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ENGLISH LEVEL GRAMMAR TOPICS Adjectives: common and demonstrative Common Adjectives Common adjectives are not capitalized because they are words we use every day and are not rooted in the proper noun Here is a list of some common adjectives: good bad famous great big little important small low high healthy large old young wet able other right dry wrong public private poor open closed beautiful rich ugly Demonstrative Adjectives Demonstrative adjectives point out nouns They tell us this car, that sofa, these socks, those shoes Use this and that for singular nouns: this points to something close, while that points to something further away  This house has been here for over 100 years  We will meet at that restaurant across the street Use these and those for plural nouns: those is used to point to something further away, while these points to something near  Those Americans were asking for directions  These cats are underfoot! Task 1: Complete the sentences with this, that, these or those: glass here is mine, but one over there is his books here are hers, but over there are mine She can't eat all of popcorn A: (answering the phone) Hello? B: Hi, Amy? A: Yes, is Amy speaking Who is calling? B: Hi, Amy, is Paul I found earring in the bedroom Is it yours? cupcakes are delicious, Shawn May I have another? I can't finish contracts today I'll work on them tomorrow picture here was taken in India mountains back there are the Himalayas 10 I think woodpecker is back I hear it banging on the house 11 Cathy, could you please make delicious brownies again? You know, the ones you brought to my birthday party Task 2: Correct the mistakes in the following sentences Can you see these deer out in the field? The robbery took place on May 19th This night, there was a big storm This computers over there are old That computers here are the new ones This movie ended four hours ago These cake tastes funny I think you put too much salt in it Adverbs of frequency Adverbial phrases of frequency, time and place Use: An adverbial phrase is a group of words which always go together they describe where, when or how often something happens Adverbial phrases of frequency describe how often something happens every morning, every afternoon every day – daily every week – weekly every month – monthly every year – annually every Sunday – on Sundays – on Sunday afternoons once a day twice a day three / four / five times a day all the time Form: 1) Adverbs of frequency often go in present simple sentences I have toast for breakfast every day We visit our grandparents twice a month 2) Note that „on Saturday‟ refers to one day „On Saturdays‟ means „every Saturday‟ Common mistakes 1) Some students write adverbs of frequency in the wrong place We every day go the park => We go to the park every day 2) Some students use the plural form with every John goes swimming every days => John goes swimming every day _ Use: Use adverbs and adverbial phrases of time to talk about when you something Adverbs of time include: today, tomorrow, tonight, yesterday, tomorrow, nowadays now, first of all, beforehand soon, afterwards, later, next, then Form: 1) Adverbs of time usually go at the beginning or the end of a sentence or clause Tomorrow, I’m going to the beach I’m going to the beach tomorrow First of all, we had a drink at a café We had a drink at a café first of all I’m going to the supermarket, and afterwards I’m going to the library I’m going to the supermarket, and I’m going to the library afterwards 2) It is more common to use then at the beginning of a sentence or clause Then we arrived at the castle I’m going to finish my work and then I’m going to have a drink It is more common to use soon and now at the end of a sentence We’re going on holiday soon I’m going home now Common mistakes 1) Don‟t use an adverb of time between the subject and the object of a sentence I went yesterday to the zoo => I went to the zoo yesterday / Yesterday I went to the zoo I‟m going now to the bank => I‟m going to the bank now 2) You must use a noun after After and Before Otherwise, use afterwards or beforehand I‟ll be late to class tomorrow I‟m going to the doctors before => I‟ll be late to class tomorrow I‟m going to the doctors beforehand I‟m going to my English class and I‟m going to the bar after => I‟m going to my English class and I‟m going to the bar afterwards _ Use: Use adverbs and adverbial phrases of place to talk about where something happens Adverbs of place include: outside, inside, indoors, upstairs, downstairs (over) here, (over) there abroad, overseas Form: 1) Adverbs of place usually go after a verb She lives abroad Let’s go indoors 2) Adverbs of place can also go after the object of the sentence Rachel works in the office upstairs Your bag is on the table over there Comparatives and superlatives Comparatives Use: Use the comparative form to talk about how two things are different I am taller than you This book is thicker than that one Form: 1) If an adjective has one syllable, add er to the end If it ends in e already, just add r tall => taller nice => nicer thick => thicker late => later 2) If an adjective ends in one vowel and one consonant, write the consonant again, then write er But never write a w twice big => bigger new => newer (NOT newwer) thin => thinner slow => slower (NOT slowwer) slim => slimmer My brother is thinner than me 3) If an adjective has two syllables and ends in y, change the y to i and add er funny => funnier silly => sillier Which of these books is funnier? 5) Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms These are listed below good => better bad => worse far => further Add than after a comparative adjective to compare one thing with another However, this is not always necessary My house is smaller than yours Superlatives Use: Use the superlative form to describe something that is greater than any other thing The Amazon is the longest river in the world Helen is the most intelligent student in the class Form: 1) Write the before all superlatives 2) If an adjective is short and has one syllable, add est to the end If it ends in e already, just add st tall => the tallest nice => thenicest thick => the thickest late => the latest 2) If an adjective ends in one vowel and one consonant, write the consonant again, then write est But never write a w twice big => the biggest new => thenewest (NOT newwest) thin => the thinnest slow => the slowest (NOT slowwest) slim => the slimmest The biggest cat in the world is the lion 3) If an adjective has two syllables and ends in y, change the y to i and add est funny => the funniest silly => thesilliest It’s the silliest film I’ve ever seen! 4) For other adjectives with two or more syllables, DON‟T add est Write most before the adjective interesting => the most interesting surprising => the most surprising It’s the most interesting book I’ve ever read 5) Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms These are listed below good => the best bad => the worst far => the furthest 6) a) In is often (but not always) used after a superlative adjective to describe where this statement is true London is the biggest city in England Everest is the highest mountain in the world My brother is the tallest person in my family Going to Use: Use be going to to talk about your personal plans for the future I‟m going to see my sister at the weekend Are you going to marry Paul? Form: 1) The form of the positive and negative sentences and questions is shown below Positive am / „m I going to verb (infinitive form) you are / „re he / she / it is / „s we are / „re they are / „re Negative „m not I going to verb (infinitive form) you aren‟t OR „re not he / she / it isn‟t OR „s not we aren‟t OR „re not they aren‟t OR „re not Questions I Am going to verb (infinitive form) ? Are you Is he / she / it Are we Are they 2) The short reply to a „be going to‟ question is „Yes, I am‟, „Yes, she is‟ etc You cannot contract these short sentences Yes, he‟s => Yes, he is The short negative replies are: No, I‟m not No, you‟re not / No, you aren‟t No, he‟s not / No he isn‟t No, she‟s not / No she isn‟t No, it‟s not / no it isn‟t No, we‟re not / No, we aren‟t No, they‟re not / No, they aren‟t Common mistakes: 1) Some students forget to add the verb ‟be‟ before „going to‟ I going to see my friends tonight => I‟m going to see my friends tonight 2) Some students forget to invert the subject and be in questions What time you are going to leave? => What time are you going to leave? How much/how many and very Much Much is used with uncountable nouns in questions and negative sentences:  How much petrol does the tank hold?  There is not much money left Much is also used in informal conversation to mean „very often‟:  Do you see Peter much?  I haven‟t seen Peter much Many Many is used with plural countable nouns in questions and negative sentences:  How many jelly babies are in the jar?  I don‟t know many people here We are new to the neighborhood We can also use many with „not‟ to mean a small number:  There are not many people here at this hour  Not many people will understand the concept You may also hear people say „a lot‟ or „lots of‟ in informal conversation when they mean „many‟:  We served a lot of food at the event  There were lots of sweets and refreshments Very Very is meant for emphasis When we add very to much, or many, it strengthens the comparative adjective:  My pet fish doesn‟t need very much care (compared to cats or dogs)  There weren‟t very many prizes left (compared to an hour ago) common uncountable nouns Uncountable Nouns Use: Some nouns are countable – you can count them These include: apples, books, cars, trees Some nouns are uncountable – you cannot count them These include: water, oil, rice, fruit, bread, information, money Uncountable nouns have different grammar rules from countable nouns countable singular nouns countable plural nouns uncountable nouns e.g apple e.g apples e.g fruit Singular countable nouns always need a determiner: a, this, that, my, the etc Look at that cat! Can I have an apple? Is this your bag? Plural countable nouns not need a determiner I like apples Dogs are friendly But they can be used with determiners: Where are my shoes? Are those pens yours? Uncountable nouns not need a determiner I like fruit But