Linux Bible ® 2006 Edition Boot Up to Fedora™, KNOPPIX, Debian®, SUSE™, Ubuntu™, and Other Distributions Christopher Negus Linux Bible ® 2006 Edition Linux Bible ® 2006 Edition Boot Up to Fedora™, KNOPPIX, Debian®, SUSE™, Ubuntu™, and Other Distributions Christopher Negus Linux® Bible 2006 Edition: Boot Up to Fedora™, KNOPPIX, Debian®, SUSE™, Ubuntu™, and Other Distributions Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc 10475 Crosspoint Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46256 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2006 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada ISBN-13: 978-0-471-75489-3 ISBN-10: 0-471-75489-7 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 1O/RS/QR/QW/IN No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior 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Negus.—2006 ed p cm Includes index ISBN-13: 978-0-471-75489-3 (paper/dvd) ISBN-10: 0-471-75489-7 (paper/dvd) Linux Operating systems (Computers) I Title QA76.76.O63N42143 2006 005.4'32—dc22 2005032276 Trademarks: Wiley and related trade dress are registered trademarks of Wiley Publishing, Inc., in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds Fedora is a trademark of Red Hat, Inc Debian is a registered trademark of Software in the Public Interest, Inc SUSE is a trademark of Novell, Inc Ubuntu is a trademark of Canonical Limited Company All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books About the Author Chris Negus has written or co-written dozens of books on Linux and UNIX, including Red Hat Linux Bible (all editions), Linux Troubleshooting Bible, and the recent Linux Toys II For eight years he worked with the organization at AT&T that developed UNIX before moving to Utah to help contribute to Novell’s short-lived UnixWare project in the early 1990s When not writing about Linux, Chris enjoys playing soccer and just hanging out with his family About the Contributing Authors Wayne Tucker is a Linux enthusiast and has been a professional system administrator for six years He is currently a technical manager, systems administrator, and network engineer at an Internet company in Washington state He lives in Bellingham, Washington, with his beloved wife, Danielle, whom he would like to thank for her patience while he was working on this project His future projects include continuing his education and working on the things that have recently accumulated on his “honey-do” list Kurt Wall is a professional technical writer by trade and a historian by training These days, Kurt works for TimeSys Corporation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania His primary responsibility is managing TimeSys’s Content Group In addition to overseeing production of the technical and end-user documentation of TimeSys’s embedded Linux operating system and development tools, he writes most of the documentation for TimeSys’s embedded Linux products and all of the content available on the TimeSys Network Kurt has written or co-written 15 books on Linux system administration and programming topics and contributes the occasional product review to LinuxPlanet In his spare time, he has no spare time Kurt, who dislikes writing about himself in the third person, receives entirely too much e-mail at kwall@kurtwerks.com Credits Executive Editor Carol Long Acquisitions Editor Debra Williams Cauley Development Editor Sara Shlaer Technical Editors Kurt Wall Wayne Tucker Bill von Hagen John Kennedy Dilip Thomas Copy Editor Nancy Rapoport Editorial Manager Mary Beth Wakefield Production Manager Tim Tate Vice President and Executive Group Publisher Richard Swadley Vice President and Executive Publisher Joseph B Wikert Project Coordinator Michael Kruzil Graphics and Production Specialists Denny Hager Joyce Haughey Heather Ryan Alicia B South Erin Zeltner Quality Control