Cẩm nang luyện thi đại học ngữ văn (2)

Cuoi cung phai n o i den canh ong Phan oat n g u o i d i , khoc t h a m thiet roi nga Cai chet ciia cy co to k h o n g chi l a m cho n g u o i t r o n g gia d i n h cu c6 H o r v u i s u o n g ma m a n g hanh phiic den cho n h u n g n g u o i ngoai gia d i n h C a r , sat M i n d o va M i n Toa bong c6 vi^c l a m va c6 tien Ban be cvia cy c6' c6 d i khoe cac h u y c h u o n g "van tug-ng bpi t i n h " va d i i kieu rau ria n h u n g sun^ s u o n g nhat va cam d o n g nhat la d u g c n h i n thay Ian da trang thap tho tren I Xuan M i a m a i thay, d i i n g liic xot t h u o n g len den cao dp cung la liic ong phan tranh t h i i toan song phang so tien thue X u a n bang each " d i i i vao tay no m o t cai giay bac n a m d o n g gap t u " e G o p phan cho tieng cuoi day mia mai phai ke den ngon n g u cua tac ham: K h i ke chuyen, bao g i o V u T r p n g P h y n g cung c6 sy ket h o p n h u n g canh tay va n g y c Tuyet Gia d i n h , p h y a n g t u n g b i r n g h u y e n nao nhu ^gon t u trai n g u p c n h a u t r o n g m p t cau van de l a m bat len sy v nghia ly ciia hoi Bpn chau v tarn cGng sung suong thoa t h i c h " N g u o i ta cupc d o i Chang han, tac gia gpi nha dam la "bay chau chi hie'u chi nong t u n g b u n g v u i ve d i d u a giay cao pho", goi p h u o n g ken, thue xe d a m m a rupt d e m chon cho chong cai xac chet ciia cy t o " , hoac tac gia m i e y ta : "That V o i n h u n g man thuan tren, dac bi^t la vi^c mieu ta t i m i n i e m hanh phiic cua la mpt L I B I N H VE N A M CAO n g u o i " , ba V a n M i n h sot rypt, ong T y p n bye m i n h M p i n g y a i dien len H t " " N a m Cao lanh ICing qua, keo mep len m o i n o dupe m p t n u c y o i kho nhpc n g u o i ta sot r u p t k h o n g v i n g u o i chet ma v i cai xac chet ay k h o n g mm' (•••) that m a t lanh n h u n g l o n g soi n o i " ( N h a n xet ciia nha van chong d u p e chon de hp dupe h u o n g " H a n h phiic ciia m p t tang gia" M i a m a i ToHoai) thay cai gia d i n h ay M i a m a i thay n u a la canh cau T i i tan b i t m p i n g u o i p h a i d o n g kjch de chij h i n h : n g u o i phai chong gay, gyc dau, n g u o i phai lau n u a c m a t N e u coi doc? trich la m p t tan b i hai kich thi m o i n g u o i la m p t vai he t r i n h dp "Con n g u o i N a m Cao m a n h khanh, t h u sinh, an n o i on ton nhieu k h i den re, m o i liic lai mat ma k i t h y c mang long m p t sy p h a n khang •^anh l i ^ t " ( N g u y e n D i n h T h i ) " D u viet ve de tai nao, t r u y # n ciia N a m Cao cung tlu- inen m p t t u tuorig chung: n o i ban khoan den dau d o n t m o c thuc trang n g u o i b} h u y hoai nhan p h a m cupc song d o i ngheo day t6i"(?) " V i e t ve n g u o i t r i thuc tieu tt; san ngheo, N a m Cao da m a n h dan phan tich va m o xe tat ca, k h o n g ne tranli n h u Thach L a m ; k h o n g cue doan, phien d i f n n h u V u T r p n g Phung, ciing k h o n g t h i v} hoa n h u N h a t L i n h , K h a i H u n g , n g o i b u t cua N a m Cao l u o n lu6n t i n h tao d i i n g m u c " (Ha M i n h Diic) "Tro n g cac trang truyen ciia N a m Cao, trang nao dang c6 n h u n g nhan \t chinh hoac p h u dang doi dien v o l cai cho k i ^ t ciing v o l d o i song n g u o i de r6j t u bat bupc n g u o i ta phai bpc Ip m i n h ra, t m o c het la tarn li, nhan each roi tiep den sau ciing la cai noi dau khon nguoi cua n g u o i " (Nguyen M i n h Chau) cua nha van N a m Cao de lam sang to h i kich bi cu tuygt quyen lam nguoi ^^^^ P*^^" n g u o i ft nhieu nhan thuc dupe b i k i c h ciia chinh m i n h Chi pheo la m p t su i m lang den r p n n g u o i Cay dSng h o n n i i a , dap lai tieng chiii ciia C h i Pheo lai la " t i e n g cho cSn lao xao" C h i da b i d a n h bat k h o i cai xa h p i loai n g u o i Xa h p i m a d u song no C h i cung k h o n g d u p e xem la n g u o i n i i a Qua tieng c h u i ay, ta nhan b o n thai dp: Tha i d p ciia n g u o i chi>i: han hpc, han t h i i ; thai d p n g u o i nghe: d u n g d u n g , k h i n h mi#t; thai d p nha van: xot xa, t h u o n g cam; thai d p n g u o i dpc: to m o Vay C h i Pheo la ai? b B i k i c h ciia m p t d u a hoang b i bo r o i Lat lai trang d o i ciia Chi, n g u o i dpc khong cam dupe nuoc mat truoc m p t hoan canh dang t h u o n g Ngay t u inua dong suong trang Roi C h i dupe dan lang nhat ve n u o i nahg Tuoi tho ciia anh song bat hanh, tiii cue "het lang thang d i cho nha n g u o i lai d i cho nha n g u o i khac, n a m hai tuoi thi lam canh dien cho nha Ba Kien" Day la H l / d N G DAN CHI TIET quang t h o i gian d?p nhat cupc d o i ciia Chi, b a i la quang d o i l u o n g thi?n, quang d o i tuoi tre nhieu m p n g d?p C h i giau long t u trpng, biet ghet I M B A I la cha de cua n h u n g tac p h a m ten tuoi : " C h i Pheo", "Lao H a c " , " D o i t h u a " t r o n g " C h i Pheo" la kiet tac cua N a m Cao va cGng la kiet tac cua van hoc hien thuc phe phan T h o n g qua h i n h t u p n g nhan vat C h i Pheo va duong tha hoa cua n g u o i n o n g dan truoc Cach mang N a m Cao da khac hpa cong tan b i k i c h b i c u tuyet quyen l a m n g u o i cua nhan vat C h i Pheo m a n g den cho ban dpc bao n i e m xiic d p n g xot t h u o n g n T H A N BAI Bi kich la g i ? Bi kich la su mau thuan giiia hien thuc d o i song va khat v p n g ca nhan H i ^ n thuc d o i song khong d i i dieu kien de ca nhan thuc hien dupe khat v p n g cua m i n h dan den ca nhan r o i vao hoan canh b i dat (c6 the dan den cai chet) Tr o ng van hpc Viet N a m ta da t u n g bat gap bi kich tinh yeu CIM T h i i y Kieu, b i kjch nghe thuat ciia nha van H p , b i kich cua Wu N h u T o nhunc b i kich la l u n g nhat la b i kich " b i c u tuyet quyen lam n g u o i " cua C h i Pheo Nhung bieu hien cua bi kich: a B i kich ay tu dau tac pham da h i ^ n len qua tieng chui ciia Ch' Pheo C h i Pheo xuat h i ^ n Ian dau tien truoc mat n g u o i dpc k h o n g phai banv; x u o n g bang thit m a la bang tieng chui "han v u a d i v u a c h u i" D o la h i n h an'i v u a quen v u a la Q u e n v i la tieng chui cua n h i r n g thang say r u p u La v han c h u i m a k h o n g c6 c h u i v o i han, k h o n g lay l a m d i e u C h i "chu' troi, c h u i d o i , c h u i ca lang V u D a i , c h u i cha d u a nao k h o n g c h u i v o i han 62 ]ia "ch^i Cling la m p t each de giao tiep n h u n g d o n dau thay da p lai tieng c h u i ciia m o i d o i C h i da b i bo r o i ben canh chiec 16 gach cii giira m p t canh dong J : P h a n tich h i n h tugng nhan v^t C h i Pheo tac pham ciing ten N a m Cao la dai bieu u u t i i cua d o n g van hpc hien thuc phe phan 6ng d u a d i e t m ? nao da de than han" D o la m p t tieng c h u i vat va, dau d o n nhung g i m a n g u o i ta cho la dang k h i n h Bi m y chii bat l a m dieu khong chinh dang, C h i v u a lam vua r u n , thay nhvc h o n la thieh C h i ciing n h u bao nguoi khac, anh cGng c6 uoc m o gian d j : "c6 m p t gia d i n h nho nho Chong cuoe muon cay thue, v p d?t vai C h i i n g lai bo m p t Ipn n u o i de l