Structural System for Tall Buildings

, :#: ;F , , ' Structural syst.erns for ~ a l l ~ u i l d i n g s Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Canlribulon S p o n s o r i n g Soclellcr Internntlonul Asrocintion for Bridge and S w c t u r a l Engineering (IABSE) American Society of Civil E n g i n e e n (ASCE) American Inrtitute o f Architects (AIA) American Planning Asrocintion (APA) Inernalional Union of Architects (UIA) American Society o f Inleriar Designers (ASID) z~ I:.,, ; , ~; Jnpon S t r u c t u n l Consultono Arrociotlon (ISCA) :; :.~ Urban Lnnd Institute (ULI) International Fedemlion of lnlerior Dcsignen ( I R ) The following identifier those firms m d orgmiwtionr who provide fartheCouncil's financivl s u p p o h Patrons A1 Rnyes Group Kuwait Consolidnted C o n t m a o r r Internulional Co Athens Dnr Al-Hnndnsah '.Shnir & Panncrr." Amman D L F Univcrsnl Limited Ncw Dclhi Zuhair Fnyez & Arrociales Jeddvh Juros B n i m & Bolles N e w York Kuwait Foundmion for the Advonccmcnt of Sciences Kuwait Shimizu Corpondon Tokyo T h e T u r n e r Corpomtion New Yark Sponsors Europrofilc Tecom Luxembourg Gcorge A Fuller Co New York T.R Hnmrah & Yeung Sdn Bhd Sclangor HL-Technik A.G Munich Hong Kong Lnnd Group Lld Hong Kong Kone Elevators Helsinki John A Mnnin & Aaroc Inc L o r Angelcr Ahmad Mohnrrom Cairo Walter P Moore & Associates Inc Hourton Nippon Slcel Tokyo Otis E l e w l o r Co Forminglan O v e A m p Pmnerrhip London P D M Strocnl Inc Slockton Leslie E R o b c m o n Associatea New York Snmrung Engineering Br Conrtruction Co Lrd Seoul Snud Consult, Riyadh Schindlcr Elevntor Corp Morrislown Siecor Corporntion Hickory Tukenako Corporation, Tokyo Tishmon Conslruction Corporarion of N c w York, New York Tiihman Speyer Properties Ncw York W c i r k o p i & Pickwonh N e w York Wing T a i Conrtmction &Engineering Hong Kong Wong & Ouynng (HK) Lld Hong Kong Donor5 American Bridge Co Pittsburgh American Iron and Slcel Institute \Vushington, D.C W.R Grncc & Comp;my Cambridge Hnscko Corporaion Tokyo T h c Herrick Corp Pleasnnton Hollundsche Belon Mnnlschappij BV, Rijswijk Hong Kong Housing Autl~orily.Hong Kong lffland Kivvnvgh Waterbury P.C New York O'Brien-Kreilrbcrg & A S T O C ~ ~ ~In= ~CI Pennrlukcn R T K L Associates Inc Bnltimore Skidmore Ou,ingr & hlerrill Chicogo Steen Con~ultuntrPty Ltd., Singspore Syiko & Hcnnery lnc New York nornton-TomorcuilEngineer5 Ncw York Werner Vosr & Ponncrr Braunrchwcig Wong Hobach Luu Consulting Engineers La5 Angcles Office o f Irwin G Cwlor P.C., N e w York H.K Cheng & Pnrtnen Ltd Hung Kong Douglas Specinlist C o n u n c t o n Ltd Aldridgc H n n Conrulwnt Grnup Snntn Monica The G c o r g ~Hymnn ConsWclion Co Balhrsdn Ingenicurburo Mullcr Mnrl GmbH Mnrl Institute Sulwn lrknndnr Johor INTEMAC Madrid J H S C o n s w e n o e Plnncjnmento Ltd Sno Pnulo Johnson Fain a n d Perrim Asroc Los Angeler T h e Kling-Lindquist P m c n h i p Inc Philadclphio LeMessurier Conrultnntr Inc Cnmbridge L i m ConsulU~tts.Inc Cambridge Meinhnrdt Auslrnlin Pty Ltd Melbourne Mclnhnrdl (HK) Ltd Hong Kong Mucrer Rutledge Consulting Engincen N e w York Oboynshi Corpomtion T o k y o O T E P In~crnntional.SA Mndrid Charles Ponkow Builders Inc Alwdenn Projcst S A Emprecndimentos e Servicos Tecnlcos Rin d c Jnncim P S M Inlernnllonnl Chicago Skilling Ward Megnurson B n r b h i r c Inc Senltlc Tooley & Company L a s Angcles Nobih Yourref and Arrocinlcr Los Angelcs C o n t r i b u t i n g Pnrtlclponlr Advnnccd Slructuml Concrplr Danvcr Advicrburnu Voor Bouwwchnick BV Amhcm Amcrirnn lwti~uteof Slecl Con.uu~Lion Chicago Anglo Amcricnn Pmpcny Scrviccr (Ply1 