Technicians John Greenough Joe Niesen Brian H Walls Media Development Associate Producer Rich Graves Media Development Specialist Kate Jenkins Media Development Coordinator Laura Atkinson Proofreading and Indexing TECHBOOKS Production Services As always, I dedicate this book to my wife, Sheree Contents at a Glance Acknowledgments xxv Introduction xxvii Part I: Linux First Steps Chapter 1: Starting with Linux Chapter 2: Running Commands from the Shell 29 Chapter 3: Getting into the Desktop 77 Part II: Running the Show 123 Chapter 4: Learning Basic Administration 125 Chapter 5: Getting on the Internet 173 Chapter 6: Securing Linux 195 Part III: Choosing and Installing a Linux Distribution 241 Chapter 7: Installing Linux Chapter 8: Running Fedora Core and Red Hat Enterprise Linux Chapter 9: Running Debian GNU/Linux Chapter 10: Running SUSE Linux Chapter 11: Running KNOPPIX Chapter 12: Running Yellow Dog Linux Chapter 13: Running Gentoo Linux Chapter 14: Running Slackware Linux Chapter 15: Running Linspire Chapter 16: Running Mandriva Chapter 17: Running Ubuntu Linux Chapter 18: Running a Linux Firewall/Router Chapter 19: Running Bootable Linux Distributions 243 275 299 325 341 363 383 399 415 425 441 459 485 Part IV: Running Applications 503 Chapter 20: Playing Music and Video Chapter 21: Working with Words and Images Chapter 22: E-Mailing and Web Browsing Chapter 23: Gaming with Linux 505 545 585 619 866 Index ✦ T–U tools (continued) Disk Druid, 254–257 Inside Security Rescue Toolkit (INSERT), 820 Partition Magic tool, 251 Procmail e-mail-filtering tool, 217–218 scanimage, 583 Secure Shell (ssh) tools, 209–213 User Manager tool (Linspire), 423 xsane, 583 top command, 171 Torvalds, Linus (creator of Linux), 7–8, 14–15 Totem video player (Ubuntu), 444 touch command, 66 TransGaming Technologies games, 620–621, 638–640 Transport Layer Security (TLS), 667 trapdoor algorithms, 201 troff command, 555 troubleshooting bootable Linux distributions, 487 CD-ROM drive, 513 certificates, 238 LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) server, 663–666 mail server, 683–686 Samba file server, 746–749 X Window System, 121 TUIs (textmode user interfaces), 770–776 TurboLinux, 245 turning on/off permissions, 69 Tux Games Web site, 621 Tux mascot, 25–26 TV cards, 530–531 tvtime program, 530–531 twm (Tabbed Window Manager), 120 type command, 42 U u (owner user) permission, 69 Ubuntu apt-get utility, 450 Breezy Badger, 442 challenges with using, 446 Code of Conduct, 446 community, 445–447, 456–457 Community Council, 446 customizing, 442 Debian GNU/Linux, 441, 446 default server install, 445 DVD, 819 features, 441–444 forums, 456–457 games, 452 GNOME desktop environment, 443–444, 451–453 hardware detection, 442 help, 456–457 Hoary Hedgehog release, 442 installer, 442–443 installing, 447–450 ISO images, 819 LVM file systems, 443 Nautilus file manager, 443 OpenOffice.org, 444, 452 popularity of, 441 software installation, 453–456 software packages, 442, 450–451, 453–456 spin-off projects, 445 support, 456–457 Synaptic Package Manager, 451, 453–456 Technical Board, 446 Totem video player, 444 updates, 450–451 Warty Warthog release, 442 Udev feature, 406, 511 ufs file system, 160 UID environment variable, 57 umount command, 164–165 umsdos file system, 159 Unique Legal Rights page (Novell), 22 United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team (CERT), 20 Univel, 11 University of California at Berkeley, 10, 13 UNIX operating system, 8–12 UNIX System Laboratories (USL), 10–11 UnixWare (Novell, Inc.), 11 unmounting file systems NFS file system, 729 unmount command, 164–165 Unofficial Fedora FAQ Web site, 280 Unreal Tournament 2003/2004 (Epic Games), 636 unset shell command, 58 up2date log file, 206 updates Debian GNU/Linux, 317 SUSE Linux, 331–332 Ubuntu, 450–451 Yellow Dog Linux, 378–379 upgrading Linux