a m v o n liehg Kha gia thi mua d a m ba rapng lam" D o chinh la m p t uoc m o l u o n g t h i f n Nhung d o n dau thay, cai xa hpi bat l u o n g ay da bop chet cai uoc m o ciia Chi t r u n g nuoc M p t ghen v u v o ciia lao cao gia Ba K i e n da day anh vao canh tpi t i i C h i n h nha t i i thuc dan da tiep tay cho lao cao gia bien C h i Pheo t u mpt anh canh dien khoe m a nh m p t ke l u u m a nh hoa, m p t ke tpi c B i k i c h tha hoa, l u u m a n h la ducmg d a n d e n b i c\ t u y ^ t q u y e n l a m ngttoi N h a t i l thuc dan da v a m nat bp mat n g u o i ciia C h i , pha h i i y ca nhan tmh d?p de Sau bay tarn n a m t i i C h i k h o n g la anh canh d i e n hien lanh nhu dat n i i a T r u o c mat n g u o i dpc la m p t ten l u u m a n h v o i m p t nhan h i n h gorn ghiee "cai d a u t h i trpe 16c, cai mat t h i den ma lai rat cong cong, hai mat guom g u o m t r o n g g o m chet cai nguc phanh, day n h u n g net cham tro rong Phupng v o i m p t o n g t u o n g cam chuy, ca hai canh tay c i i n g the" Ca cai nhan tihh cung b i xa h p i tan hai G i o day la C h i Pheo say, C h i Pheo v o i n h u n g tpi ac ^•"oi k h on g d u n g t h i i k h i h a n bong d u n g t r o tay sai dac I v c cho lao cao Ba Kien, quay ngupc lai Ipi ich ciia dan lang V i i D a i , d o i lap v o i nhan dan dpng can lao T u m p t n g u o i nong dan hien lanh l u o n g thi#n C h i t r o ""^8 l u u m a n h "con q u y d i i ciia lang V u D a i " D a n g b u o n thay, m o i nao 63 c h i n h d a n lang V u D a i nuoi C h i I a n l e n v o n g tay yeu t h u o n g v$y m a C h i da quay l u n g lai v o i c h i n h cai n o i ma han dupe yeu t h u o n g vk cho che Tu day C h i song b l n g ruQ'u v a m a u v a nuoc mat ciia biet bao n h i e u n g u d i dan l u o n g t h i ^ n : "HSn da dap nat biet bao nhieu canh yen v u i , l a m chay m a u vg nuoc m a t ciia biet bao nhieu n g u o i dan l u o n g t h i ^ n " H a n l a m n h i i n g vi?c ay t r o n g liic say " an t r o n g liic say, n g i i t r o n g liic say, t h i i c day van say dap dau, rach mat, giet n g u o i t r o n g liic say de r o i say n u a say v tan" C h u a bao gio han t i n h de thay m i n h ton tai tren d o i b o i v i "nhiJTig say ciia han tran t u sang can khac n h i j n g dai m e n h mang" N a m Cao da cho n g u o i doc thay m o t thuc te dau long ve cuoc song ciia n h a n d a n ta t r u o c Cach m a n g thang Tam D o chinh la cupc song b i bop nghet uoc m o va khat VQng, n g u o i n o n g dan ban cung hoa dan den l u u m a n h hoa M p t cupc song t o i tam k h o n g anh sang N h a van xot t h u o n g cho nhan vat, cay dang va dau d o n cung nhan vat Day chinh la ve dep cua tam long nhan dao va yeu t h u o n g ciia nha van d a n h cho n h u n g kie'p n g u o i n h u C h i Pheo d Gap T h i N o va k h a o k h a t hoan l u o n g N a m Cao k h o n g trach gian Chi Pheo, ngoi b i i t ciia ong d a n h cho nhan vat van n o n g nan yeu t h u a n g O n g phat h i ^ n t r o n g chieu sau ciia n h a n vat la ban t i n h tot d^p, chi can c h i i t tinh thuong cham khe vao la c6 the song day m a n h li?t, tha thie't Sy xuat h i ^ n ciia nhan vat Thj N o t r o n g tac p h a m c6 m p t y nghia that dac sac Con n g u o i xau den "mn che q u y h o n " , k y dieu thay, lai la n g u o n anh sang d u y nhat da r o i vao chon toi tam ciia tam h o n C h i Pheo de thiic tinh, ggi day ban t i n h n g u o i n o i C h i Pheo, ihhp sang m p t trai t i m da n g i i me qua bao thang b i dap v u i , hat hui C h i n h cupc t i n h ngan n g i i i v o i T h i N o m o t d e m trang da v6 t i n h thap len ngon Ilia CUQC song Chi Co nha phe b i n h da cho rang: T h i N o la m o t su gia ma N a m Cao phai den de thiic tinh C h i Pheo D o la sii gia ciia t i n h yeu t h u a n g va tain long nhan d?o sau sac ciia nha van N h u n g c6 le can phai nci them, T h i N o k h o n g chi la vai tro sii gia ciia long nhan dao ma T h i la mpt " t h i e n s i i " ciia tinh yeu Vj thien s i i khong c6 d o i canh thien than n h u n g co d o i tay day ap t i n h n g u o i Thien s i i ay n h u mpt n g p n gio, m p t ngpn l i i a thoi vao tam hon ciia Chi Ne'u la gio, gio se thoi bay lop tro tan dang vay quanh anh Ne'u la Ilia, liia se dot chay l o p v6 quy dCf de tra ve cho anh m p t n g u o i L a n dau tien t r o n g c u p c d o i C h i tinh day Chat nhan n o i can leu aim thap la anh nang ngoai rue r o biet bao, nghe dupe tieng c h i m hot ngoai vui ve qua, tieng anh t h u y e n chai go m a i cheo d u o i ca tren song, tieng lao xao cu^ n g u o i d i chp ban v a i ve N h i i n g am ay nao cha c6 N h u n g horn C h i m a i nghe thay Chao i la b u o n ! A m cupc song k h i e n ta lien t u o n g den tieng ciia dem t i n h m i i a xuan t r o n g tac p h a m " V p chong A 64 ^ h i i " - Tieng da lay d p n g tiem t h i i c xa xoi ciia M i , d a n h t h i i c t a m h o n M i , thu>c day ca m p t qua k h i i d?p t u o i D o c h i n h la n h u n g chi tiet ngh# thuat dac sac l a i " nen chat t h o cho tac p h a m C h i n h cupc sorig da lay d p n g t r o n g tiem thiic xa xoi ciia C h i N o n h u gio thoi t u n g d a m t r o tan n g u p i lanh, n h u gipt n u o c n h o vao t a m h o n soi da, can kho l a m tan d i gia bang t a m h o n ficrn het, no l a m song day uac m o m p t t h o i trai tre: "c6 m p t gia d i n h nho nho Chong cuoc m u a n cay thue, v p d^t vai C h i i n g lai bo m p t I o n n u o i de l a m vo'n lieng K h a gia t h i m u a d a m ba r u p n g l a m " Roi cung t r o n g cai p h i i t giay t i n h tao ay, C h i Pheo da c6 d a n h o n bao gio het " N h i n phia t r u o c n g u o i than chang c6/ N g o sau l u n g qua k h i i r p n ghe n g u o i " H a n n h u da thay "tuoi gia ciia han, d o i ret, 6'm dau va c6 dpc - cai sp h o n d o i ret va 6'm dau" phai chang C h i d a n g h o i han va an nan n h i i n g v i f c m a m i n h da lam? Chang biet CO phai hay k h o n g ma C h i thay long b u o n m a n mac Va neu n h u Thj N o khong qua, chac la han da khoc d u p e mat Va r o i c h i n h ban tay an can ciia T h i N o ciing v o i t i n h yeu ciia t h i da k h o i day C h i p h a n n g u a i Bat chao hanh chinh la lieu thuo'c giai dpc gop phan thiic t i n h p h a n n g u o i t r o n g q u y d i i Chao hanh da tay o d i m e n r u p u , gpt riia n h i i n g t p i loi n g u o i Chao hanh c6 h u o n g v i dac biet qua, n h i i n g ke v6 nhan t i n h n h u cha nha Ba Kien lam m a biet dupe D o la h u o n g v i ciia tinh n g u o i , h u o n g v i ciia t i n h yeu K h i ma ca lang V u D a i k h o n g chap nhan Chi la n g u o i t h i T h i N o da giang r p n g v o n g tay de d o n lay anh Va bat chao hanh v h i n h d u n g da suoi am cho trai t i m n g u p i lanh va m o dau cho mpt m o i thien d u y e n N h i n bat chao boc k h o i ma l o n g C h i Pheo xao xuyen bang khuang H a n an chao h a n h va lay l a m m a n n g u y e n v i v i n g o n ciia no C h i Pheo quen song v o i m p t k i e u d i n h nghia : M u o n c6 cai an han phai keu lang, phai rach m a t an va, han phai thuc