏc thỏn t what a nice day/ such a long life A + Mr/ Mrs/ Ms + family name = mt ụng/ b/ cụ no ú (khụng quen bit) cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam Quỏn t xỏc nh "The" Dựng trc mt danh t ó c xỏc nh c th v mt tớnh cht, c im, v trớ hoc c nhc n ln th hai cõu The + danh t + gii t + danh t Ex: The girl in blue, the Gulf of Mexico Dựng trc nhng tớnh t so sỏnh bc nht hoc only Ex: The only way, the best day Dựng cho nhng khong thi gian xỏc nh (thp niờn): In the 1990s The + danh t + i t quan h + mnh ph Ex: The man /to whom you have just spoken /is the chairman Trc mt danh t ng ý ch mt vt riờng bit Ex: She is in the (= her) garden The + danh t s ớt tng trng cho mt nhúm thỳ vt hoc vt Ex: The whale = whales (loi cỏ voi), the deep-freeze (thc n ụng lnh) Lu ý: Nhng i vi man mang ngha "loi ngi" tuyt i khụng c dựng "the" Ex: Since man lived on the earth (k t loi ngi sinh sng trờn trỏi t ny) Dựng trc mt danh t s ớt ch mt nhúm, mt hng ngi nht nh xó hi Ex: The small shopkeeper: Gii ch tim nh/ The top offcial: Gii quan chc cao cp The + adj: Tng trng cho mt nhúm ngi, chỳng khụng bao gi c phộp s nhiu nhng c xem l cỏc danh t s nhiu Do vy ng t v i t i cựng vi chỳng phi ngụi th s nhiu Ex: The old = The old people/ The unemployed/ The disabled are often very hard in their moving The + tờn cỏc vựng/ khu vc ó ni ting v mt a lý hoc lch s Ex: The Sahara (desert)/ The Siberia (tundra)/ The Normandic The + East/ West/ South/ North + Danh t used as adjective Ex: Ex: The North/ South Pole (Bc/ Nam Cc) Ex: Ex: The East End of London (Khu ụng Lụn ụn) *Nhng khụng c dựng THE trc cỏc t ny nu nú i lin vi tờn chõu lc hoc quc gia: West Germany, North America The + tờn gi cỏc i hp xng/ dn nhc c in/ ban nhc ph thụng Ex: The Back Choir/ The Philharmonique Philadelphia Orchestra/ The Beatles The + tờn gi cỏc t bỏo (khụng chớ)/ tu bin/ cỏc khinh khớ cu cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam Ex: The Times/ The Titanic/ The Hindenberg The + h mt gia ỡnh s nhiu = gia ỡnh nh Ex: The Smiths = Mr/ Mrs Smith and children Dựng trc tờn h ca mt ngi xỏc nh ngi ú s nhng ngi trựng tờn Khụng c dựng "the" trc cỏc danh t ch ba n ngy tr cỏc trng hp c bit Ex: We ate breakfast at am this morning Ex: The dinner that you invited me last week were delecious Khụng c dựng "the" trc mt s danh t nh home, bed, church, court, jail, prison, hospital, school, class, college, university v.v nú i vi cỏc ng t v gii t ch chuyn ng ch i n ú vỡ mc ớch chớnh hoc ú cng vỡ mc ớch chớnh Ex: Students go to school everyday Ex: The patient was released from hospital Nhng nu n ú hoc ú khụng vỡ mc ớch chớnh bt buc phi dựng "the" Ex: Students go to the school for a class party Ex: The doctor left the hospital afterwork *Lu ý: American English hospital v university phi dựng vi THE: Ex: He was in the hospital (in hospital as a patient) Ex: She was unhappy at the university (at the university as a student) Mt s trng hp c bit Go to work = Go to the office To be at work To be hard at work (lm vic chm ch) To be in office (ng nhim) To be out of office (ó nhim) Go to sea = i bin (nh nhng thy th) Go to the sea = bin, thng ngh To be at the sea: gn bin To be at sea ( trờn bin) mt chuyn hi hnh go to town: i vo trung tõm/ i ph - To be in town ( trung tõm) town l ca ngi núi Bng s dng "the" v khụng s dng "the" mt s trng hp in hỡnh Cú "The" Khụng "The" Dựng trc tờn cỏc i dng, sụng ngũi, Trc tờn mt h bin, vnh v cỏc h ( s nhiu) Ex: Lake Geneva Ex: The Red Sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gufl, the Great Lakes Trc tờn cỏc dóy nỳi Ex: The Rocky Mountains Trc tờn nhng vt th nht v tr hoc trờn th gii Ex: The earth, the moon The Great Wall The schools, colleges, universities + of + danh t riờng Trc tờn mt ngn nỳi Ex: Mount Vesuvius Trc tờn cỏc hnh tinh hoc cỏc chũm Ex: Venus, Mars Trc tờn cỏc trng ny nu trc nú l mt tờn riờng cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam Ex: The University of Florida Ex: Stetson University the + s th t + danh t Ex: The third chapter Trc cỏc danh t i cựng vi mt s m Ex: Chapter three Trc tờn cỏc cuc chin tranh khu vc vi iu kin tờn khu vc ú phi c tớnh t hoỏ Ex: The Korean War (=> The Vietnamese economy) Trc tờn cỏc nc cú hai t tr lờn Trc tờn cỏc nc m u bng New, (ngoi tr Great Britain) mt tớnh t ch hng hoc ch cú mt t Ex: The United States Ex: New