Lld lohnn"&burg Archituaml Scrviccr Dcpl Hong Kong Alelici D'Architcctum, dc Genvnl, Genvnl ~uslnlinnlnstitulc olSlccl Conrwcdon, hlllronr Poinl B.C.V Pmnctti Miiono ~ S.r.1 ~ ~ w.S Bcllowr conrtriction Corp Hourton Aificd Bcncrch & Co Chicngo Balro dc lrnovclr Err Sno Poulo S.A Sno Poulo Bomhont & W a d Pty Lld Spring Hill ~ ~ ~ n y cWind ur Tunnci ~ Labornlory d ~(U Wcrrcm Ontnriol London Bovir ~ i m i l i London Bnndow & Johulon ArrociaLcr Lor Angclcr Bmokc Hillier Porker Hong Kong Buildings & Dan S.A Bwsrclr CBM Engincm Inc Houston Ccrmo* Pcerkn Pacnen Inc Fon Coilinr CblA A r h i t u ~& Enginecn Sari luon Conrfnction Conwlung Lbonlor) Dallor Cmnr Fuhicu Door Cu Lnkc Bluff Cmnc & Arloriolcr Ply Lld Sydnr) Da(11 Lugdon & Evcnll London DeSimonc Ch~plin& Dohr)n Inc Kc York D O ~ Arlrlnc ~ ~ g l n r r~nn~r scatllc ~ Fujilnva lohns~non1 A s ~ o c i l r rCnlcagn Cunrndgc l i n l t n s k D n r ) Ply Ltd Sldnc) Holn.5 Lundhcrg U'nrhlcr Inlcmolion~l.Nc* YvrA 1io)ok;i~xAr$ocialcr Lo, Anerlcr I l r ~ l l l ~Buildtng$ ) lnlrrn:l8vnll In: F ~ i d r i l l ~ l t m ~O~ h m & Klsrlboum lnc S 81, F i a n r ~ ~ o lnlrrnaliond lmn k Slrrl Imlilutc Brulrcl$ Irwin Iohnrlon nnd Ponncn Sydncy Infoc~er.S.A Rio delnoeim I.A loner Conruuction Co., Charlotic Kcsting Mnnn Iemigan RoacL Lor Angclcr KPFF Conrulting Engineen Scuulc Lcnd Lwre Dcrign Gmup Lld Sydncy ~ n n i& n Bmvo, inc Honolulu Monin.Middirhrook & Louic Snn Fmncirco Enriquc Mmincr-Romcm S.A Mexico Mitchell McForlane Brrnlnoli & Paonen Inll LId Honk Kong Miuubirhi Erwlc Co Ltd Tokyo Moh nnd Arrociau inc Tnipci Morrc Diesel Inlcmorionrl Ncw York Mvlriplci ConrWclions (NSWI Pfy Lid Sydncy Nihoasckkci U.S.A., Ltd., Lor Angclcr NiWIcn Sckkci Ltd Tokyo Norman Dirncy & Young Brirhonc Pacific Adnr Dcvclopmenl Corp Lor Angclcr PcddlcThorp Aururlin Ply Lld Brirhnnc PorkTowrr Gmup New Yo* Ccror Pclii & Asrociolu Ncw York Pcrkinr & Will Chicngo Rnhulnn Zain Arrociacr Kuolo LumDur RFB Consulting Arrhilcnr, lohunnuhurp Rnrrnunrrrr G m r ~ m mCons Engrr PC llru York E- m~, r n Rod, & Sons lnd lnc New Yoik Rovon Woll8~mrD l r t r l & lruin 1°C Gurlph ScpllotSaio rcmnding (Sdnl Bhd, K ~ o l oLumpur scrrrn S m : m r Gimi5 dc Encrnhon~S A Rlo dc lnncim Scvcmd Asrociacr Conr Engn New York SOBRENCO S.A Rio dr Inncim south Africnn lnrtiatc of Srccl Conslrucdon Johmncrbvrg stccl Rcinlorrcmcnt lnrlilulc of Aurlrnlio Sydncy STS Conrultnnu Lrd Nonhbmok Studio Find Nova E Coslcilnni Milnno Tnyior Thornson Whining Ply Lld St Lconordr B.A Vrvnroulu & Asrociacr Athenr VlPAC Encinrcn & Sricndru Lid hlclhovmc Worgon Cbpmon Pmnrrr S)uncy Wndl~nl.crA?ro:irlrl Nrw Yorl wond~.,d.cl,dc Con~.lurn, ~ r rYolk Other Books in the Tall Buildings and Urban Environment Series Casf-in-Place Concrete in Tall Building Design and Constructio~t Cladding Building Design for Handicapped and Aged Persons Semi-Rigid Connecrions in Steel Frames Fire Sofery in TON Buildings Cold-Formed Steel in Toll Buildings Systems and Concepts Structural Systems for Tall Buildings Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat Committee CONTRIBUTORS I.D Berzrretf~ Joseph Bicnls Brian Coviil P.H D a y o ~ ~ ~ n r ~ s a Eiji Frrk!ria~ro him B, Ki1,rzister Rpscard M I;o~~,aicz)k Owerr bJanin Il'iliion! Afuibortnie Sciichi Ml,ra?lrofsll % Okoshi AR,r~adRolrirnian Tltonras Scararrgeiio Roben Si,m Richard Ton!asefri A )'atnohi Editorial Group Ryszard M Kowalczyk, Chairman R o b e r t Sinn, Vice-chairman M a x B Kilmister, Editor McGtaw-Hill, Inc D.C Auckland Bogoti Lisbon London Madrid MexicoClty Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore sydney Tokyo Toronto New York San