su hoa than vao q u y d u M o i mieng an hang ciia C h i deu c6 m a u va nuoc mat ciia n h u n g n g u o i dan l u o n g thi^n lang V i i D a i N h u n g horn cai triet ly song ay ciia C h i d u o n g n h u da thay doi, n h i i n g gi han da t u n g c6 gio phan bpi lai han t r o n g h u o n g chao hanh cua n g u o i dan ba xau n h u ma che quy h a n H a n hieu rang n g u o i ta song voi k h o n g chi bang t p i ac ma bang ca t i n h t h u o n g yeu n i i a M a t han lan dau tien u o n u t H o i chao hanh phang phat phuc sinh p h a n n g u o i ^ i - H a n c6 the song v o i n g u o i ta bang t i n h yeu, han nhen n h o m m p t m o uoc cupc song b i n h di H u o n g chao la h u o n g cupc d o i , h u o n g t i n h yeu ma t u truoc den gio chua cho C h i ca Bat chao hanh gian d i n h u n g bao nhan tinh chiia, no g i i i chan C h i Pheo d u n g lai bo ciia p h a n nguoi N h i n T h i han '^hw m u o n khoc, han cam d p n g va t r o n g choc lat "Hin cam thay long *hanh tre con, han m u o n l a m n u n g v o i t h i n h u l a m nQng v o i mo " D o la giay phiit ma han nguoi nha't Da hai Ian chi'nh Thi N o da phai tho't len: " O i ma han hien!" roi " N h i i n g liic tinh tao han cuoi nghe that hien" Cam giac dugc yeu thuong va cho che da lam Chi troi day mot tinh yeu cuoc song Phan quy tam thoi rii bo Do la giay phiit Chi "them luong thi^n va khat khao lam hoa vdi moi nguoi" Roi den khat vong hanh phuc vai Thi N o "Gia cu nhu the mai thi thich nhi? Hay la minh sang day voi to mot nha cho vui" i ! Phai la loi ciia Chi Pheo khong? Nghe ma hien lanh, c6 chiit gi ngo nghech, hon nhien ma lai rat doi chan Loi cau hon khong tinh t i i nhu bao ko khac nhung lai khien cho trai tim chung ta ngao thuong cam Tu mot qui du, nho Thi No, diing hon nho tinh thuong ciia Thi No, Chi thuc su duoc tro lai lam nguoi, voi tat ca nhiing nang luc vo'n c6 Mot chiit tinh thuong, du la tinh thuong ciia mot nguoi hoi, benh hoan, tho kech, xau xi, cijng du de lam song day ca mot ban tinh nguoi noi Chi Pheo The moi biet sue cam hoa ciia tinh thuong ky dieu biet nhuong nao! e Dinh diem ciia bi kich bi cu tuy^t quyen lam nguoi Nhung, bi kich va dau don thay, ro't cuoc thi Thi No ciing khong the gan bo voi Chi Pheo Loi noi ciia ba c6 Thi No nhu mot gao nuoc lanh tat thSng vao mat Chi Pheo lam tat ngiim ngon liia long vua duoc nhen len Chi " A i lai dam dau di lay mot thang khong cha khong me nhu cai thang Chi Pheo" da tro djnh kien khac nghiet lap mat loi ve ciia Chi Canh ciia cuoc doi vua he mo thi ciing lap tuc dong sam lai truoc mat ciia anh Do chinh la bi kich ciia mpt nguoi chet tren nguong cua tro ve voi cuoc song luong thien Chiit hanh phuc nho nhoi cuoi cung van khong den dugc voi Chi Pheo Va that la khac nghiet, ban tinh nguoi noi Chi Pheo trSi day, ciing la liic Chi Pheo hieu rang minh khong tro ve voi luong thien dugc niia Canh ciia tro ve voi xa hoi luong thi^n, xa hoi loai nguoi vua mo thi ciing la liic dong sam lai truoc mat Chi Pheo Thi N o nhu tia sang loe len cuoc doi den toi ciia Chi Pheo vua dii de soi len mot niem cam thong ciing la liic no tat ngam giua dem den cuoc doi Chi Noi xa hon, cai xa hgi thuc dan niia phong kien da cuop di ciia Chi quyen lam nguoi va vTnh vien khong tra lai No da tieu hiiy va da be gay chiec cau noi Chi voi cuoc doi Chi Pheo tim den rugu nhung rugu khong phai bao gio cung lam cho nguoi ta say Mot rugu khong dii sue de lam lu mo l i t r i nguoi thi no se quay ngugc tro lai thuc tinh ly tri ay Cang uong Chi cang tinh, cang tinh cang nhan bi kich ciia cuoc doi minh Chi dau don nghe "thoang thoang miii chao hanh" roi Chi 6m mat khoc rung riic Phan uat, Chi xach dao di, dinh den nha Thj No Trong y djnh, Chi djnh den nha dam chet "khgm gia", "di N o " nhung su thiic tinh y thiic ve than phan va bi kjch da day chech huong cii3 '^^^ thang nha Ba Kien Hon het liic Chi hieu rang: da l a i " cho minh phai mang lot quy, ke da lam minh nong noi kho'n ciing xihy chinh la Ba Kien Anh cang thain thia tgi ac ciia ke da cuop d i quyen lam nguoi, cuop di ca nhan hinh va nhan tinh ciia minh Chi Pheo den nha Ba Kien " y/di W ^^'^^ "° ^^^'^ Tao mu on lam nguoi luong thien! ,s f ' quy^" lam nguoi: , j^nrr A i cho tao luong thien! £)o la nhiing cau hoi viit len day cay dang va khong loi giai dap Cau hoi chat chiia noi dau ciia mot nguoi tharn thia dugc noi dau khon cung ciia bi Icjch ca nhan Cau hoi danh thang vao bg mat ciia xa hgi bat luong Cau hoi nhu ciia vao tam can nguoi dgc ve mot than phan nguoi day dang cay xa hgi cii Luong thien c6 moi nguoi la di san tinh than ciia moi nguoi Tai phai di doi luong thien ? A, thi Chi da bj cai xa hgi v6 nhan tinh ay cuop mat Khon nan thay cho Chi, ca cai quyen dugc lam mgt nguoi ciing bj xa hgi nguoi an thit nguoi ay bop nat Va Chi Pheo ciing da t u ket lieu cuoc doi minh sau ke't lieu cuoc doi ten cao gia Ba Kien Cai chet bi tham ciia Chi Pheo la loi ket tgi danh thep cai xa hgi v6 nhan dao, la tieng keu ciiu ve quyen lam nguoi, cung la tieng ggi tham thie't cap bach ciia nha van: Hay ciiu lay nguoi! Hay yeu thuong nguoi! Danh gia chung ve noi dung va nghe thuat: Ve npi dung, Tac pham Chi Pheo thong qua tan bi kjch bj cu tuy?t quyen lam nguoi ciia nhan vat chinh, nha van da mang den nhiing gia trj nhan van cao dep Tac pham da len an, to cao tgi ac ciia che thuc dan nua phong kien da dan ap va boc lot nhan dan lao dong Qua nha van dong cam voi nhiing noi kho dau, bj day doa va lang nhuc ciia nguoi nong dan Dong thoi nha van ciing kip thoi phat hien va tran trgng truoc ve dep tam hon ciia nhan vat va Idiao khat thay doi thuc tai de mang den mgt cuoc song tot dep hon Ve ngh^ thu^t, Biit phap dien hinh hoa dat toi trinh bac thay xay dimg nhan vat Nam Cao c6 bi^t tai vi^c mieu ta, phan tich tam ly nhan Vat Tac gia c6 kha nang vi^c mieu ta tam ly phiic tap ciia nhan vat, lam cho nhan vat hien len truoc mat nguoi dgc rat song dong, c6 ca tinh dgc dao '^gh^ thuat tran thuat ke truyen linh hoat tu nhien phong tiing ma van nha't Ruan, chat che, dao Ign trinh tir thoi gian, mach tu su c6 nhiing doan hoi tuong, 'ien tuong tat ngang, tuong nhu long leo ma thuc su rat t u nhien, hop ly, hap dan Ngon ngii ciia Nam Cao ciing dac bi^t t u nhien, sinh dong, sii dung khau quan chiing mgt each triet de, mang hoi tho doi song, gigng van hoa doi ^ong Ngon ngu ke chuyen vua la ngon ngii ciia tac gia, vua la ngon ngii ciia •^han v£it, nhieu gigng di^u dan xen, tao nen mgt thii ngon ngii da d^c sac L-wm imiij; myt^ii in *'u d i n g sau n h u n g tam h o n t u n g n h u u me, cSn coi ( C h i i n g m i n h bang ve III K E T B A I " C h i Pheo" la rriQt k i f t tac bat h i i bod no chua d i m g t r o n g la t u tucmg, tinh cam Ion m a n g gia t r i nhan dao va hien thxfc sau sac ma n g u o i doc n i t dirge tu nhiSng trang sach giau t i n h ngh§ thuat cua N a m Cao Tac p h a m " C h i Pheo" maj mai bat tvr, m a i m a i c6 kha nang danh thuc t r i tu? va k h o i day n h u n g t i n h earn d?p de t r o n g tarn h o n n g u o i dQc m p i t h a i dai Co m p t