Zealand, North Korean, France Trc tờn cỏc lc a, tnh, tiu bang, Trc tờn cỏc nc c coi l mt qun thnh ph, qun, huyn o hoc mt qun o Ex: Europe, Florida Ex: The Philipines Trc tờn cỏc ti liu hoc s kin lch s Ex: The Constitution, The Magna Carta Trc tờn cỏc nhúm dõn tc thiu s Ex: the Indians Trc tờn bt kỡ mụn th thao no Ex: baseball, basketball Trc cỏc danh t tru tng (tr mt s trng hp c bit) Ex: freedom, happiness Trc tờn cỏc mụn hc c th Ex: The Solid matter Physics Trc tờn cỏc mụn hc núi chung Ex: mathematics Trc tờn cỏc ngy l, tt Ex: Christmas, Thanksgiving cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam Cỏch s dng another v other Hai t ny ging v mt ngha nhng khỏc v mt ng phỏp Dựng vi danh t m c Dựng vi danh t khụng m c another + danh t m c s ớt = mt cỏi na, mt cỏi khỏc, mt ngi na, mt ngi khỏc the other + danh t m c s ớt = cỏi cũn li (ca mt b), ngi cũn li (ca mt nhúm) Other + danh t m c s nhiu = Other + danh t khụng m c = my cỏi na, my cỏi khỏc, my ngi mt chỳt na na, my ngi khỏc The other + danh t m c s nhiu The other + danh t khụng m c = = nhng cỏi cũn li (ca mt b), nhng ch cũn sút li ngi cũn li (ca mt nhúm) Ex: I don't want this book Please give me another (another = any other book - not specific) I don't want this book Please give me the other (the other = the other book, specific) Another v other l khụng xỏc nh The other l xỏc nh, nu ch ng hoc danh t ó c nhc n trờn thỡ di ch cn dựng Another hoc other nh mt i t l Nu danh t c thay th l s nhiu: Other -> Others Khụng bao gi c dựng Others + danh t s nhiu Ch c dựng mt hai Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta dựng i t thay th one hoc ones ng sau another hoc other Lu ý: This hoc That cú th dựng vi one nhng These v Those khụng c dựng vi ones cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam Cỏch s dng little, a little, few, a few Little + danh t khụng m c = rt ớt, khụng (cú khuynh hng ph nh) Ex: I have little money, not enough to buy groceries A little + danh t khụng m c = cú mt chỳt, Ex: I have a little money, enough to buy groceries Few + danh t m c s nhiu = cú rt ớt, khụng (cú khuynh hng ph nh) Ex: I have few books, not enough for reference reading A few + danh t m c s nhiu: cú mt chỳt, Ex: I have a few records, enough for listening Trong mt s trng hp danh t trờn ó c nhc n thỡ phớa di ch cn dựng little hoc few nh mt i t l Ex: Are you ready in money Yes, a little Quite a few (m c) = Quite a bit (khụng m c) = Quite a lot (c hai) = rt nhiu cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam S hu cỏch The noun's + noun: Ch c dựng cho nhng danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khụng dựng cho cỏc vt Ex: The student's book The cat's legs i vi danh t s nhiu ó cú sn "s" uụi ch cn dựng du phy Ex: The students' book Nhng i vi nhng danh t i s nhiu c bit khụng "s" uụi phi dựng y du s hu cỏch Ex: The children's toys The people's willing Nu cú hai danh t cựng ng s hu cỏch thỡ danh t no ng gn danh t b s hu nht s mang du s hu Ex: Paul and Peter's room i vi nhng tờn riờng hoc danh t ó cú sn "s" uụi cú th ch cn dựng du phy v nhn mnh uụi c hoc dựng s hu cỏch v phi thay i cỏch c Tờn riờng khụng dựng "the" ng trc Ex: The boss' car = The boss's car [bosiz] Agnes' house = Agnes's [siz] house Nú c dựng cho thi gian (nm, thỏng, thp niờn, th k) Ex: The 1990s' events: nhng s kin ca thp niờn 90 The 21st century's prospects Cú th dựng cho cỏc nm tr xuõn v thu Nu dựng s hu cỏch cho hai ny thỡ ngi vit ó nhõn cỏch hoỏ chỳng Ngy ngi ta dựng cỏc nm nh mt tớnh t cho cỏc danh t ng sau, ớt dựng s hu cỏch Ex: The Autumn's leaf: chic lỏ ca nng thu Dựng cho tờn cỏc cụng ty ln, cỏc quc gia Ex: The Rockerfeller's oil products China's food i vi cỏc ca hiu cú ngh nghip c trng ch cn dựng danh t vi du s hu Ex: In a florist's At a hairdresser's c bit l cỏc tim n: Antonio's Dựng trc mt s danh t bt ng vt ch mt s thnh ng Ex: a stone's throw from (Cỏch ni õu mt tm ỏ nộm) cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam Verb ng t ting Anh Chia lm thi chớnh: Quỏ kh (Past) Hin ti (Present) Tng lai (Future) Mi thi chớnh li chia thnh nhiu thi nh din t tớnh chớnh xỏc ca hnh ng 1) Present 1) Simple Present Khi chia ng t thi ny ngụi th s ớt, phi cú "s" tn cựng v õm dú phi c c lờn Ex: He walks Ex: She watches TV Nú dựng din t mt hnh ng thng xuyờn xy hin ti, khụng xỏc nh c th v thi