distributions, 250–251, 288 U.S export laws, 229 USB storage devices, 542–543 Index ✦ U–V user accounts adding, 143–146 defaults, 147–148 groups, 146 passwords, 145 USER environment variables, 55 user forums See forums user groups, 829–830 User Manager tool (Linspire), 423 useradd command, 143–148 usermod command, 35 USL (UNIX System Laboratories), 10–11 /usr directory, 62 utilities See also tools apt-get, 419, 450 cdp utility, 514–515 Click-N-Run Express utility (Linspire), 418 Click-N-Run utility (Linspire), 417–418 Common UNIX Printing Service (CUPS), 126 debconf, 322 defined, dpkg, 318–320, 419 DrakConf utility (Mandriva), 429–430 DrakX utility (Mandriva), 428–429 fdisk utility, 257–260 klogd, 139 KPackage utility (KNOPPIX), 344, 357 ldconfig, 796 Mailman, 126 make, 792–795 MD5Summer, 248 pppconfig (Debian GNU/Linux), 313–314 rpm, 330–331 RPMDrake utility (Mandriva), 429 Samba, 126 SoX utility, 521–524 SquirrelMail, 126 syslogd, 139 System Logs, 140 tail, 684 tasksel, 320 Webmin, 127 YaST Online Update (YOU) (SUSE Linux), 331–332 YaST (SUSE Linux), 130–131, 326–330 uucp administrative login, 140 uucp log file, 206 V VA Software, 14, 828 /var directory, 62 variables BASH, 56 BASH_VERSION, 56 creating, 57–58 defined, 39 dynamic linker/loader ld.so, 799 EUID, 56 expanding, 51 exporting, 58 FCEDIT, 56 HISTCMD, 56 HISTFILE, 56 HISTFILESIZE, 56 HOME, 56 HOSTTYPE, 56 MAIL, 56 OLDPWD, 56 OSTYPE, 56 overriding values of, 58 PATH, 54, 57 PPID, 57 PROMPT_COMMAND, 57 PS1, 52–54, 57 PWD, 57 RANDOM, 57 SECONDS, 57 setting, 57–58 SHLVL, 57 TMOUT, 54, 57 UID, 57 USER, 55 viewing, 55 WHATEVER, 54–55 VeriSign certificate authority, 234, 667 version control Concurrent Version System (CVS), 800, 803–807 importance of, 800 locks, 800 Revision Control System (RCS), 800–803 revisions, 800 Source Code Control System (SCCS), 800 working file, 800 vfat file system, 159 vi text editor, 43, 70–75, 786 video RealPlayer 10 for Linux, 538 Totem video player (Ubuntu), 444 xine video player, 534–537 video cards, 421, 620, 622–624 video codecs, 509–510 867 868 Index ✦ V–W video conferencing, 531–533 Video4Linux (V4l/V4l2) video interface, 530–531 viewing environment variables, 55 log files, 204 partitions, 156–157 PDF documents, 578 PostScript documents, 578 printers, 695 vim text editor, 786 virtual desktops, 96 virtual hosting, 654–658 virtual terminals, 32 virus scanners, 675, 680–682 viruses, 20–21 Visual Age IDE (IBM), 753 Volkerding, Patrick (creator of Slackware), 400–403 vsftpd.log log file, 206 W Warty Warthog (Ubuntu release), 442 watching TV, 530–531 watching video, 534–538 Web browsers choosing, 601 dillo, 601 Firefox, 20, 601, 613–617 Internet Explorer (Microsoft), 20 Konqueror, 601 Mosaic, 648 Mozilla Navigator, 20, 601–612 text-based, 601, 612–613 viruses, 20–21 Web servers Apache HTTPD, 19, 648, 650–651 LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP), 647–658 NCSA HTTPD, 648 SSL/TLS encryption, 667–671 Web sites AbiSource project, 549 Apache Software Foundation, 19, 829 CERT Coordination center, 199 Damn Small Linux, 496 Debian GNU/Linux, 827 DistroWatch, 487, 821, 827 Fedora, 827 FedoraForum.org, 280 Free Software Foundation, 829 GeeXboX, 493 Gentoo, 828 GNOME, 829 Google Linux, 826, 829 Groklaw, 22, 826 Ibiblio, 828 IBM, 828 id Software, 621 Internet Storm Center, 195 Internet Systems Consortium, 19, 829 Iptables Tutorial, 473 Just Linux, 380 K Desktop Environment (KDE), 829 KNOPPIX, 827 Linspire, 821, 828 The Linux Documentation Project, 380, 826 Linux Forums, 826 Linux Game Tome, 621 Linux Gamers’ FAQ, 621 Linux Gurus, 474 Linux Help, 826 Linux Journal Help Desk, 380 Linux Kernel Archives, 826 Linux Meetup Groups, 829 Linux Online, 826, 830 Linux Questions, 826 Linux Today, 826 Linux.com, 826 Linux.com Tips, 380 Linuxgamepublishing.com, 621 Linuxgames.com, 621 LinuxGazette GLUE, 830 LinuxInsider, 826 