Francisco Washington Caracas ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF CONTRIBUTIONS This Monognph uar prepxed h j Commillcc (Slmctuml Syrtcm5)of ihc Council onToll Buitdlngr and Urban Hnbitnt nr p ~ onf the Tali Building, and Urban Environment Series Thc edtlonll gmup $bas R)szxd hf Kowatcz)k, chairman; Rohen Sinn, ricc-chnirmln; and hlox B Kiimister, editor Foreword Special ncknowledgmentir due more individuals whore n k u w ~ i p l formedthe s mjorconvibution UI the chapters in his volume These individuals and the chnpters or sections lo which they conhibuled ore: Chapter 1: Editorial Group Chapter 2: Editorinl Group Section 3.1: Editorial Group Scction 3.2: Brian Cnvill Section 4.1: Eiji Fukuzawn Section 4.1: Seiichi Murnmulsu Section 4.1: Ahmod Rohiminn Section 4.2: Owen Mnnin Sccdon 4.3: T Okorhi Section 4.3: Thomu Scmngello Section 4.3: Richard Tomasetti Section 4.3: A Yamoki Section 4.4: Editorial Group Section 4.5: Editorial Group Section 5.1: William Melbourne Secdon 5.2: D Bennettr Secdon 5.2: P H Doynwnnrn Chapter 6:Joseph Bums Project Dercriptionr were conuibuted by: The Office of Irwin Cantor CBM Engineers, Inc Ellisor and Tanner Inc Kajima Design, Inc KingiGuinn Associates LcMessuricr Consulrunls lnc Leriie E Roberlson Arnocintes Nihon Sekkei Inc Ovc Amp & Pamcn Paulus Sokolowski, and Snnor Inc Pcrkins and Will Roben Rorenwarser Asrocioter Sevemd Associnter Shimizu Corporation Skidmore Owings and Merrill Skiliing Ward Magnurron Barkshire Inc Thomton-Tomaretti Engineers Walter P Moore and Asrocioter COMMllTEE MEMBERS Hcrben F Adigun Mir M Ali Luis Guillermo Aycardi Prnbodh V Bnnavnlkur Bob A Bcckner Charles L Bcckncr George E Brandow John F Bmtchie, Robcn J Bmngmber Yu D Bychenkov Peter W Chen Ching-Chum Chcm Pave1 Cirek Andrew Dnvidr John DeBremoekcr, Dirk Dickc Robcn Disque Richard Dziewolnki Ehun Fang Alexander W Founleh James G Forbes Roben I Hanren Roben D Hnnsen Toshihnm Hisatoku Arne Johnson Michael Kavyrchine Mnn B Kiimirler (editor) GcnF Konig Ryszwd M KowaIczyk (chairman) Juraj Korak Monsieur G Lacombe Siegfried Liphardl Miguel A Mneiar-Rendon Owen Mnrrin Jaime Mnson N G Mutkov Gerardo G Mayor Leonard R Middleton Jaime Munoz-Duquc Jacques Nasser Anthony F Nnrretta Fujio Nirhikown Alexis Ortapenko Z Powlowski M V Parokhin Peter Y S Pun Wcmer Quoscbnnh Govidan Rahulan Anthony Fracis Roper Sntwant S Rihai Leslie E Robenson Wolfgang Schurilcr Duiliu Sfintesco Robert Sinn (vice-chairman) Ramiro A Sofronie A G Sokolov Euuro Suzuki Bungaie S Tnranalh A R Tonkley Kenneth W Wan Morden S Yollcr Nobih F G Yourrcf Stefan Zucrek GROUP LEADERS The committee on Structural Systems is part of GroupSC of the Council, "Systems and Concepts." The leaders are: lamer G Forbes Chairman Joseph P Coluco, Vice-Chairman Henry J Cownn Editor This volume is o n e of a series o f Monographs prepared under the aegis o f the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, a series that is aimed a t documenting the state of the art o f the planning, design, conslruction, and operation of tall buildings as well as their interaction with the urban environmenL T h e present series is built upon an original set of five Monographs published by the American Society of Civil Engineers, as follows: Volume PC: Plnrming nrzd En~rironn~enral Crireriofor Toll Beildings Volume SC: Tall Building Sysrems ond Cortceprs Volunze CL: Tall Building Criteria nnd Loading Volume SB: Srrucrurol Design of Toll Sreel Btrildings Voltrme CB: Srmcrural Design of Tall Concrele and Mosorrry Buildings Following the publication of a number of updates to these volumes, it was decided by