gian, hnh ng lp i lp li cú tớnh qui lut Thng dựng vi mt s cỏc phú t ch thi gian nh today, present day, nowadays c bit nú dựng vi mt s phú t ch tn sut nh: always, sometimes, often, every + thi gian 2) Present Progressive (be + V-ing) Dựng din t mt hnh ng xy vo mt thi im nht nh ca hin ti Thi im ny c xỏc nh c th bng mt s phú t nh : now, rightnow, at this moment Dựng thay th cho thi tng lai gn, c bit l núi c bit lu ý nhng ng t bng sau khụng c chia th tip din dự bt c thi no chỳng l nhng ng t tnh din t trng thỏi cm giỏc ca hot ng tinh thn hoc tớnh cht ca s vt , s vic Nhng chỳng quay sang hng dng t hnh ng thỡ chỳng li c phộp dựng th tip din know understand have believe hate need hear love appear see like seem smell want taste wish sound own Ex: He has a lot of books He is having dinner now (ng t hnh ng: n ti) I think they will come in time I'm thinking of my test tomorrow (ng t hnh ng: ang ngh v) 3) Present Perfect : Have + PII Dựng din t mt hnh ng xy t quỏ kh kộo di n hin ti v chm dt hin ti, thi dim hnh ng hon ton khụng c xỏc nh cõu Ch mt hnh ng xy nhiu ln quỏ kh kộo di n hin ti Ex: George has seen this movie three time Dựng vi gii t SINCE/FOR+time cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam ng t vi hai tõn ng trc tip v giỏn tip Mt s ng t ting Anh cú hai loi tõn ng : trc tip v giỏn tip ng thi cng cú hai cỏch dựng: Li dựng giỏn tip: t tõn ng trc tip sau ng t ri n tõn ng giỏn tip i sau hai gii t for v to Ex: The director's secretary sent the manuscript to them last night Li dựng trc tip: t tõn ng giỏn tip sau ng t ri n tõn ng trc tip, hai gii t to v for b loi b Ex: The director's secretary sent them the manuscript last night Incorrect: The director's secretary sent to them the manuscript last night Hai ng t to introduce v to mention phi dựng cụng thc giỏn tip, khụng c dựng cụng thc trc tip to introduce smt/sb to sb to mention smt to sb Nu c hai tõn ng trc tip v giỏn tip u l i t nhõn xng thỡ khụng c dựng cụng thc trc tip m phi dựng cụng thc giỏn tip Ex: Correct: They gave it to us Incorrect: They gave us it 102 cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam S o ngc phú t Trong mt s trng hp cỏc phú t khụng ng v trớ bỡnh thng ca nú m o lờn ng u cõu nhm nhn mnh vo hnh ng ca ch ng Trong trng hp ú ng phỏp s thay i, ng sau phú t ng u cõu l tr ng t ri mi n ch ng v ng t chớnh hardly rarely seldom never only + auxiliary + S + V Ex: Never have so many people been unemployed as today adveb auxiliary subject verb (So many people have never been unemployed as today) Mt s cỏc dng phú t c bit ng u cõu In/ Under no circumstances: Dự bt c hon cnh no cng khụng Ex: Under no circumstances should you lend him the money 110 On no account: Dự bt c lý gỡ cng khụng Ex: On no accout must this switch be touched Only in this way: Ch bng cỏch ny Ex: Only in this way could the problem be solved In no way: Khụng cú th Ex: In no way could I agree with you By no means: Hon ton khụng Ex: By no means does he intend to criticize your idea Negative , nor + auxiliary + S + V Ex: He had no money, nor did he know anybody from whom he could borrow Khi mt mnh m u bng cỏc thnh ng ch ni chn hoc trt t thỡ ng t chớnh cú th o lờn ch ng nhng tuyt i khụng c s dng tr ng t trng hp ny Clause of place/ order + main verb + S (no auxiliary) Ex: In front of the museum is a statue Ex: First came the ambulance, then came the police ( Thot u l xe cu thng chy n, tip sau l cnh sỏt.) 103 cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam Khi mt ng gii t lm phú t ch a im hoc phng hng ng u cõu, cỏc ni ng t t lờn trc ch ng nhng tuyt i khụng c s dng tr ng t loi cõu ny Nú rt ph bin mụ t mun din t mt ch ng khụng xỏc nh: Ex: Under the tree was lying one of the biggest man I had ever seen Ex: Directly in front of them stood a great castle Ex: On the grass sat an enormous frog Ex: Along the road came a strange procession Tớnh t cng cú th o lờn trờn u cõu nhn mnh v sau ú l ng t ni nhng tuyt i khụng c s dng tr ng t Ex: So determined was she to take the university course that she taught school and gave music lesson for her tuition fees Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta cng cú th o ton b ng t chớnh lờn trờn ch ng nhn mnh, nhng ng t c o lờn trờn trng hp ny phn ln u mang sc thỏi b ng nhng hon ton khụng cú ngha b ng Ex: Lost, however, are the secrets of the Mayan astronomers