LinuxISO.org, 827 LinuxLinks.com, 487 LinuxPackages, 828 LinuxSecurity, 199 Loki Entertainment Software, 621 LWN.net, 15, 826–827 Mandriva, 821, 828 MoviX2, 492–493 Netfilter project, 474 Newsforge, 826 The Open Group, 14 Open Source Development Labs, 14 Open Source Initiative (OSI), 16 Puppy Linux, 497 Red Hat Enterprise Linux, 821, 827 SecurityFocus, 199 Shorewall, 464 Slackware, 403, 828 Slashdot.org, 825–826 Index ✦ W–X SourceForge.net, 18 StarOffice, 549 SUSE, 827 SUSE Linux Portal, 332 Terra Soft Solutions, 363 TransGaming Technologies, 620–621 Tux Games, 621 Unofficial Fedora FAQ, 280 VA Software, 828 XFree86, 829 X.org, 829 Xwinman, 120 Yellow Dog Linux, 821, 827–828 Web-based administration tools, 126 Web-based mail, 688 Webcams, 532 Webmin Administration Tool, 127 wget command, 247 WHATEVER environment variable, 54–55 whatis command, 813 who command, 35 Widenius, Michael (Monty) (creator of MySQL), 649 widgets, 777 Window Maker window manager, 120 window managers Blackbox, 119 choosing, 120 FluxBox, 119–120 FVWM, 120 FVWM-95, 120 KDE (K Desktop Environment), 95–96 Metacity (GNOME), 100, 102–103 twm (Tabbed Window Manager), 120 Window Maker, 120 X Window System, 78, 114, 118–120 xfce, 119 Windows file system, 63, 345 Windows games, 635–636 Windows Media Audio (WMA) codec, 509 Windows Media Video (WMV) codec, 509 Windows (SMB) printer, 702–704, 712–714 Windows trademark and Lindows, 415–416 Windows/Linux dual-boot systems, 251–252 Win4Lin (Linspire), 419 Winmodems, 174–175 Winprinters, 697 Wolber, Chuck, Linux Toys, 525 Word (Microsoft), 551 word processors See also text processors AbiWord, 548–550 KWord, 548, 550 Word (Microsoft), 551 Writer (OpenOffice.org), 546–547 Writer (StarOffice), 548 working directory, 36 working file (version control), 800 write file permission, 67–68 Writer (OpenOffice.org), 546–547 Writer (StarOffice), 548 w3m text-based Web browser, 601, 612–613 wvdialconf command, 193–194 X X display manager (xdm), 78 X Multimedia System (XMMS) multimedia player, 513, 517–520 X Window System bootable Linux distributions, 487 configuring, 114–121 drivers, 116 firewalls, 460 games, 624 stability of, 16 troubleshooting, 121 window managers, 78, 114, 118–120 Xandros, 245 XBoard program, 628–629 xdm (X display manager), 78 Xemacs text editor, 554 XFCE desktop environment, 407 xfce window manager, 119 xferlog log file, 205 XForms, 777 XFree86 Web site, 829 XFree86.0.log log file, 139 xine video player, 534–537 Xlib, 778 XMMS (X Multimedia System) multimedia player, 513, 517–520 X.org Web site, 829 Xorg.0.log log file, 139, 206 xsane tool, 583 Xt Intrinsics, 778 xterm terminal emulator, 31 Xwinman Web site, 120 869 870 Index ✦ Y–Z Y YaST Online Update (YOU) utility (SUSE Linux), 331–332 YaST (SUSE Linux), 130–131, 326–330 Yellow Dog Linux Anaconda installer, 367 Apple products, 363–366 booting, 378 community, 380–381 downloading, 363 features, 365–367 Fedora Core, 366 GNOME desktop environment, 366 hardware detection, 367 hardware requirements, 368–369 help, 380 installing, 367–377 KDE (K Desktop Environment), 366 kudzu hardware detection, 367 Mac-on-Linux software, 364, 379 multimedia software, 363 OpenOffice.org, 366 RPM packages, 366 software installation, 378–379 software packages, 366, 372, 376, 378–379 support, 380 updates, 378–379 versions, 365 Web site resources, 821, 827–828 Yellow Dog Updated, Modified (yum), 378–379 YOU (YaST Online Update) utility (SUSE Linux), 331–332 yum software management tool, 278 Z ZipSlack, 249, 400, 407 zlib API, 782 ZoneEdit dynamic DNS services, 677 zsh shell, 34 GNU General Public License Version 2, June 1991 Copyright © 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed Preamble The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it By contrast, the GNU General Public License is 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