the Steering Group o f the Council lo develop a new series It would b e based on the original effort but would focus more strongly o n the individual topical committees rather than the groups This would d o two things It would free the Council committees from restraints as t o length Also it would permit material on a given topic to reach the public more quickly T h e result was the Toll Buildings and Urban Enr,iron~nenfseries, being published by McGraw-Hill Inc New York T h e present Monograph joins s i x o t h e r s , the first of which was reieased in 1992: Cost-in-Place Concrere in Toll Building Design ond Consrrucrion Clodding Building Design for Handicapped ond Aged Persons Fire Safely in Tall Buildings Senxi-Rigid Connecrions in Steel Frornes Cold-Formed Sfeel in Tall Buildings This parlicular Monograph was prepnrcd by the Council's Committee Strucmral Systems Its earlier treatment was n part of Volume SC I t dealt with the many issues relating t o tall building structural systems when it was published in 1980 T h e committee decided that a volume featuring cane studies of many of the most important buildings o f the lust two decades would provide professionals with some interesting comparisons of how and why structural systems were chosen T h e result of the committee's cfforls is this Monograph It provides case studies of tall buildings from Japan the United States Malaysia Australia New Zealand Hong Kong Spain, and Singapore This unique international survey examines the myriad o f archirecturni engineering, and construcdon issues that must b e taken into account in designing tall buildtag structural systems Preface Although tall buildings are generally considered to be a product of the modem indusuialized world inherent human desire to build skyward is nearly as old as human civilizntion The ancient ovramids of Giza in Eevot, the Mavan temdes in Tikal Guatain lndia arcjust a-fiw erampl& eternaily benring witness to mala, and the Kuwb this instincL Skyscrapers in thc modcrn sense began to appear over a century ago; however, it was nnly after World War I1 that rapid urbani'ration and population growth created the need for the conswction of tall buildings T h e dominant impact of Llll buildings on urban landscapes has tended to invite contrnvenv o~ticularl; in cities with older historic structuris The skvscraoer silhouette has transformed andshaped the skylines of many cities, thercby creGing ;he most cbrracteristic and symbolic lrstaments to thc cities' wealth and their inhabitants' collecti!,e The ordinary observer recognizes the tall building primarily with respect to its exterior architectural enclosure This is nnly natural, as when we consider the great pyramids of -~ Eevot -, our overridine imaee is bf their characteristic sharre It is o d v re&ntlv that we have begun to realize the creativity and colossal effnn expended by these ancient people to erect these swcmres in the desert at that time So it is with the modem skvscrao;r The overall soatial form as well as the intricate deWiline , - of the claddine svstems are crucial in defining the architectural expression and in placing the tower within the overall urban environment The aim of this Monograph, however, is to have a look under the outer covering of the building to reveal the stiuctural skeleton as well as to provide historical knowledge documenting the design and construction techniques used to realize these monuments in today's world This Monoeraoh is therefore dedicated to the structural systems for tall buildings: their evo~utinn~anh historical development as well as the variety of