and the Inca builders as well as many medicinal practices (Tuy nhiờn nhng mt ó mt i vnh vin khụng bao gi tr li.) Cỏc phú t away ( = off ), down, in, off, out, over, round, up cú th theo sau l mt ng t chuyn ng v sau ú l mt danh t lm ch ng Ex: Away went the runners/ Down fell a dozen of apples Away/down/in/off/out/over/round/up + motion verb + noun/noun phrase as a subject Nhng nu mt i t nhõn xng lm ch ng thỡ ng t phi sau ch ng: Ex: Away they went/ Round and round it flew Trong ting Anh vit (written English) cỏc ng gii t m u bng cỏc gii t down, from, in, on, over, out of, round, up cú th c theo sau bi ng t ch v trớ (crouch, hang, lie, sit, stand ) hoc cỏc dng ng t ch chuyn ng, cỏc ng t nh be born/ die/ live v mt s dng ng t khỏc Ex: From the rafters strings of onions Ex: In the doorway stood a man with a gun Ex: On a perch beside him sat a blue parrot Ex: Over the wall came a shower of stones *Lu ý: vớ d u ca cỏc vớ d trờn cú th din t bng mt VERB-ING m u cho cõu v ng t BE o lờn trờn ch ng: Ex: Hanging from the rafters were strings of onions Ex: Standing in the doorway was a man with a gun Ex: Sitting on a perch beside him was a blue parrot Hin tng ny cũn xy ch ng sau cỏc phú t so sỏnh as/than quỏ di: Ex: She was very religious, as were most of her friends Ex: City dwellers have a higher death rate than country people Tõn ng mang tớnh nhn mnh cng cú th o lờn u cõu: Ex: Not a single word did he say 104 cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam Here/There hoc mt s cỏc phú t i kt hp vi ng t ng u cõu cng phi o ng t lờn trờn ch ng l mt danh t, nhng nu ch ng l mt i t thỡ khụng c o ng t: Ex: Here comes Freddy Incorrect: Here comes he Ex: Off we go Incorrect: Off go we Ex: There goes your brother Ex: I stopped the car , and up walked a policeman 105 cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam Cỏch loi b nhng cõu tr li khụng ỳng bi ng phỏp Mt s hai bi thi ng phỏp ca TOEFL c cho di dng mt cõu cho sn, cũn trng mt phn v di ú l cõu in vo Trong cõu ch cú mt cõu ỳng gii quyt c cõu ỳng phi theo ln lt cỏc bc sau: Kim tra cỏc li ng phỏp c bn bao gm S ho hp gia ch ng v v ng Cỏch s dng Adj v Adv V trớ ca cỏc Adv theo th t ln lt: ch phng thc hnh ng - a im - thi gian phng tin hnh ng - tỡnh hnh ng S phi hp gia cỏc thi ng t Xem xột vic s dng hp lý cỏc i t cõu Cu trỳc cõu song song 111 a) b) c) d) e) f) Loi b nhng cõu tr li mang tớnh rm r: a) Loi b cõu tr li bao gm mt thnh ng di, khụng sai nhng cú mt t ngn hn thay th *Lu ý: Nhng phi ht sc cn thn vỡ mt s cỏc Adj tn cựng bng uụi ly khụng th cu to phú t bng uụi ly Phú t ca nhng Adj ny l in a Adj-ly + manner/way Ex: He behaves me in a friendly way/ manner 112 Phi cn thn dựng fresh in a fresh manner = mt cỏch ti Ex: This food is only delicious when eaten in a fresh manner freshly + PII = va mi Ex: freshly-picked fruit = qu va mi hỏi Ex: freshly-laid eggs = trng g va mi b) Phi loi b nhng t tha cõu tha Ex: Cause a result => tha a result 113 Phi chc chn rng tt c cỏc t cõu c chn u phi phỳc v cho ngha ca bi, c bit l cỏc ng ng t Phi loi b nhng cõu tr li bao hm ting lúng, khụng c phộp dựng vit qui chun Ex: A bunch of flowers.(Khụng c) 114 106 cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam Nhng t d gõy nhm ln ú l nhng t rt d gõy nhm ln v mt ng ngha, chớnh t hoc phỏt õm, cn phi phõn bit rừ chỳng bng ng cnh site (V) trớch dn site (N) khu t xõy dng sight (N) khe ngm, tm ngm (V) quang cnh, cnh tng (V) quan sỏt, nhỡn thy dessert (N) mún ming desert (N) sa mc desert (V) b, b mc, o ng later sau ú, ri thỡ (thng dựng vi ng t thi tng lai) the latter cỏi th 2, ngi th 2, cỏi sau, ngi sau >< the former = cỏi trc, ngi trc principal (N) hiu trng (trng ph thụng) (Adj) chớnh, ch yu principle (N) nguyờn tc, lut l affect (V) tỏc ng n effect (N) nh hng, hiu qu (V) thc hin, em li already (Adv) ó all ready tt c ó sn sng among (Prep) s (dựng cho ngi, vt tr lờn) between and gia v (ch dựng cho ngi/vt) *Lu ý: between and cng cũn c dựng ch v trớ chớnh xỏc ca mt quc gia nm gia nhng quc gia khỏc cho dự l > Ex: Vietnam lies between China, Laos and Cambodia Among = one of/some of/included in (mt s/ mt s trong/ k c, bao gm) Ex: Among the first to arrive was the ambassador (Trong s nhng ngi n u tiờn cú ngi i s) Ex: He has a number of criminals among his friends (Trong s nhng bn bố ca mỡnh, cú quen mt s ti phm) Between