nha t h o da t u n g viet rang: " N a m Cao m a t va C h i Pheo van song - Nao c6 dai chi m p t kiep n g u o i - N h a van chet, nhan vat t u trang sach - V a n ngay Ian 16c giira tran ai" Vang! Gan mgt the k i qua, gia t r j n g h ^ thuat va y nghia t u t u o n g cua tac p h a m , v u p t qua gio bui thoi gian, da c h u n g m i n h sue song m a n h me, bat h u a i a no P h a n tich gia tri nhan dao ciia tac pham " C h i P h e o " ciia nha v a n Nam Cao lpcuaChiPheo,ThiN6) d Qua tan b i k i c h va so' phan b i t h a m a i a C h i Pheo, N a m Cao da eat len tiehg 1^^" '^^^ n g u o i lao d p n g l u o n g t h i ^ n : ^^^^ Lam the nao de cho n g u o i dupe song m p t cupe song xxing d a n g t r o n g cai - h p i v u i dap nhan t i n h ay; hay tieu di?t hoan canh p h i n h a n tinh, hay l a m cho hoan canh t r o nen nhan d^o h o n e Qua tan b i k i c h va so p h | n b i t h a m a i a C h i Pheo, N a m Cao da cat len tiehg keu citu t h a m thiet va day phan uat cho n g u o i lao d p n g l u o n g t h i ^ n : Lam the nao de cho eon n g u o i dupe song m p t cupe song x u n g d a n g t r o n g cai xa h p i v u i d a p nhan t i n h ay; hay tieu di?t hoan canh p h i n h a n t i n h , hay l a m cho hoan canh t r o nen nhan dao h o n N g h e t h u a t : b i ^ t tai m i e u ta t a m l y nhan vat sac sao; n g o n n g u mpc m^c, gian d i ; g i p n g v a n t i n h tao, sac lanh n h u n g t h a m d a m yeu t h u a n g CAC Y CAN DAT T a c g i a , t a c p h a m : - LUYEN TAP N a m Cao la dai bieu u u t u ciia d o n g van hoc hien thuc phe phan, mot n g u o i n g h ^ sT suot cupc d o i tan t u y cho n h i i n g trang v a n sang n g a i chu nghta nhan van N h i e u tac p h a m cua o n g da t r o d i n h cao sang gia ciia chu nghTa nhan dao n h u : " C h i Pheo", " D o i t h u a " , "Lao H a c " - " C h i Pheo" la m o t kiet tac ciia N a m Cao va ciing la kiet tac ciia trao l u u De 1: Cam nhan ciia A n h / c h i ve nhan vat T h i N o tac p h a m " C h i Pheo" ciia N a m Cao va nhan vat n g u o i v p nhat h-ong tac p h a m " V p nhat" ciia K i m Lan De 2: Phan tich dien bieh t a m trang nhan vat C h i Pheo ke h i ' k h i gap T h j N o cho den ket thiic tac p h a m Phat bieu gia t r i nhan dao a i a tac p h a m van hpc hien thuc phe phan Bin K h a i n i e m : Gia t r i nhan dao la gia t r i co ban nhat ciia tac p h a m van hoc chan chi'nh, d u o c tao nen bod n i e m cam thong sau sac d o i v o i n o i k h o dau ciia Nam THUA Cao n g u o i , s u nang n i u , tran t r o n g n h i i n g net d?p t r o n g tam h o n n g u o i ; d o n g t h o i tac p h a m ciing da d i i n g ve phia cac nan n h a n m a len an n h u n g the luc tan bao cha dap len hanh phiic, quyen song va p h a m gia ciia n g u o i \ N h i m g b i e u h i e n c i k i g i a t r i n h a n dao t r o n g t a c pha^ a T u t u o n g nhan dao ciia N a m Cao day truoc het d u o c bieu hien cho : Phan tich hai tan bi kich tinh than ciia Hp - nguoi tri thuc ngheo xa hpi cu, tvr chi tu tuong nhan dao sau s i c , moi Hl/ONG DAN CHI TIET da k h a m pha n o i k h o b i day doa, lang nhuc, bj c u t u y ^ t q u y e n l a m n g u o i ciia n g u o i lao d p n g l u o n g thien N a m Cao bay to n i e m cam t h o n g sau sac v o i noi kho va sy bat cong d o b T u t u o n g n h a n dao ciia N a m Cao t r o n g tac p h a m "Chi Pheo" the hien qua thai d p len an gay gat n h u n g the l y c tan bao da gay nen tan b i k i c h dau t h u a n g cho n g u o i lao d p n g (bpn thong t r i dpc ac; nha t u thuc dan; n h u n g kien, d i n h kien v6 nhan dao) c T u t u o n g nhan dao dac sic, dpc dao ciia N a m Cao day d u p e the hi?n d thai d p t r a n t r p n g , nang n i u n h i r n g net d?p ciia n g u o i n o n g dan Cao h o n nua, nha v a n eon k h a m pha n h i i n g p h a m chat l u o n g t h i ^ n ciia hp an cua Nam Cao I.MOBAI N a m Cao la m p t nha v a n h i f n t h y c I o n c6 t u t u o n g n h a n dgo sau sac, m a i "^e va p h o n g p h i i O n g a m hieu kha t u o n g tan cupe song a i a tang l a p t r i thuc *ieu t u san ngheo V i vay, viet ve tang l o p nay, o n g da k h a m pha n h i e u tan ^ ' i kjch tinh than c6 t a m ca t h a i dgi M p t h'ong n h u n g b i k}ch la n g u o i t r i ^hwc khao khat l a m m p t s u nghi?p tinh than cao ca de nang cao y nghia gia t r i song eiia eon n g u o i n h u n g ket eye b i cupe song tan n h a n day vad kiep " D o i **»^a" M u o n coi t r p n g va m u o n song theo n g u y e n tac tinh t h u a n g , n h u n g - - 69 chinh m i n h lai v i p h a m le song cao d?p N h a n v$t H p t r o n g tac p h a m " D o i pip xep hang d u d i d o i v i i ciia T u t h i H p khac hSn" V i p h a i k i e m dupe t h u a " d u p e N a m Cao m i e u ta m o t each chan thuc, cam d o n g la h i ^ n than ciia '"'hieu tien de n u o i song gia d i n h , thuoc thang cho v p H p k h o n g dupe viet hai tan b i k i c h n o i tren Qua nha van da de lai gia t r i nhan dao sau sac ^ 6t each than t r p n g , k h o n g the tuan theo yeu cau n g h i e m ngat ciia ngh^ thuat II T H A N BAI han chinh ma p h a i viet m p t each v p i vang, cau tha, phai chay theo m p t t h u G i a i t h i c h k h a i n i ^ m : c h u o n g tam t h u o n g , v v i , nhat nheo "quay loang t r o n g m p t t h u van Bi kjch hieu theo nghia thong t h u o n g la noi dau kho trien m i e n ve t i n h than huang bang p h ^ n g va qua u de d a i " Q u a n d i e m ciia anh d i i n g dan l a m ! T u k h o n g CO g i giai thoat duoc N h u n g theo van hoc, b i k i c h chi xay k h i c6 s u tudng xung dpt giira khat vpng, hoai bao, ly tucmg chan chinh v o i thuc tai Thuc t ^ chua nhung gi ? A n h da ehp d o i n h i i n g sang tac n h u the nao ? D i e u d o chi co H p d u dieu kien cho phep ca nhan thuc hi^n hoai bao, ly t u o n g ciia m i n h nen r o i vao mdi hieu het dupe n o i dau ciia m i n h that bai, song dan vat, dau don, tham chi d i n den cai chet t h a m thuong '^"^ ' n h u n g , t r p n g sang tac ciia m i n h anh da viet - Chao 6i ! A n h da viet n h i i n g bai ma t h a m chi k h i dpc thay ten ciia m i n h N6i d u n g bi k i c h tinh than c u a H6 the hien o- cac mat sau: dudi bai viet, anh phai " d o m a t " xau ho A n h gian Au wax c h i n h anh A n h a La n g u o i yeu v a n c h u o t i g n h u n g H p l a i r o i vao b i k i c h t r o n g sir nghi^p khinh ghet nhiSng tac p h a m chi biet " g p i n h i i n g t i n h cam rat nhe rat n o n g bang D o la s y tan v d giac m p n g van c h u o n g ma anh t u d n g n h u anh c6 tat ca t r o n g tay H p la m o t nha v a n c6 tai nang, c6 khat v p n g hoai bao I o n lao va l u o n g tarn cao ca A n h m u o n nang cao gia t r i d o i song ciia m i n h bang su sang tao nghe thuat CO ich cho xa h p i V o i H p , v a n c h u o n g la tren he't " d o i ret k h o n g c6 nghia ly g i d o i v o i ga tre t u o i say me l y t u o n g H a n m u o n v u n x o i tai nang cho cang n o " T h a m chi H p q u y d o i van ciia m i n h h o n ca tien vang bac van tren d o i H p da n o i v o i T u se k h o n g bao gio chiu danh