they can use singular determiners: This fruit is nice You can count countable You cannot count uncountable nouns nouns Can I have five apples please? Can I have five breads please? Use singular verbs and determiners This apple is nice Use plural verbs and Use singular verbs and determiners determiners These apples are nice This bread is nice Some determiners can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns some, a lot of, lots of, loads of, plenty of, any We‟ve got some potatoes We need some bread We don‟t have any potatoes We don‟t have any bread Some determiners can only be Some determiners can only be used with countable nouns: used with uncountable nouns: several, various, a few, many much, a bit of, a little I‟d like Would like/ like Use: 1) Would like means want, but it is more polite You can use it in sentences and questions I’d like a biscuit Would you like some tea? 2) You can also use it to talk about your dreams and ambitions I’d like to go to Japan I wouldn’t like to live here! You can also use I‟d love and I‟d hate to talk about dreams I’d hate to live in the countryside I’d love to work with Simon Form: 1) Would like is the same for all persons I would like some tea You would like some tea He / she / James would like some tea We would like some tea They / our clients would like some tea 2) To make questions, invert the subject and would Would you / James / your clients like some tea? 3) Use wouldn‟t to make the negative form I wouldn’t like to work there 4) Would like can be followed by a noun or to + verb noun: Would you like a biscuit? verb: Would you like to go to Malaysia? 5) In positive sentences, you can contract would to „d I would like to go to the USA => I’d like to go to the USA But NOT in negative sentences: I’dn’t like to work in a factory => I wouldn’t like to work in a factory And NOT in short answers: Would you like to have a horse? Yes, I’d => Yes, I would 6) Be careful not to confuse would like and like Use like to talk about things you like all the time I like chocolate cake It’s my favourite food Use would like to talk about things you want now, or at some time in the future I’d like a cup of coffee please I’d like to work in a chocolate factory Choose the best answer 1.Would you like …… with him? to traveling B.to travel travel D traveling 2.Would you like something …….? to eat B to eating eat D eating 3.How …… your coffee? would like B.you would like would you like to D.would you like 4.Who …… come with me? likes B would you like would like to D would like 5.Where would you ……? like to stay B.liking to stay like to staying D.like stay 6.Would you like …….? have some orange juice B some orange juice having some orange juice D to having some orange juice Imperatives (+/-) Use: Use the imperative form to give instructions, orders and warnings Must is often used in signs and notices to give instructions Form: 1) Do not use a subject when giving orders You wash your hands => Wash your hands Always use the infinitive form of the verb, without to To sit down please => Sit down please Use Don‟t to make the negative form Don’t sit there! 2) Written instructions on signs often use Do not, not Don‟t Do not cross this line 3) When giving instructions to a friend, you can soften the order by using „you‟ However, this is usually only done in spoken English First you put the mixture into a bowl, and then you add two eggs Then you whisk it 4) Some written signs use Must / Must not All visitors must wear a badge Passengers must not talk to the driver Notice how plural nouns (visitors / passengers) are generally used in signs Common mistakes: 1) Some students use to after Don‟t / Must Don‟t to go in that door => Don’t go in that door Intensifiers - very basic Grammar: So, such, too, enough Too Use: Too means there is a lot of something It shows a negative opinion It‟s too hot = It is very hot and I don‟t like it Form: You can use too before an adjective It‟s too cold My trousers are too small You can also use it before an adverb, You walk too fast James speaks too quietly Before a noun, use too much (uncountable nouns) or many (countable nouns) I ate too much food I ate too many sandwiches You can also use too much after a verb I ate too much Paul drinks too much Enough Use: Enough means you have what you need We have enough food for everyone = everyone has some food We don’t have enough chairs for everyone = some people don‟t have chairs Form: Write enough before a noun We have enough chairs But write it after an adjective or verb Are you warm enough? He’s qualified enough She isn’t tall enough to be a model You don’t work hard enough Are you sleeping enough? Sentences with enough are sometimes followed by to + verb infinitive I’m not tall enough to reach the book I haven’t got enough money to buy that coat So Use: So means very It’s so hot! Form: So is generally used before an adjective or an adverb He’s so funny! He plays the piano so well! However, in modern English, it is increasingly being used before nouns and verbs That dress is so last year! (= That dress is last year‟s fashion) I’m so going to shout at him when I see him! (so = really) So can be used with a that clause, to show a result of the first clause I was so hot that I couldn’t sleep Such Use: Such also means very Such is used before an adjective and noun They are such nice children Form: A / an, if necessary, go after such, not before That‟s a such pretty dress => That‟s such a pretty dress! Like So, Such can be used with a that clause, to show a result of the first clause I was such a nice day that we decided to go to the park Common mistakes 1) Some students use too with a positive meaning But use so or very here It’s too hot! I love the summer! => It’s so hot! I love the summer! 