cũn c dựng cho cỏc quóng cỏch gia cỏc vt v cỏc gii hn v mt thi gian Ex: We need meters between the windows Ex: I will be at the office between and 11 Dựng between mun cp ờn vt hoc nhúm vt v phớa Ex: A little valley between high mountains Ex: I saw something between the wheels of the car Different + between (not among) Ex: What are the differences between crows, rooks, and jackdaws Between each + noun (-and the next) (more formal) Ex: We need meters between each window Ex: There seems to be less and less time between each birthday (and the next) 107 cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam (Thi gian ngy cng ngn li gia ln sinh nht.) Devide + between (not among) Ex: He devided his money between his wife, his daughter, and his sister Share + between/among Ex: He shared the food between/among all my friend consecutive (Adj) liờn tc (khụng cú tớnh t quóng) successive (Adj) liờn tc (cú tớnh cỏch quóng) emigrant (N) ngi di c, (V) -> emigrate from immigrant (N) ngi nhp c (V) immigrate into formerly (Adv) trc formally (Adv) chnh t (n mc) (Adv) chớnh thc historic (Adj) ni ting, quan trng lch s (Adj) mang tớnh lch s Ex: historic times historical (Adj) thuc v lch s Ex: Historical reseach, historical magazine (Adj) cú tht lch s Ex: Historical people, historical events hepless (Adj) vụ vng, tuyt vng useless (Adj) vụ dng imaginary = (Adj) khụng cú tht, tng tng imaginative = (Adj) phong phỳ, bay bng v trớ tng tng 108 cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam Ph lc: mt s nhng t d gõy nhm ln khỏc: Classic (adj) cht lng cao: a classic novel (mt cun tiu thuyt hay); a classic football match (mt trn búng ỏ hay) c thự/c trng/tiờu biu: a classic example (mt vớ d tiờu biu, in hỡnh) Classic (noun): ngh s, tỏc phm lu danh Ex: This novel may well become a classic (Tỏc phm ny cú th c lu danh) Classics: hc v ngụn ng c Hy-La Classical: c in, kinh in Politic: nhn thc ỳng/ khụn ngoan/ trang trng Ex: I dont think it would be politic to ask for loan just now (Tụi cho rng s khụng l khụn ngoan nu hi vay mt khon lỳc ny.) Political: thuc v chớnh tr Ex: A political career (mt s nghip chớnh tr) Continual: liờn tc lp i lp li (hnh ng cú tớnh cỏch quóng) Ex: Please stop your continual questions (Xin hóy thụi hi lp i lp li mói nh th) Continous: liờn miờn/sut (hnh ng khụng cú tớnh cỏch quóng) Ex: A continous flow of traffic (Dũng xe c chy liờn miờn bt tn) As (liờn t) = Nh + Subject + verb Ex: When in Roma, as Romans (Nhp gia tựy tc) Like (tớnh t dựng nh mt gii t) + noun/noun phrase Ex: He fought like a mad man (Anh ta chin u nh iờn nh di) Alike (adj.): ging nhau, tng t Ex: Although they are brother, they dont look alike Alike (adverb): nh Ex: The climate here is always hot, summer and winter alike As: nh/ vi t cỏch l (dựng so sỏnh bn thõn ch ng cú chc nng nh vt/ngi c so sỏnh) Ex: Let me speak to you as a father (Hóy tụi núi vi cu nh mt ngi cha) Like: nh l (dựng so sỏnh bn thõn ch ng v cỏi/ngi so sỏnh khụng phi l mt hoc khụng cú chc nng ng nht) 109 cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam Ex: Let me speak to you like a man above (Hóy tụi núi vi anh nh mt ngi b trờn) Before: trc õy/trc ú (dựng so sỏnh mt th vi tt c cỏc th khỏc cựng loi) Ex: She has never seen such a beautiful picture before (Cụ ta cha bao gi nhỡn thy mt bc tranh p nh th trc õy) Before: Trc (ch mt s vic xy trc mt s vic khỏc quỏ kh, thng dựng vi Past Perfect) Ex: He lived in France in 1912, he had lived in England years before Ago: trc (tớnh t hin ti tr ngc v quỏ kh, thng dựng vi Simple Past) Ex: I went to England years ago Certain: chc chn (bit s thc) Ex: Certainly/ Im certain that he didnt steal it (Tụi chc chn rng hn ta khụng ly cỏi ú) Sure: tin rng (khụng bit chc, núi theo cm nhn, ngha l yu hn certain) Ex: Surely/ I am sure that he did not steal it (Tụi tin rng hn khụng ly th ú) Indeed: Very+indeed (sau mt tớnh t hoc mt phú t) Ex: Thank you very much indeed Ex: I was very pleased indeed to hear from you Indeed dựng sau to be hoc mt tr ng t nhm xỏc nhn hoc nhn mnh cho s ng ý (thng dựng cõu tr li ngn) Ex: It is cold / - It is indeed Ex: Henny made a fool of himself / - He did indeed Ill (British English) = Sick (American English) = m Ex: George didnt come in last week because he was ill (=he was sick) Sick + Noun = m yu/ bnh tt Ex: He spent 20 years looking after