d o i cai dia v i cao mpt t h i i van qua u bMng phang de d a i " ciia chinh m i n h D u o n g n h u anh hoang hot, anh ngae n h i e n trude n h i i n g bai viet ciia m i n h m d i d o i A n h dan vat ghe g d m A n h t u thay xau h d va t u len an m i n h n h u m p t thang k h d h nan "Su cau tha t r o n g bat e i i nghe g i c i i n g la m p t s u bat l u o n g , s u cau tha t r o n g van chuong t h i that la de t i e n " HSn chinh la m p t ke bat l u o n g la de t i $ n la m p t ke v d ich, m o t n g u o i t h u a " N h u n g van k h d n g the nao khac d u p e H p tv day d i i t dau kho m a i ( H p cam thay m i n h p h a i sdhg cupc " D o i t h u a " ) Va chinh la cai b i k i c h ciia anh - b i kich ciia m p t d d i viet v a n - b i k i c h ciia n g u d i q u y ay Ca d o i m i n h H p phan dau cho m o t su nghi^p van c h u o n g chan chinh hieu m i n h biet m i n h phai l a m g i va danh l u a b i i t thep n h i i n g dieu m i n h chang CO ich cho m p i n g u o i b o i n h i r n g tac p h a m giau t i n h sang tao "biet dao sau, he m u d h Ta cam thay cai dau d o n k h i i n g khie'p t u chdh sau t h a m ciia t a m hon k h a m pha, k h o i n h i i n g n g u o n chua k h o i va sang tao n h i i n g g i chua c6" va anh M p t cai g i d o b d n g choc sup t r o n g anh Day c h i n h la su sup ciia m p t H p cho rang, m p t nha v a n nhan dao la nha van biet m a n g vao tac p h a m ciia khat v p n g d?p va chan chinh Day la m p t nhan thiic d i i n g dan ciia n g u d i ngh? m i n h m p t n o i d u n g nhan dao t h a m thia "Tac p h a m p h a i n g p i ca t i n h t h u o n g , sT chan chinh, khac v d i kien triic s u tai ba V i i N h u To t r o n g " V i n h b i f t C u u long bac ai, su cong bang N o lam cho n g u o i gan n g u o i h o n " K h o n g n h i i n g Triing D a i " V u N h u To cd hoai bao I d n lao, cd khat v p n g hien dang cao ca the^ H p h i v p n g tac p h a m ciia m i n h se dat t o i d i n h cao v i n h quang "an giai nhung lai k h d n g l i giai noi md'i quan h^ giiia n g h f thuat va cupc d d i C o n H p , N o b e l va d j c h m p i t h i i tieng tren toan cau" N h u n g n h i r n g y n g h i ay k h o n g ngudi n g h f sT ay dang t u nhan t h i i c dupe ve m i n h ve b i k i c h ciia m i n h n h u n g c h i i n g to H p la n g u o i hao danh ma da c h i i n g to anh la n g h ^ sT c6 hoai bao khong CO each g i c i i u v a n D a n h bat lue sdhg cupc " d d i t h u a " I o n lao, CO l y t u o n g cao dep H p m u o n k h i n g d m h ca n h a n m i n h truoc cupc b Bi k i c h thii nhat chat chua kho dau tam hon Hp thi Hp lai bi d o i , mup'n cong hien tai nang tan d p cho xa h p i D o la thai d p song k h o n g bang •lay vao bi kich thu hai: bi kich t\ minh cha dap len le song tinh thucfng, long v o i cupc sp'ng t a m t h u o n g v danh, v nghia "Tha m p t p h i i t h u y hoang nhan each lam ngudi roi v u t tat/Con h o n b u o n le l o i suot t r a m n a m " N h u n g cupc song t r o n g cai xa h p i tan nhan m p t each "cho d e u " ay v o i n h u n g lo toan vat v a n h hang ngay: " N o i d o i co cue d a n g g i o vuot/ C o m ao H p CO trai t i m nhan bao la, anh da " c i i i x u d h g n o i dau ciia T u " , nhan T u la v p ciia m i n h , nhan d u a t r o n g b y n g Tir la ciia m i n h , nhan m? ciia T u la ciia m i n h A n h sdhg het m i n h v i v p cpn, v i gia d i n h H p yeu Tir, m p t t i n h k h o n g d i i a v o i khach t h o " (Xuan D i f u ) da pha v d giac m p n g d?p ciia H p g i n lien v d i t i n h t h u o n g v d ben b d v i H p nhan " T u rat yeu dud'i can cd N h u n g d u a ciia H p da d o i " d i i a chua k i p Ion len t h i d i i a khac da chd che" V d i cac eon H p la n g u d i cha tot M d i liic d i xa ve anh chay nhao v p i chui ra, ma d i i a nao cCing nhieu d^n nhieu sai, quay rue suot va q u a n h n a m uo'ng t h u o c " N o i n h u nha phe b i n h Le D a t " T u k h i n h i j n g d u a 70 m lay cac con, h d n h i t ehiing, " m a t ang ang n u d e " N h u n g giac m p n g van ^huong da sup d d tan keo theo su syp ciia m p t nhan each 71 Hp coi trpng va muoh song theo nguyen tic tinh thucng Neu khong c6 tinh thuang, nguoi chi la vat bi sai khien bai long t y Trong ccm khunj^ khoang, be tSc muoh dupe giai thoat Hp da nghi den cau noi ciia mpt nha triet hpc sac m u i phat xit: 'Thai biet ac, biet tan nhan de song cho manh me" nhung roi Hp da phan doi lai triet ly, sue manh de di theo triet ly song tinh thuorig day nhan ban ciia minh: "Ke manh khong phai la ke dam len vai ke khae de thoa man long ich ki Ke manh chinh la ke giiip ke khae tren doi vai minh" N h u vay doi voi Hp (cung la vai Nam Cao), tinh thuong yeu, long nhan la tieu ehuan cao nhat quyet dinh t u each lam nguai Nhung oai am thay Hp lai vi pham le song cao d?p ay Ruau da lam Hp thay doi tinh net Sau moi say la hanh vp eon, doi vai Hp dua nao cung dang "v^t mpt nhat cho chet ea" De roi sau moi Ian tinh lai Hp an nan, sam hoi, tu dau dan, tv dan vat minh nhu mpt thang khon nan Cao diem la ket thuc truy^n Bao nhieu dau dan, bao nhieu hoi han don nen lai a Hp de roi bat len tieng khoc Tieng khoe nuc no, tieng khoc bat nhu qua ehanh nguoi tn bop manh eua Hp cho ta thay su hoi han va dau kho len den tpt cung ciia nguoi tri thuc tieu t u san ngheo eo nhan each Gipt nude mat ay da nang da Hp, Ipe tam hon anh, giiip anh dung viing tren ba vue thkm ciia sy tha hoa Hp noi nude mat " A n h anh chi la mpt thang khon nan" nhung ta thua hieu rang chang eo mpt thang khon nan nao lai c6 the rod nuoe mat dupe nhu anh c Qua hai tan bi kich tinh than day dau don ciia Hp, Nam Cao da mang den tu tuong nhan dao sau sic: Nha van da phat hi^n va phan tich sau sac tan bi kich tinh than ciia Ho, Nam Cao da to' cao cai xa hpi day dpa nguai su ngheo doi, v u i dap nhiing uae ma lam chet mon doi song tinh than, le song, nhan each cao d?p ciia nguai Vai " D o i thua" Nam Cao da dong tinh vai khat vpng duac cong hien dupe sang tao ciia nguoi nghf sT chan chinh Qua tan bi kjch tinh than ciia nhan vat Hp, Nam Cao the hif n khat vpng ciia nguai vuon toi mpt cupe song c6 ich, eo y nghia, dupe phat huy cao dp kha nang tiem tang chiia dung moi eon nguoi Nam Cao benh vyc nguoi, dat niem tin vao eon nguai va len an hoan canh xa hpi tan nhan da day nguoi vao nhirng bi kich vo mpng ("Dai thua", "Song mon") hoac vao nhimg trang thai phi nhan tinh ("Chi Pheo"), t u viit len tieng keu khan thiet: "Hay tieu diet hoan canh xa hpi den toi, bat cong, phi nhan tinh duang thai" thi mai cham diit dupe nhCmg bi kich dau ddn noi tren Nghe thuat x^y d u n g n h a n v&t: Khae hpa nhan vat day ah tupng bang nghf thuat mieu ta, phan tich tarn h nhan vat sau sac, nha van mieu ta trye tiep, de cho nhan vat dpc thoai npi tam 72 ^g't cau truy?n khong theo trinh t y thoi gian, khong c6 tinh huong gay can ' loi ''^"^ nhirng mach npi tam cua nhan vat, liic la nhiing y h" ciia nhan vat Tu, liic la dong tam tuong ciia Hp Do do, truyfn vua hi^n vua tm tinh, triet l i , nhan vat Hp vua la nhan vat ciia cupe song, vita van tinh