2) Some students write enough in the wrong place Do we have sugar enough? => Do we have enough sugar? 3) Some students use so / such…that incorrectly It was so hot that the sun was shining This sentence is not correct because „the sun was shining‟ is not a direct result of „It was so hot‟ The hot day did not cause the sun to shine 10 Modals: can/can‟t/could/couldn‟t Can / Could Use: 1) Use can / can‟t to talk about your abilities now I can speak English I can’t speak German Use could / couldn‟t to talk about abilities in the past I could speak French when I was a child, but I can't now I couldn’t speak English when I was a child, but I can now 2) Use can and could to make requests Could is more polite Can you cook this evening please? Could you pass me the salt? Use can to reply to requests Can I sit here? => Yes, you can Sorry, you can’t Can you cook this evening please? => Yes, I can Sorry, I can’t DON‟T use could in replies to requests Could you lend me some money? Yes, I could => Yes, sure! Sorry, I can’t Form: 1) Can and could are the same for all persons I can/could speak English you can/could speak English he / she / it can/could speak English we can/could speak English they can/could speak English 2) The negative form of can is cannot, or can‟t The negative form of could is couldn‟t 3) There is always a verb after can and could, and the verb is always in the infinitive form (without to) Sally can help you NOT Sally can helps you / Sally can to help you 4) Make questions by inverting can and the subject I can see you this afternoon => Can I see you this afternoon? You could help me => Could you help me? 5) Use can/can‟t and could/couldn‟t in short answers Can your brother swim? => Yes, he can No, he can’t Could you the test? => Yes, I could No, I couldn’t Common mistakes: 1) Some students make questions incorrectly Articles – with countable and uncountable nouns Use: 1) Use a before a singular noun I've got a brother and a sister Use an if the noun begins with a vowel I've got an aunt in Texas 2) Use plural nouns or uncountable nouns to talk about things in general Don't use an article here I like cats Dolphins are very intelligent Crime is increasing 3) Use the to talk about one particular thing, or a particular group of things Books are interesting The book on the table is interesting Children are noisy The children in this class are noisy 4) Use a to introduce a new thing or person Use the when you already know this person or thing There is a restaurant near my house The restaurant serves good food 5) Use the when there is only one of these things The moon is very big tonight My dad is the only doctor in our village Joe is the best student in the class 6) Use the when there are many things, but it is clear which one you mean Let's go to the pub! We need to go to the supermarket 7) Most 'general' nouns not use an article Life is not the same as it used to be NOT: The life… Health is important to everyone NOT: The health… We're worried about pollution NOT: The pollution… But some general nouns use the: the environment People are increasingly worried about the environment the weather What's the weather like today? the countryside I love walking in the countryside the sea / ocean I'd love to live near the sea the radio There's an interesting programme on the radio the theatre / cinema We went to the theatre last night the economy The economy is affecting everyone Common mistakes: 1) Some students use the when they talk about things in general I love the romantic films! => I love romantic films! 2) Some students use singular nouns without a or the I want book about the weather => I want a book about the weather 3) Some students use the when they talk about things in general I want the book about the weather => I want a book about the weather Countables and Uncountables: much/many Future Time (will and going to) Gerunds Going to 10 Imperatives 11 Modals – can/could 12 Modals – have to 13 Modals – should 14 Past continuous 15 Past simple 16 Phrasal verbs – common Use: Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and one or more prepositions They are often used, especially in informal spoken English The meaning of phrasal verbs is often completely different from the meaning of the verb alone Form: 1) Some phrasal verbs never use an object get up = get out of bed I get up at seven o’clock every morning take off = leave the ground The plane took off on time look out = beware! be careful! Look out! That car is going to hit you! get on = be good friends My dad and my brother don’t get on break down = stop working (for vehicles) Our car broke down on the way home from Scotland make up = become friends again after an argument The kids often fight but they always make up afterwards 2) Some phrasal verbs need an object get on / off something = exit transport Get off the bus at the next stop look after someone / something = take care of someone / something Please can you look after our cats while we’re on holiday? see to something = do, arrange, prepare, organise Don’t worry about dinner I’ll see to it look into something = investigate There has been a burglary at the school Police are looking into it get to = arrive at When you get to the end of the street, turn right 3) Some phrasal verbs contain three words and an object look up to someone = respect someone                  I look up to my teachers look forward to something = be excited about (a future event) I’m looking forward to the party get on with someone = be good friends with someone I don’t get on with Karen get on with something = continue doing something Please be quiet and get on with your work put up with something = tolerate I can’t put up with that noise any longer! Common Phrasal Verbs TURN ON / TURN OFF Turn on the TV, I want to watch a program Turn off the TV – it’s time to go to bed PUT ON / TAKE OFF I was cold, so I put on a jacket When I get home, I always take off my shoes You can use put on / take off with clothes, shoes, hats, watches, and jewelry FIND OUT To discover or learn information Can you find out what time the first train to London arrives? I just found out that my coworkers are going to have a surprise birthday party for me Find out can be used to discover information on purpose (first example) or by accident (second example) GIVE UP To stop doing something I need to give up smoking The book was so difficult that I gave up I didn’t finish the book My doctor says I need to give up fast food You can use give up with an activity (smoking) or a thing (fast food) PUT AWAY To put something in its place Your clothes are all over the floor Please put them away I put away all the toys, then cleaned the house THROW AWAY (THROW OUT) To put something in the garbage/trash The bananas were rotten, so I threw them away I accidentally threw out some important documents! FILL IN To give missing information Please fill in the missing word in this sentence: My brother _ 12 years old To get a passport, I filled in two forms and paid $200 GET ALONG (+ WITH) To have a good relationship My parents get along very well They’ve been married for 35 years We get along with our boss We enjoy working for her  I don’t get along with my brother We fight all the time 17 Possessives – use of ‘s, s’ 18 Prepositional phrases (place, time and movement) 19 Prepositions of time: on/in/at 20 Present continuous Use: 1) Use the present continuous to talk about actions which are happening now Ellen is having a bath at the moment Right now, Mark is talking to her manager Form: Positive am / ‘m I verb+ing You are / ‘re He / She / It is / ‘s We / They are / ‘re Negative ‘m not I verb+ing You aren’t / ‘re not He / She / It isn’t / ‘s not We / They aren’t / ‘re not Question I Am verb+ing Are you Is he / she / it Are we / they Spelling Rules: If a verb ends in e, delete the e before you add –ing come => I’m coming have => He’s having lunch Common mistakes 1) Some students forget the verb be I watching television => I’m watching television She not coming => She’s not coming 2) Some students make questions incorrectly She is working? => Is she working? 3) Some students make spelling mistakes I’m studing law => I’m studying law 21 Present continuous for future Use: The present continuous tense has two uses: 1) Use it to describe what is happening at the moment ‘Where’s dad?’ ‘He’s watching TV in the living room’ 2) Use it to describe plans and arrangements in the future ‘Tom is arriving on the three o’clock train tomorrow’ Form: Make the present continuous in this way Positive am / ‘m verb-ing I are / ‘re you / they / we is / ‘s he / she / it Examples: I’m going / He’s going / We’re going to Spain next week Negative ‘m not verb-ing I aren’t / ‘re not you / they / we isn’t / ‘s not he / she / it Examples: I’m not going / You’re not going / She isn’t going to the meeting Questions you / they / we verb-ing? Are he / she / it Is Examples: Are you coming / Is James coming to the party? Common Mistakes: 1) Some students use will to talk about future plans However, present continuous is the correct tense to use I’ll visit my cousin in Paris this weekend => I’m visiting my cousin in Paris this weekend 22 Present perfect Use: The present perfect is used for several reasons: 1) Use it to describe events that happened in the past and are still true now because you can see the result I’ve broken my leg! David has painted his house 2) Use it to describe experiences in your life I’ve been to New York three times in my life However, you cannot use the present perfect to describe experiences in someone’s life if that person has died Michael Jackson performed in Britain many times NOT Michael Jackson has performed in Britain many times 3) Use it to describe events that started