his sick father (Ngi cha bnh tt) Be sick = Fell sick = Nụn/ bun nụn/ say (tu, xe ) Ex: I was sick times in the night (tụi nụn ln ờm) Ex: I feel sick Wheres the bath room? (tụi thy bun nụn, phũng tm õu?) Ex: She is never sea-sick (Cụ y chng bao gi say súng c) Welcome (adjective) = c mong i/ c ch i t lõu/ thỳ v Ex: A welcome guest (Khỏch quớ/ khỏch by lõu mong i) Ex: A welcome gift (Mún qu thỳ v c ch i t lõu) 110 cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam Welcome to + noun = Cú quyn, c phộp s dng Ex: You are welcome to any book in my library (Anh cú quyn ly bt k quyn sỏch no th vin ca tụi) Welcoming (phõn t cu to t ng t welcome dựng lm tớnh t) Cho ún/ ún tip õn cn Ex: This country have given me a welcoming feeling (X s ny ó dnh cho tụi mt tỡnh cm cho ún õn cn) Hoan nghờnh/ Tỏn ng (ý kin) Ex: To show a welcoming idea (Bc l mt ý kin tỏn ng) Be certain/ sure of + verb-ing: chc chn l ( cp n tỡnh cm ca ngi ang c núi n) Ex: Before the game she feft certain of wining, but after a few minutes she realized it wasnt going to be easy Ex: You seem very sure of passing the exam, I hope you are right Be certain/ sure + to + verb: chc chn s phi ( cp n tỡnh cm ca chớnh ngi núi hoc vit cõu ú): Ex: The repairs are certain to cost more than you think Ex: Elaine is sure to win-the other girl hasnt got a chance Be interested + to + verb: Thy thớch : Ex: Im interested to read in the paper that scientists have found out how to talk to whales (Tụi thy thớch/ thỳ v ) Be interested in + verb-ing/ Be interested + to + verb:Mun bit/ mun phỏt hin ra/ mun tỡm : Ex: Im interested in finding out/ to find out what she did with all that money (Tụi mun bit cụ ta ó lm gỡ vi ngn y tin) Be interested in + verb-ing: Thy thớch/ thớch/ mun Ex: Im interested in learning higher education in U.S Gii t During = sut (hot ng din liờn tc) From = t >< to = n From to = t n (dựng cho thi gian v ni chn) From time to time = ụi khi, thnh thong Out of=ra khi>< up to date = mi, cp nht Out of work = tht nghip, mt vic Out of the question = khụng th Out of order = hng, khụng hot ng ng t ch chuyn ng + by = i ngang qua (walk by the library) ng t tnh + by = gn (your books are by the window) by + thi gian c th = trc lỳc, cho n lỳc (hnh ng cho n lỳc ú phi xy ra) by + phng tin giao thụng = i bng by then = cho n lỳc ú (dựng cho c QK v TL) by way of = theo ng = via by the way = mt cỏch tỡnh c, ngu nhiờn by the way = by the by = nhõn õy, nhõn tin by far + so sỏnh (thng l so sỏnh bc nht)=>dựng nhn mnh by accident = by mistake = tỡnh c, ngu nhiờn >< on purose In = bờn In + month/year In time for = In good time for = ỳng gi (thng kp lm gỡ, hi sm hn gi ó nh mt chỳt) In the street = di lũng ng In the morning/ afternoon/ evening In the past/future = trc kia, quỏ kh/ tng lai In future = from now on = t tr i In the begining/ end = at first/ last = thot u/ rt cuc In the way = ngang li, chn li Once in a while = ụi khi, thnh thong In no time at all = nhỏy mt, mt thoỏng In the mean time = meanwhile = cựng lỳc In the middle of (a im)= gia In the army/ airforce/ navy In + the + STT + row = hng th In the event that = trng hp m In case = phũng khi, ng nh Get/ be in touch/ contact with Sb = liờn lc, tip xỳc vi On = trờn b mt: On + th tun/ ngy thỏng On + a/the + phng tin giao thụng = trờn chuyn/ ó lờn chuyn On + ph = a ch (nh B.E : in + ph) On the + STT + foor = tng th On time = va ỳng gi (bt chp iu kin bờn ngoi, ngha mnh hn in time) On the corner of = gúc ph (gia hai ph) Chỳ ý: In the corner = gúc 112 cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam At the corner = gúc ngoi/ ti gúc ph On the sidewalk = pavement = trờn va hố Chỳ ý: On the pavement (A.E.)= trờn mt ng nha (Dont brake quickly on the pavement or you can slice into another car) On the way to: trờn ng n >< on the way back to: trờn ng tr v On the right/left On T.V./ on the radio On the phone/ telephone = gi in thoi, núi chuyn in thoi On the phone = nh cú mc in thoi (Are you on the phone?) On the whole= núi chung, v i th On the other hand = nhiờn= however Chỳ ý: On the one hand = mt mt thỡ => on the other hand = mt khỏc thỡ (On the one hand, we must learn the basic grammar, and on the other hand, we must combine it with listening comprehension) on sale = for sale = cú bỏn, bỏn on sale (A.E.)