tao, sac lanh nhung van triu nang cam xiic va suy tuong, tieu bieu cho phong each van chuong Nam Cao III K E T BAI o^''^' • Tom tac pham " D d i thira" thong qua bi kich nha van Hp da mang den tu tudng nhan dao tham duom sang tac ciia Nam Cao day, mpt mat nha van ke thua t u tuong nhan dao truyen thong, mat khae lai eo them nhimg net sau sac, mdi me Nam Cao xiing dang la nha van hi^n thuc xuat sac, nha nhan dao chii nghia Ion ^ Phan tich gia tri nhan dao ciia tac pham "Doi thua" (Nam Cao) (Sdch gido khoa Ngit van 11- Nang cao, NXB Gido due 2012) I M B A I Nam Cao la mpt nha nhan dao Idn, mpt cay biit xuat sac ciia van hpc hien thyc phe phan trude nam 1945 Nha nhan dao ay da de lai cho ddi nhiing tac pham that su cd "tam long Idn" nhu "Ddi thua", "Chi Pheo" Trong do, "Ddi thua" thuc su da de lai dau ah ciia Nam Cao ve gia tri nhan dao sau sac va mdi me II T H A N B A I K h a i quat: Gia tri nhan dao la gia tri ca ban ciia mpt tac pham van hpc dua tren niem cam thuong sau sac ciia nha van doi vdi so phan nhan vat Nha van tu long thuong ngudi ma len an to cao nhirng the lue da eha dap len quyen song ciia eon ngudi Cung t u long nhan dao, nha van cung phat hien va "goi ca nhiing pham chat tot dep ciia ngudi va keu gpi giai phdng ca nhan khoi nhiing khd dau va bat hanh Truy?n ngan "Ddi thira" ddi nam 1943, la tac pham phan anh sau sac va ro net ve cupe song ciia nhirng ngudi tri thiic tieu t u san ngheo d nude ta boi canh dat nude bi ngoai bang giay xeo Tac pham da gay tieng vang Idn va thuc su trd "tieng keu dau khd thoat t u nhiing kiep lam than" Nam Cao da phan anh mpt each ro net va chan thuc nhung bi kich Idn ciia ngudi tri thuc duong thdi va eat tieng keu euu tliam thiet ddi quyen song cho hp T r o n g tac p h & n "Doi thua", Nam Cao da xay d u n g t h a n h cdng tri P i : " ; n dao s^u s^c ay , , ,, a Bieu hi#n t h u nhat cua gia tri nhan dao la nha van xot xa thuang carii truac nhtmg noi k h d dau ciia nha van Hp k h i syp giac mpng van chuong va bi kich tinh thuong vu phU' ^^^^ ^9 "^^^ '^"^ C h i n h anh k h o n g hieu tai anh ve d u p c den nha A n h chi biet anh da t i n h d^y "^""rfgiu-ang nha m i n h k h i tay chan r a i M e n r u p u "chet t i e t " ay c h i n h la cai N a m Cao da xot t h u a n g va d o n g cam truac bi kich t i n h than cua nhan vat "^^c tiep l a i " ^^^^ ^^^^ '^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ '^^P "8"'^' lanh tan t u y ciia m i n h k h o n g biet bao nhieu Ian n i i a ma ke A n h chi mat H p , m o t nha van - m o t t r i thuc gii>a " c o n dau be" ciia cuoc d o i , giua m o t xa h o i "cho d e u " (Via T r p n g Phung) - N h a van ay g i i i d u a c p h a m gia cua m i n h , y thuc d u o c " t h i e n chuc" cao ca cua m i n h vay ma danh bo tay bat luc Co the n o i , b i k i c h d a u tien t r o n g tan bi kich t i n h than ciia cuoc d a i H p la b i kich v{ n h i r n g giac m p n g van chuang A n h m o uoc den m o t anh se viet dupc m o t tac p h a m Ion chung cho ca loai n g u a i N o de cap den nhCrng van de buc xiic ciia ca xa h p i cua ca nhan loai N o noi dupe n h i j n g cai Ion lao, m a n h me v u a dau d o n vira phah k h o i , no ca t u n g long t h u a n g t i n h bac ai, s u cong binh N o l a m cho n g u a i gan n g u a i h o n " Va nhat d j n h anh se giat giai N o b e l ! The n h u n g , t r o n g sang tac ciia m i n h anh da viet n h i i n g gi? A n h da cho doi n h u n g sang tac n h u the'nao ? Chao 6i! A n h da viet n h i i n g bai ma t h a m chi dpc thay ten ciia m i n h d u a l bai viet, anh phai " d o m a t " xau ho A n h gian du voi chinh anh A n h k h i n h ghet n h i i n g tac pham chi biet " g p i n h i i n g t i n h cam rat nhe rat nong bang m o t t h u van qua u bang phMng de d a i " ciia chinh m i n h A n h dan vat ghe g o m , anh len an chinh m i n h "Su cau tha bat c u nghe g i d i n g la mot su bat l u o n g , su cau tha van chuong thi that la de tien" ma quat m i n g : "Ca m? m a y niia cung dang vat chet" A n h da l a m tat , ^-'j ca t r o n g say Sao ma tai hai qua ! A n h da v i p h a m le song ciia m i n h , v i ugrn cai tot dep - cai phan " n g u o i " v ciing cao d ? p t u o n g d u p c an l i i b a i anh da g i i i t r o n g le song t i n h t h u o n g ciia m i n h A i ngo, cupc song van k h o n g cho phep anh thuc hien dieu The ma nay, chinh cai le song ay anh c i i n g cha dap not- Le song t i n h t h u a n g la cai dupc anh de cao nhat ma anh v i p h a m thi chang g i n i i a ca Bi k i c h ciia anh, Ian h o n gap b p i b i k i c h b o i le song t i n h t h u o n g , cho d u a ciia bao gia t r i nhan p h a m khac sup Viet ve noi dau N a m Cao d u o n g n h u cung dang t h o n t h i i c c i i n g n h a n vat b Bieu h i ? n t h u hai ciia gia tri nhan dao tac pham " D o i thvra' la tieng noi ciia nha van len an to cao the l ^ c da gay noi dau cho nha van Hp, day Hp den bo vuc ciia s u tha hoa, ciia bi kich k h u n g khiep Bi k j c h ay c6 nguyen n h a n sau xa c h i n h tir xa h p i d u o n g t h o i C h i n h xa h p i ay da day anh phai lo " c o m ao gao t i e n " N6i lo sinh ke da khien anh phai tir bo giac m p n g van chuang Va c h i n h n h i i n g that v p n g ay da khien anh cha dap len le song tinh t h u o n g cua m i n h N g u y e n n h a n ay c6 le anh k h o n g hieu d u p c - nguyen C h i n h n o i lo ve tien bac da bupc anh phai viet n h i i n g bai trai v o i l u a n g tarn nhan ciia xa h p i thuc d a n niea p h o n g kien - n g u y e n n h a n ma ay n g u o i ta va trach n h i e m T r o n g dau anh l u o n quay cuong v o i nhiJng t i n h toan ve gia ca da nhan A n h chua t i m d u p c l o i thoat cho s u be tac D o la cai be tac ciia t h o i sinh hoat, ve b i i a an hang hang t h i dau cho cho van c h u a n g n i i a A n h dai ma anh d a n g song phai viet that n h a n h , that nhieu de n g u a i vp, dan va c h i n h anh k h o i chet d o i Gia n h u anh c i i bo d i i t cai m p n g van c h u o n g t h i chac d o i anh chang khon d o n den the ! N h v m g anh can n g h l t o i tac p h a m ciia anh - cac tac p h a m cho toan n h a n loai nen anh lai cang dau d a n , cang kho dau Chao 6i ! " D a u don thay cho n h u n g kie'p song m u o n cat canh bay cao n h u n g lai b i ao cam g h i sat da't" (Song m o n ) D o chinh la bi kjch ciia cuoc d a i viet v a n ciia anh - b i kich ciia n h i i n g giac m p n g van c h u o n g chinh la cho ! c Bieu h i ? n thii ba ciia gia tri nhan dao tac pham " D o i thira' chinh la nha van phat h i ? n va tran trpng nang n i u ve d?p tarn hon ciia nha van Hp H p la nha van chan chinh A n h la nha van rat c6 y t h i i c ve nghe nghiep A n h me van, say v a n va c6 giac m p n g d ? p , m p t nao do, anh se viet dupc nipt tac p h a m m a se " l a m m o het tat ca cac tac p h a m c i i n g t h o i " D o la tac pham "ca n g p i t i n h t h u a n g , l o n g bac ai, s u cong b i n h N o l a m n g u o i gan n g u o i Bi kich dau tien ciia cupc d o i nha van H p va cung la n g u y e n n h a n cho bi hon" Tac p h a m phai dat giai Nobel D o