in the past and are still happening now I’ve lived here all my life (and I live here now) John has worked here for 10 years (and he works here now) Never refer to a finished time with a present perfect verb Form: Make the present perfect in this way Positive have / ‘ve past participle I / you / they / we has / ‘s he / she / it Examples: I’ve seen him; they’ve gone; she’s taken my bag Negative haven’t / ‘ve not past participle I / you / they / we hasn’t / ‘s not he / she / it Examples: I haven’t seen him; they haven’t gone yet; she’s not been here Questions you / they / we past participle? Have he / she / it Has Examples: Have you seen him? Has she taken my bag? Common mistakes: 1) Don’t use the present perfect to refer to a finished time I’ve hurt my arm yesterday => I’ve hurt my arm John’s been to New York last month => John’s been to New York 23 Questions 24 Verb + ing/infinitive: like/ want-would like 25 will/won’t Use: Will and won’t are used to talk about the future Will is positive and won’t is negative I will be late tomorrow John won’t be at the party next Saturday Use will and won’t to: a) Make predictions In the year 2050, people will live under the sea b) Make an offer or promise I’ll buy you a drink John will help you with that box c) Make a decision about the future at the same time as you speak Sorry, we don’t have any tea That’s OK, I’ll have coffee Form: 1) Will is the same for all persons I will go, you will go, he / she will go, we will go, they will go 2) Always write a verb in the infinitive form after will You will happy when you hear the news => You will be happy when you hear the news 3) You can contract will to ‘ll for pronouns I’ll buy it We’ll be late He’ll be late home today They’ll be delighted But don’t contract will with names Mark’ll be late => Mark will be late 4) To write questions, write will before the subject Will you buy me a drink? Will Tom get the job? 5) The short answer for Will questions is: Yes, I/you/he/she/he/they/we will No, I/you/he/she/he/they/we won’t Do not contract will in short answers Will John be late? Yes, he’ll.=> Yes, he will Common mistakes: 1) Some students forget to write will before the subject in questions You will be late? => Will you be late? 2) Many students use will to talk about their plans But you should use going to or the present continuous I will meet my friends on Friday => I’m meeting my friends on Saturday I’m going to meet my friends on Saturday 26 Wh-questions in past 27 Zero and 1st conditional Conditionals describe the result of a certain condition The if clause tells you the condition (If you study hard) and the main clause tells you the result (you will pass your exams) The order of the clauses does not change the meaning If you study hard, you will pass your exams You will pass your exams if you study hard Conditional sentences are often divided into different types Zero conditional We use the zero conditional to talk about things that are generally true, especially for laws and rules If I drink too much coffee, I can't sleep at night Ice melts if you heat it When the sun goes down, it gets dark The structure is: If/When + present simple >> present simple First conditional We use the first conditional when we talk about future situations we believe are real or possible If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we'll go to the beach Arsenal will be top of the league if they win When I finish work, I'll call you In first conditional sentences, the structure is usually: if/when + present simple >> will + infinitive It is also common to use this structure with unless, as long as, as soon as or in case instead of if I'll leave as soon as the babysitter arrives I don't want to stay in London unless I get a well-paid job I'll give you a key in case I'm not at home You can go to the party, as long as you're back by midnight Second conditional The second conditional is used to imagine present or future situations that are impossible or unlikely in reality If we had a garden, we could have a cat If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a big house in the country I wouldn't worry if I were you The structure is usually if + past simple >> + would + infinitive When if is followed by the verb be, it is grammatically correct to say if I were, if he were, if she wereand if it were However, it is also common to hear these structures with was, especially in the he/sheform If I were you, I wouldn't mention it If she was prime minister, she would invest more money in schools He would travel more if he was younger ... one thing with another However, this is not always necessary My house is smaller than yours Superlatives Use: Use the superlative form to describe something that is greater than any other thing... adjectives after a name and before a noun They tell you who owns something This is John‟s coat Is this Tina‟s bag? Don‟t use „s after things I clean the garden‟s pond every week => I clean the pond... interesting Children are noisy The children in this class are noisy 4) Use a to introduce a new thing or person Use the when you already know this person or thing There is a restaurant near my house