= bỏn h giỏ = at a discount (B.E) on foot = i b At = ti At + s nh At + thi gian c th At home/ school/ work At night/noon (A.E : at noon = at twelve = gia tra (she was invited to the party at noon, but she was 15 minutes late)) At least = ớt, ti thiu >< at most = ti a At once =ngay lp tc At present/ the moment = now Chỳ ý: thnh ng trờn tng ng vi presently nhng presently se khỏc v ngha nu nú ng cỏc v trớ khỏc cõu: Sentence + presently (= soon): tc thỡ ( She will be here presently/soon) Presently + sentence (= Afterward/ and then) : sau ú (Presently, I heard her leave the room) S + to be + presently + Ving = at present/ at the moment ( He is presently working toword his Ph.D degree) At times = ụi khi, thnh thong At first = thot u >< at last = cui cựng At the begining of / at the end of = u/ cui (dựng cho thi gian v a im) At + tờn cỏc ngy l : at Christmas, at Thanks Giving Nhng on + tờn cỏc ngy l + day = on Christmas day Trong dng informal E., on trc cỏc th tun ụi b lc b: She is going to see her boss (on) Sun morning At/in/on thng c khụng dựng cỏc thnh ng ch thi gian cú mt: next, last, this, that, one, any, each, every, some, all 113 cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam At + a im : at the center of the building At + nhng a im ln (khi xem nú nh mt ni trung chuyn hoc gp g): The plane stopped hour at Washington D.C before continuing on to Atlanta At + tờn cỏc to nh ln (khi xem nh hnh ng s xy ú ch khụng cp n to nh) : There is a good movie at the Center Theater At + tờn riờng cỏc t chc: She works at Legal & General Insurence At + tờn riờng ni cỏc trng s hoc khu vc i hc: She is studying at the London school of Economics At + tờn cỏc hot ng qui t thnh nhúm: at a party/ lecture Mt s cỏc thnh ng dựng vi gii t On the beach: trờn b bin Along the beach: dc theo b bin In place of = Instead of: thay cho, thay vỡ For the most part: chớnh l, ch yu l = mainly In hope of + V-ing = Hoping to + V = Hoping that + sentence = vi hi vng l off and on: dai dng, tỏi hi all of a sudden= suddenly = bng nhiờn for good = forever: vnh vin, mói mói Ng ng t ú l nhng ng t kt hp vi 1, hoc ụi gii t, kt hp dng nh vy ng ngha ca chỳng thay i hn so vi ngha ban u To break off: chm dt, ct t, on tuyt To bring up: nờu ra, a lờn mt To call on: yờu cu n thm To care for: thớch trụng nom, sn súc (look after) To check out (of/from) a library: mn sỏch th vin v To check out: iu tra, xem xột To check out (of): lm th tc (khỏch sn, sõn bay) check in To check (up) on: iu tra, xem xột To close in (on): tin li gn, chy li gn To come along with: i cựng vi To count on = depend on = rely on To come down with: mc phi mt cn bnh Do away with = get rid of: tng kh, loi b, tr kh To daw up = to draft: son tho (mt k hoch, mt hp ng) To drop out of = to withdraw from: b (c bit l b hc gia chng) To figure out: Hỡnh dung c, hiu c To find out: khỏm phỏ ra, phỏt hin To get by: Ln hi qua ngy, sng sút qua c 114 cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam To get through with: kt thỳc To get through to: thụng tin c cho ai, gi c cho (in thoi), tỡm cỏch lm cho hiu To get up: dy/ t chc To give up: b, t b To go along with: ng ý vi To hold on to: gi vng, trỡ To hold up: cp gi vng, trỡ, sng bỡnh thng, dựng c (bt chp sc ộp bờn ngoi hoc s dng lõu) To keep on doing smt: tip tc khụng ngng lm gỡ To look after: trụng nom, sn súc To look into: iu tra, xem xột To pass out = to faint: ngt (ni ng t, khụng dựng b ng) To pick out: chn ra, la ra, nht To point out: ch ra, vch To put off: trỡ hoón, ỡnh hoón To run across: khỏm phỏ, phỏt hin (tỡnh c) To run into sb: gp bt ng To see about to: lo lng, sn súc, chy vy To take off: ct cỏnh to land To take over for: thay th cho to talk over: bn son, tho lun v to try out: th nghim, dựng th (sn phm) to try out for: th vai, th ging (1 v kch, bui biu din) To turn in: giao np, trỡnh i ng To watch out for: cnh giỏc, mt, trụng chng (c ngha en ln ngha búng) 115 cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam Mt s nguyờn tc thc hin bi c Khụng bao gi c c vo bi c ngay, cn c v hiu cõu hi cn k c v tỡm ch (ch ca cỏc bi c TOEFL 90% nm cõu u, 5% nm cõu cui, 5% cũn li rỳt t ton bi) Tỡm cỏch phõn on (nu cú) v tỡm ni dung ca tng on Tr li cõu hi, cõu hi TOEFL c phõn thnh mt s loi nh sau: Cõu hi xỏc nh li (Restatement question) -> loi cõu hi d Cõu hi ph nh (Negative question) -> dựng bin phỏp loi tr Cõu hi suy lun (inference question) -> khú nht Cõu hi cp (reference question) Cõu hi t vng (Vocabulary question) Cõu hi suy oỏn ch kh d ca on c (trc hoc sau on c ó cho) -> da vo cõu u hoc cõu cui ca bi c (Previous/ Following Topic question) 116 cấm chép với hình thức cục quyền thuộc phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam [...]