solutions engendered to allow the tower to be realized safely andcfliciently As in the pas!, new nchievoments in material science comouter-aided desien and construction technology - have opened paths toward more sophisticated and elcgant swcturnl syslems for wll buildings The rwctuml system organization chosen for a p d c u l a r project determines the fundamen[at oropcnies of the aver;lll buiidinc the behavior under imposed loads, its safety, and oftin mav,have a drnmatic imoact on the architectural design - The intent of this volume is lo demonstrate the chmcteristic features of many outstanding syslem form5 while documenting the faclors leading lo their selection for projects aclually realized The swctural systems for high-rise buildings are constantly evolving and at no time can be described as a completed whole Every month new buildings are being designed and created, new projects conceived, and new schemes applied Nevcnheless, we hope it is worthwhile to present the current state of the M while being aware that progress in svstems develooment is oneoine The planning for thts Monograph began soon after the decision u,nc made by the Council to expand the chapters of the original Monograph into separate volumes The concept of a volume based-on a survey of some of the most innovative examples of tall building swctural systems conuibuted by leading engineers and design firms of the ~~~ - - ~ - - xiv Preface profession was conceived during the committee workship in Hong Kong in 1990 It was only after estnblishina the editorial lendershir, for the work that the volume began to takc form, will1 tlte scope and content of the book finallred At this time a buildinf data form wns prepared for collecting thc most essential inform3tion concerning the structural design of the buildings included herdin The surveys were initiated and the re s ~ o n s e cs o m ~ i l e dbv Max filmister This material reoresen& the core of the comoleled dook and the.vast mijority of the work Bob Sinn then'assembled all of the "looseknds" of the compilation in the summer of 1993 in order to finish the completed volume in time for publication The ~ o n o g r a as ~ uhole is a product of extensive lenmtr,ork Sincere thanks go to all ofthc conuibutors who offered their valuablc time to share thew cxperirncc with the readers It Is around this information that the cnurc uork is construc[ed W e hope that the information included may be presented lo a broad professional audience This exchange of information is one of the tenets of the Council and is in fact a condition for progress in the design of tall buildings Supporting information for Chapter from Drs B Vickery D Holmes and J C K Cheung is gratefully acknowledged, as is the Australian Research Grants Commission for its suppon of the fundamental research As mentioned, we are aware that everyday Progress is made in the field of structurnl engineering for high-rise buildings Thc comn~itlceis already thinking about expmdlng and updating this \,olume \\'c urge all readers lo enrich and complement thia rrrrrk by writing the Council or ioining the commitke ~ i n ~ ~wcl lwould ~ like lochpress our appruui;!lion to Dr Lynn Beedle, ulto encouraged us to prepare this work and \rho ad\,ised and aupponed tltc efiori \\'e dudicall: this book to him Robert Sirm Vice-Cltoimmn Mar B Kilmisrer Editor Contents Introduction 1.1 Condensed Rererenccs/Bibliography Classification of Tall Building S t r u c t u r a l S y s t e m s 2.1 Condenrcd RererenceJBibliogmphy Tall Building Floor S y s t e m s 3.1 Composite Sleel Floor Systems 3.2 Presmssed and Porttcnrioned Concrete