la cuon tieu thuyet v i dai t r o n g d a i kich t h i i hai - b i k i c h ciia m p t n g u o i Giac m p n g v a n c h u o n g syp qua Viet van ciia anh N o se l a m rang danh cho anh, cho nen v a n h p c n u a c nha D o n h u n g bai viet au The n h u n g H p van chiit an l i i D o c h i n h la cupc song, su qua la uoc m o c h i n h dang ! K h o n g phai n g u o i ngh? si nao c i i n g khao khat n h u t o n tai ciia v p anh Qua la m p t sai lam k h i anh ket luan: n g u y e n n h a n tritx k h i b u o c vao d u o n g van c h u o n g day k h o N h a v a n phai biet xay tiep cho s u sup cac giac m p n g van c h u o n g chinh la v p anh va d a n nheo ^oc m o dep, va khat v p n g ciia H p la khat v p n g m a n h me nhat va dep nhat H p nhoc That v p n g t r o n g van chuang, b u o n chan t r o n g k h o n g k h i gia d i n h da ^ac d i n h d i i n g d u o n g cho m i n h - xac d i n h t u t u o n g cho m i n h k h i e n anh t i m n i e m v u i t r o n g m e n r u p u Va r u p u - ke " l a m mat va den danh d u " da d u a H p ke v i p h a m n g u y e n tac t i n h t h u a n g A n h t r o 74 H p len an t h i i v a n c h u o n g re tien, h a i hpt, de dai T h i i v a n c h u a n g "cau "bat l u a n g " H p yeu cau v a n c h u o n g phai sang tao, b a i "van c h u o n g chi 75 dung n?p nhung nguoi biet dao sau, biet tim toi, khai nhung nguon chua khoi va sang tao nhung gi chua c6" Ho day hoai bao ve gia'c ma chinh phuc dinh cao Anh la nha van chan chinh Khong chi vay Nam Cao phat hien Ho la nguoi giau long nhan Chinh Idi khang dinh ve tac pham tuong lai ciia minh, anh da noi: tac pham c6 gia tri la tac pham "ca tung long tuong, tinh bac ai, sy cong binh" Trong van chuong, anh muon ca ngpi tinh thuong va cupc doi thuc, tinh thuang la tat ca Chinh vi le song tinh thuong aia minh, anh da don Tu, giiip T u thoat khoi nhimg tiii nhuc mot minh tra troi voi dua khong cha Nhirng giot nuoc mat ciia T u va ciia ba m? gia ciia T u da khieh anh xiic dpng Ho muon khoc cho den "bao nhieu xuong thit cu tan nuoc mat" nhung gap anh, tinh thuong cua anh da toa rang den giup hp thoat khoi nhung dan dau Mpt nguoi dam bo cai doi bay nhay ciia tuoi xanh de nuoi nang vp chang la nguai diing cam lam ! Chinh tinh thuong - le song tinh thuang da khien anh lam vi^c ay Anh cao dep biet duang nao! d Bieu h i | n cuoi cung ciia gia tri nhan dao la niem tin ciia Nam Cao vao kha nang \vtan day ciia nhan vat Cuoi tac pham la hinh anh Hp 6m t u vao long Bao nhieu dau don, bao nhieu hoi han don nen lai a Hp de roi bat len tieng khoc Tieng "khoc nuc nb, tieng khoc bat nhu qua chanh nguai ta bop mqnh" cua Hp cho ta thay su hoi han va dau kho len den tot cung ciia nguai tri thuc tieu t u san ngheo c6 nhan each Gipt nuoc mat ay da nang Hp, thanli Ipc tam hon anh, giiip anh dung vimg tren bo vuc thSm ciia su tha hoa Chac chan dang sau nhCrng gipt nuoc mat ay la su "tro ve" cua nha van Hp D a n h gia chung: T u tuong nhan dao moi me ciia Nam Cao the hien d viec nha van biet de cao nhirng khat vpng dep ciia nguoi t r i thiic, da biet thong cam vai nhirng noi kho ciia hp Nhirng " t u tuong nhan dao moi me, dpc dao" ay da la dang quy, dang tran trpng bie't bao ! Dpc dao, moi me chinh la a long thuang nguoi - tinh nguai nong dupm bao la dang sau lo'i viet van tuong nhu dung dung lanh dam Duong nhu nhung day dirt cupc doi ong - cupc dai van sT kho - da nhap vao nhijug suy t u ciia Hp, da nhap vao tan bi kich tinh than ciia Hp Co nguoi noi Hp chinh la hinh anh ciia nha van Nam Cao thoi ki truac Cach mang Co the t u tin ma noi rang vdi "Doi thira" Nam Cao da bpc 16 dupe t u tuong nhan dao moi me, dpc dao ciia minh vie't nhung dong bi kich ve Hp Kinh nghi^m va von s6ng da cho ong viet nhirng dieu c6 sue rung dpng, lay chuyen long nguoi den thel Do chinh la nha t u tuong nhan dao moi me, dpc dao ciia nha van Nam Cao Nhan dao sir ca ngpi khat vpng d?p de ciia Hp, nhan dao a su cam th6ng sau sac voi nguoi tri thuc Va viet len dupe nhirng dong nhu the Cling la nho cai nhan dao "moi me" dpc dao ciia Nam Cao Qua bi kich ciia Hp, Nam Cao da boc 16 duoc su cam thong, tran trpng o kiep ng^^'i cupc doi Va phai chang t u tuong ay da ke ^^'^ dveQC ciia cha 6ng long nhan dao truyen thong Nha van khong "phan anh phan anh" ma sau nhirng cau chir tuong nhu lanh dam, tho a chinh la mpt ^ i i tim nhiet thanh, s6i noi - mpt trai tim ciia tinh nghia =j III K E T B A I Tom lai, t u tuong nhan dao moi me, dpc dao ciia Nam Cao da khieh cho nhan vat du qua bao thang tram van dung virng voi tu each mpt nguoi chan chinh LUYEN TAP: E)e ra: Cam nhan ciia anh/chi ve gipt nuoc mat ciia Chi Pheo va ciia nha van Hp ViNH BIET C U U TRUNG DAI Nguyen Huy Tuo-ng 'su Loi binh ve Nguyen Huy Tuong va vd kich "Vii Nhu To" Nha phe binh Pham Xuan Nguyen danh gia y thuc lich su ciia Nguyen Huy Tuong va nhan dinh: "Thanh tuu Ion nhat va cao nhat ciia Nguyen Huy Tuong v6 kich lich su "VQ N h u T6" da khang dinh y thiic lich sii ciia 6ng de cho nguoi tiep nhan lich su van mai thao thirc" Tu mpt su kien lich sii xay the ky XVI, duoi thoi vua Le Tuong Due, Nguyen Huy Tuong da sang tao nen va kich "Via N h u To" Lay de tai lich su nhung kh6ng nham muc dich lam sii ma qua do, nha van xay dung dupe bi kich ciia mpt nguoi ngh§ si giiia khat vong va hien thuc xa hoi Via N h u To la mpt kien triic su thien tai, khao khat muon xay dung mpt cong trinh kien true vi dai, tuyet m l cho non song De c6 the hien thuc hoa khat vpng ciia minh Via N h u To nghe theo lai khuyen ciia Dan Thiem - mpt cung n i i cung mang nhiong khat vpng nghe thuat Ion lao nhu Via muon uy quyen va tien bac ciia hon quan Le Tuong Due de xay dung "Ciiu Trung dai" Chinh dieu da day Vu N h u To - nguoi von luon tran tro ve cupc song ciia nguoi dan - vao bi kich di ngupc lai quyen Ipi ciia nhan dan, bi hp coi "con yeu quy hai dan hai nuoc" Cuoi cung, Ciiu Trung dai bi d6't va Via ^ h u To t u dpng di phap truong nhan cai chet tren bi kich ciia chinh minh Theo Pham Xuan Nguyen, cau hoi ma Nguyen Huy Tuong nhac lai den hai ^an cuoi vo kich "Vu N h u T6": "Chang biet Via N h u T6 phai hay nhirng ke giet Nhu T6 phai" cho den van chua mat tinh thoi dai Do van la mpt hoi can nhirng cau tra loi ciia nhieu the'he tiep no'i (Hoi thao nhan 100 nam sink cm Nguyen Huy Tuang (1912 -2012) 77 1: Phan t i c h tan b i k i c h cua V u N h u T o t r o n g doan t r i c h " V i n h b i ^ t C m i T r u n g D a i " - N g u y e n H u y Tucmg Hl/ONG DAN I.M6BAI 'T-^g k h o n g nghe v i t u t i n m i n h " q u a n g m i n h chinh d a i " , " k h o n g l a m g i nen va hi v g n g chu t u o n g A n Hoa H a u T i n h h i n h cang liic cang n g u y kich Le T u o n g D u e b i giet; d a i than, hoang ji^u cung nix cua y ciang va lay; D a n T h i e m bj bat, K i n h dien dao in " V u N h u T o " la v k i c h Hch s u c6 q u i m o hoanh t r a n g xuat sSc cua Nguyen j^hi quan k h o i loan d o t C u u Triang D a i tro Via N h u To m o i t i n h ngg Chang trc* ^''9'' ^'"^ T r i i n g D a i roi b i n h than p h a p t r u o n g H u y T u o