... accompanied by as well as Nu 2 danh t lm ch ng ni vi nhau bng and thỡ ng t phi chia ngụi th 3 s nhiu (they) Nhng nu 2 ng Ch ng ni vi nhau bng or thỡ ng t phi chia theo danh t ng sau or Nu danh t ú l s ớt thỡ ng t phi chia ngụi th 3 s ớt v ngc li Ex: The actress or her manager is going to answer the interview Cỏc danh t luụn ũi hi cỏc ng t v i t i theo chỳng ngụi th 3 s ớt ú l cỏc danh t bng sau (cũn gi... tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam Cõu ph nh cu to cõu ph nh t not sau: ng t to be - Tr ng t to do ca ng t thng - cỏc tr ng t thi kộp t any ng trc danh t nhn mnh trong ph nh Nờn nh rng trong ting Anh ca ngi M thỡ not any + noun = not a single noun Ex: He didn't sell a single magazine yesterday Trong mt s trng hp nhn mnh vo ph nh ca danh t Ngi ta ng t dng khng nh v t no trc danh t Lỳc ú no = not... the book 6 Cỏc danh t tp th ú l cỏc danh t bng sau dựng ch 1 nhúm ngi hoc 1 t chc nhng trờn thc t chỳng l nhng danh t s ớt, do vy cỏc di t v ng t theo sau chỳng cng ngụi th 3 s ớt Congress Organization Government family team jury group army majority* committee club minority class crowd public Ex: The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal Tuy nhiờn nu ng t sau nhng danh t ny chia ... cho dự sau gii t of l danh t s nhiu thỡ ng t vn chia theo ngụi ch ng chớnh ngụi th 3 s ớt flock of birds, sheep herd of cattle pack of dogs school of fish pride of lions Ex: The flock of birds is circling overhead 16 cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam Tt c cỏc danh t tp th ch thi gian, tin bc, s o u c xem l 1 danh t s ớt Do ú cỏc ng... Ex: There is sure to be trouble when she gets his letter (Chc chn l s cú rc ri khi cụ y nhn c th anh ta) Ex: Do you think there is likely to be snow (Anh cho rng chc chn s cú tuyt ch) 17 cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam Trong dng ting Anh quy chun hoc vn chng mt s cỏc ng t khỏc ngoi to be cng c s dng vi there ng t trng thỏi: Stand/... chớnh l cỏi anh chng ny y, anh ta khụng dy c bui sỏng Th l anh ta There (lm tớnh t) chớnh cỏi/ con/ ngi y Ex: Give that book there, please Lm n a cho tụi chớnh cun sỏch y That there dog: Chớnh con chú y y That there girl, she broke two records of speed (Chớnh cụ gỏi y y, cụ ta ó phỏ hai k lc v tc ) 18 cấm sao chép với mọi hình thức cục bản quyền thuộc về phạm văn tín trung tâm đào tạọ ngoại ngữ việt... tạọ ngoại ngữ việt nam S hũa hp gia ch ng v ng t Trong mt cõu ting Anh, thụng thng thỡ ch ng ng lin ngay vi ng t v quyt nh vic chia ng t nhng khụng phi luụn luụn nh vy Cỏc trng hp Ch ng ng tỏch khi ng t Xen vo gia l mt ng gii t (mt gii t m u cng cỏc danh t theo sau) Cỏc ng gii t ny khụng h cú quyt nh gỡ ti vic chia ng t, ng t phi chia theo ch ng chớnh Cỏc thnh ng bng sau cựng vi cỏc danh t i theo... nu i vi danh t s nhiu thỡ ng t chia ngụi th ba s nhiu a number of + plural noun + plural verb Ex: A number of students are going to the class picnic (a number of = many) Nhng the number of = mt s c coi l mt tng th s ớt, do ú cho dự sau nú l mt danh t s nhiu thỡ ng t vn phi chia ngụi th 3 s ớt the number of + plural noun + singular verb Ex: The number of days in a week is seven 8 Cỏc danh t luụn... sau No l mt danh t m c s ớt hoc khụng m c thỡ ng t phi ngụi th 3 s ớt nhng nu sau nú l mt danh t s nhiu thỡ ng t phi ngụi th 3 s nhiu no + {singular noun/non-count noun} + singular verb no + plural noun + plural verb Ex: No example is relevant to this case 4 Cỏch s dng cu trỳc either or (hoc hoc) v neither nor (khụng m cng khụng) iu cn lu ý nht khi s dng cu trỳc ny l ng t phi chia theo danh t i sau... followed an uncomfortable silence (Mt s im lng n bt tin tip theo sau ú) There + subject pronoun + go/ come/ be: kỡa/ th l/ ri thỡ Ex: There he comes (Anh ta ó n ri kia kỡa) Ex: There you are, I have been waiting for you for over an hour (Anh õy ri, tụi ang ch anh n hn mt ting ri y) There + be + name of people : Thỡ cú y thụi Nhm gi ta s chỳ ý n There + be + always + noun: Thỡ lỳc no ch cú mt gii phỏp