Floor Systems Project Dereriptionr Melbourne Ccnuvl Lulh Hcndqumers Building Riverside Centcr Bourke Plncc Cenuvl P l m One 3.3 Condensed RefercncerlBibliogmphy Lateral Load Resisting S y s t e m s 4.1 Bnced Frnme and MomentRc;isting Frnme Sysrems Project Derertptions S~nwnBank ACTTower Kobc Portopin Hole1 Nanhi South Tower Hotel World Tmde Center KobeCommercc Indusuy and Trade Centcr Mvrriott M q u i r Hotel Taj Mnhnl Hotel Tokyo Marine Building Knmognwn Grand Tower Shear Wall Syrlemr Project Dc.cipUonr Mcmpolitnn Tower Embassy Suites Hotel Singapore Treasury Building 77 Wcrt Wuckcr Drive Casielden Ploce Twin 21 Majestic Building Telecorn Corporate Building Contents Core nnd Outrigger Systems Project Daeriptions Cityspire Chifley Tower One Liberly Place 17 Smle Sueel Figuema at Wilrhlm Four Allen Center Tmmp Tower Woterfmnt Place Two Pmdentinl Plnw 1999 Bmadwvy CilibnnkPloro 4.4 Tubulorsyslemr P r o j s l Descriptions: Frnmed Tuber Amoco Building 181 West Madiron Sueet AT&T Corpamte Cenler Georgia Pacific 450 Lexington Avenue Mcllon Bank Sumitorno Life Insumnce Building Dewcy SquoreTou'er Monon international Nations Bank Coipante Center Bvnk One Center Cenml Ploro Hopewcll Ccnuc Project Descriptions: T-cd Tuber F m l Inlemationol Building Onteric Center John Hancock Ccnter 780 Third Avenue Holel de las h e r PI'ojffL Dereriptions: Bundled Tuber Sears Tower Rinlto Building N6E Building Cnmegie Hall Tower Allied BonkPloro 45 Hybrid Systems PmjeclDiscriptions Ovcrreos Union Bonk Cenler Citicorp Ccnrer CcnTmrusl Center Columbia Seafirst Center First Bnnk Place Two Union Squorc Fist Intersmte World Center Hong Kong Bank Headqumers 4.6 Condensed ReierencesiBibliogmphy 4.3 Special Topics 5.1 Designing lo Reduce Perceptible Wind-Induced Motions Fire Prolection of Swctunl Elements 5.3 Condensed RcfemnccdBibliognphy Contents Systems for the Future 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 A~hiEhilecedTendencies Slructural Tendencies Other Tendencies Project Descriptions Miglin-Beiller Tower Deurbom Ccnter Bnnkof thc SouthwertTowcr Shimiru Super High Rise Condensed RclerenceslBibliogmphy Current Ouestions, Problems, and Research Needs Nomenclature Glorrury Symbols Abbreviudonr Units Contributors Building lndex Name lndex Subject lndex Structural Systems for Tall Buildings Nomenclature GLOSSARY A36 Structurul rleel with yield strength of 250 MPP (36.000 pri) per ASTM svmdrrd A572 grade 50 dard Acceleration Strucarol steel with yield rtrength of 350 hlPo (50.000 psi) per ASTM stunRate of chongc i n vclocity us u building su%~ys due to wind or crnhquakr foiccs Allowable stress design or w o r k i n g stress design hfcthod o f proportioning stiuclurcs such that the computed elastic rtrerr does no1 cncecd Ispccificd limiting strcrr Band beams Widc, shullow bcrmr used to achirrc minimum rtructur8l floor dcpth A typical size would be 350 mm (13.8 in.) deep by 1500 m m (59 in.) wide Basic w i n d velocity Wind rpced uicd for design before adjusting for rhiclding height, ctc (urually the vrlocily 10 m (32.8 11) above ground i n smooth lcrel terrain withoul significanl ahrtruclionr) Window projecting from the wall between columns or buuierrcr Bay window Beam link Bcam scgmcnl bctwccn bmccs or bclu'een a brace ond u column Bent Plant frnmcworli of bcnm or truss members that support a floor or roof ilnd llle columns that support there members Braced frame Usually u fnme which derives is rtnbilily primarily from 1NSS raian h l o i t elcrncnu hove pinned ends and no^ dcvelop bcnding resistance (Thcsc f n m e i usually develop minor bcnding farces.) Building standard