n g va ciia nen kich noi V i ^ t N a m h i ^ n dai Tac p h a m duQC sang tac 2, N p i d u n g p h a n t i c h vao n a m 1941, d u a tren m o t s u k i ^ n Uch s u xay k i n h t h a n h T h a n g Long a B i k i c h la g i ? Theo tir d i e n van hgc, b i kjch la m a u t h u a n giira khat v g n g , vao thai hau Le Tac p h a m g o m V h o i Doan trich " V i n h biet C u u T r u n g Dai" hoai bao, l i t u o n g cua ca nhan v o i thuc tai Thuc tai chua d i i dieu kien cho ca la h o i V, h o i cuoi ciia v kich T r o n g doan trich d u o c hpc, gay an t u g n g sau sac nhan thuc hien khat v g n g , ly t u o n g ciia m i n h nen r o i vao that bai, t h a m chi nha't t r o n g l o n g n g u o i dpc la nhan vat V u N h u To c i m g b i kich cua n g u o i nghe dan den cai chet t h a m t h u o n g H i e u theo nghla t h o n g t h u o n g la n o i dau k h o sTthientai v6 xe dai dSng k h o n g eo each nao giai thoat T r o n g "VTnh b i ^ t ciru T r i i n g D a i " , n.THANBAI Vil N h u To la n g u o i nghe sT thien tai c6 l y t u o n g cao dep n h u n g lam vao canh K h a i q u a t : V u N h u To la m o t nhan vat c6 that da t u n g d u o c " D a i Viet ngp khong giai quyet dugc m o t each d u n g dan van de sang tao nghe thuat cho su k y toan t h u " g h i chep rat ti m i : "Truoc day Via N h u To m o t n g u o i tho va de lam gi nghla la k h o n g giai quyet duge mo'i quan he phue tap giira C a m Giang, xep n h u n g nua l a m kieu m a u cung d i e n I o n t r a m noc, nghe thuat va d o i song cuoi eiing r o i vao bi kjch dau d o n dang len nha vua; nha vua bang long phong cho N h u To l a m doc d u n g b T r o n g v k i c h V i i N h u T o h i ^ n l e n la m o t k i e n true s u t h i e n t a i , la h i f n t r o n g n o m viec d u n g h o n t r a m noc cung dien Ion c6 gac, lai k h o i cong lam than ciia n i e m k h a o k h a t say me sang tao cai d?p: "la n g u o i ngan nam de c6 C u u triang dai " ( K h a m D j n h Viet Su Thong G i a m C u o n g M u c C h i n h Bien, mot CO the sai khien gaeh da n h u vien t u o n g cam quan, c6 the xay lau dai q u y e n 26) T u y nhien, C u u T r i i n g D a i da l a m "Dan c h i i n g dau k h o , b i n h linh cao ca, noc v o n may ma k h o n g he t i n h sai m o t vien gaeh n h o chi vay b u t la met nhoc Q u a n n a m p h i i dap chua xong dug-c, den day lai c6 l ^ n h bat chim hoa da hien tren m a n h lua than t i n h bien hoa n h u canh hoa cong" D a n cac nha m o n a t r o n g ngoai k i n h phai lam, tap h o p n h a u lay ho, khieng Thiem ciang da tirng n o i : "Tai k h o n g nen de uong O n g ma eo menh he nao da't Vua hang bat than n g u choi cac noi, cho nao v u a y t h i t h u o n g cho thi nuoc ta k h o n g de to d i e m nua", bai vang, bai bac Co cho da lam xong lai phai lam lai, sua d o i xay dap lai, he't ciia tac gia ta thay Via N h u To la m g t nghe sT Ian m a n g t r o n g m i n h nhan each nam qua nam khac, lien mien k h o n g d u t Quan l i n h dap mac chung cao dep, m g t nghe sT eo hoai bao Ion lao, eo ly t u o n g n g h ^ thuat cao ca Khat djch le den m o t phan m u i " ( D a i Viet su ky toan t h u Ban ky thuc luc, Quyen vong nghe thuat ciia ong I o n lao h o n bao gio he't, ong m u o n xay d u n g m g t toa XV, K y N h a Le, T u o n g D u e De) Sau do, T r j n h D u y San p h a n nghjch, day lau dai vT dai "ben n h u trang sao" de cho " d a n ta n g h i n thu hanh d i e n " " d i r n g de p h i tai t r o i " Qua vai lai b i n h , V i j N h u To bj t h g t h u y e n giet chet, xac quang ngoai cho, bj m o i nguoi ^•6 la mgt cong t r i n h kien true vT dai, tuyet m l , to d i e m cho non song da't nuoc: k h i n h k h i n h o n u o c bot T u y nhien, bi kich cua h g V i l la s u oan khuat bai [...]... nguoi thon VJ Buc tranh tho d?p con tinh nguoi thi tha thiet nho mong: Sao anh khong ve choi thon VT i > : • ? id! v j i Nhin nang hang cau nang moi len ; " • ' •? Vucm ai muot qua xanh nhu nggc La true che ngang mat chir dien on « Canh sac thon VT dugc chiem ngudng t u xa den gan Tu xa nha thg da nhin thay "nang hang cau nang moi len", cau tho voi diep t u "nang" ggi trong mat nguoi dgc mot khong gian... nan, tha thiet (Hoai Thanh - Hoai Chan, Thi nhan Viet Nam, NXB Van hpc, tai ban Ha III K E T BAI Doan trich noi rieng va va kjch noi chung da de lai gia tri nhan vSn sau sac rang: "Khong c6 cai d?p tach roi cai chan cai thien Tac pham ngh^ thuat khong Khang Vi^t 1998) _^ Ne'u bay gio chi can gpi ten mpt nha tho trong tho mai thoi, thi gan nhu ca se gpi Xuan Di^u" " ' i "I ' ' Cam nangluyen thi dai... sang tao cho cac tai nang, vun dip tai nang, quy trpng niu nhung gia tri nghe thuat dich thuc" n6i dung v a ngh^ thu&t: - Npi dung: Bi kjch Vu N h u To da thiic tinh y thuc cua chiing ta ve vari de muon thud : M o i quan h$ giiia nghf thuat va cupc song - NGHE T H U A T PHAI VI N H A N SINK thi nghf thuat moi ton tai va dupe nhan dan ton tho, nang niu, bao v^ La mpt ngh^ sT day tai nang va giau sang tao,... chieu vao thi no phan chieu lai doi mSt nha tho thanh hang ngan mat troi lung linh tren nhung tau cau ggi len ve d?p thanh sach ciia VT Da Nang m&i len la hinh anh dgp cua binh minh thon Vl, nang tran ngap khap khu vuon Vi Da Ta da timg biet la mien Trung luon don n h ^ nhieu anh nang nhat, vang nhat, do la t h u anh nang "sang xanh, trua vang, chieu tim" (Hoang Phii NgQC Tuong) O khoang each gan thi thon... Bai tho m d dau bang kho tho mang ve d?p thien nhien dam chat c6 thi || Canh vat thien nhien ay lai dugc cam nhan qua tam h o n " s a u van k y " ciia nha tho: LCJI B I N H V E H U Y C A N thitang, ' Tdi con dinh Idm tiep bai tha bang luc bdt vd dat ten bai Id "Chieu tren Xin dimg lam em v&i Co Do" Huy Can >=•.• Veddu beo dat, may long nui xa Em rat thuc nang thi ma do "Bum ':• Reu troi luong lai noi... "Xuan" ay vua la xuan cua dat troi vua la "xuan" ciia cupc doi ciia tuoi tre M o i Ian nhac lai la moi Ian ta bat gap cai ngam ngiii ciia thi nhan Xuan ciia thien nhien thi con mai ma "xuan" ciia doi nguoi da "het" thi "toi cung mat" D i i long yeu c6 "rpng" den bao nhieu thi "lupng t r o i " v i n cu chat Nen "tuoi tre nhan gian" khong the " d a i " them mai 6 day, he thong t u ngii, hinh anh, dupe dat... TNHHMTVDWlI dau vo mpng hoa thanh tieng keu bi thiet, nao nung, khac khoai - V i i N h u To "da chet" truoc khi ra phap truang Tat ca chi la ao vpng Dan Thiem va Via bj bat, Ctru Trung Dai bi thieu huy thi Vu mdi bung tinh, ngvra mat len trdi ma cat len tieng than ai oan tuy?t vpng "Dot thyc roi! Oi dang ac! Troi oi! Phii cho ta cai tai de lam gi 6i mpng ion! 6i Dan Thiem! 6i Ctm Trung Dai! Thoi the la het!... each cam n h a n thien nhien, su song 2 P h a n t i c h n d i d u n g a H i n h anh thien nhien - Ve dep a i a thien nhien: + Gan g u i , than quen (nang gio, hoa la, anh sang, thanh am ) + T u o i d?p, tran day sue song, n i e m v u i (dong n p i xanh r i , canh t o phc phat, than V u i go cua ) + f( - T m h t u , q u y e h r u (ong b u o m , tuan thang mat, ngon n h u cap m o i gan ) Thien n h i e n...