Documcnt defining minimum standards for design irlnwd luhcs "re >n;o?r.d or lrt.:~.tled loBundled lube Slruclural s)slem in nhicn rira;hlr.l ~ e ~ l l rn u r t h sorilmnn ~ ~ u.all$ U -IIIIII~LIO.IT I ! ~ h ?:re i C U I I I O : ~ C ~ $!!to 18ngle \\:II1 IIICTC~! f~ri8ng cnmnr~zbll#!r I n :t h,nJI;.I I.,h: ~ndi\~J~:rl - - r~~ ~ ~ tnf rtrc\\es 31 ihc inleridsc uf \a:h c o n l i n ~ ~ utuhc, tube elemenlr may be ierminutcd a1 any nppropriste lcvcl ~~ - Castellated beam Bcvm fubricoted by culling Lhrough the web a f the hcsm with a profile burning machine, reporating (he two halves, moving one half along the other until the "tceth" o f the cu.tellationr and lack weldinr'the two hal$,cstoecthcr Deeo "enelration Wcldinr is then ~ ~coincide ~ urcd to wcld both sidcs o f the \s,eb Center length lar members - Distance along one member bctx,ecn intersections of ccnlcrlinrs o f perpendicu- Central business district Key commcrciol iarso inridc most modem U.S cilics Central-services core Zone o f a high-rise building often located cenlriilly in plan where elcmtars svairs, toilets, and ien.iccs shofts arc loc~lcd.Core may be cnclascd by co,lcrcle m r l l i or eiecl framer with lightwcighl cladding 396 Glossary Nomenclature In!,cned V i n appearance Chevron Code Building code, o legal document providing design crilerin far buildings in a paniculvr jurisdiction coefficient of variation Rolio o f the rtvndard drvindon to the meno of n n n d o m variable Concentrically braced frame Frome i n which rcsislvnce l o lilteral load or frame instability ia provided by diagonal K o r other auxiliary system ofbncing Core Ponion o i n building lhvl includes elevaton, sloin, mrchvnical rhafl, and toilets, oflcn centmlly located Creep Slow limc-depcndcnl change in dimcnrionr of concrete undcr il sustained loiid, primarily i n thc dirccdon i n whicl> !he load iicL5: u dimcnsionlesr qurntity having u n i u o f strain Dirsiporion o f energy for dynamic lauding Damping Dapped girders Girders (or bcbms) h w i n g u notch ul one or both ends in the underside to accommodate u corbel support within the girder depth or to crcrle additional rpnce for air ducts m d h e like Doubler Difiercnce or change between two vulucs Plate welded to or p i l r ~ l l eto l a web or nilngc to add strength Ductility Ahility o f il mnterb~lto ahsorb energy through defornlidtion without hilurc Eccentrically braced frame Fiiamc i n which the ccntcriinc\ o f bracer air offset lrom !he paints ofintrrscctinn o f l h r crnturlinrs of bcami and columns Environmental loads Facade Lozids on a i t r u c u r r due to wind, mow, canhquakr, or tcnlpcraturc Load combinations Loads likely to nct rimuiwneourly Load effects Momcntr, shcuis, and vxiul forcer i n u membcr dce l o loads or other actions Load factors Fuctors applied to o load to cxpresr probability of no1being excccded; safety factors Longitudinal Direction of the longer plan dimension M a x i m u m l o a d lultimate load) Plvsric limit load 'or rlability limit load ur defincd: also manimum load-currying capocity of u rmcture under test Medium-rise building mngc of 10 to ZO stories Shear wall following m i r r r g u l x line i n plan (No1 u rectilinear asMultistory building ncithcr punicularly high nor low: usuillly i n the Modulartubas Condguoua framed tubular struaurnl aysremr which % togcthcr to form u complete bundlcd tube structure M o m e n t resisting frame lnlcgivted syslcm o f r m c t u m l elemcnu porrrrring cantinuily and hence capable o f resisting bending forcer (Thcse fnmcr uruuily develop minor u i o l forcer.) Puce, espcciillly thc piincipul elrvdtion o f u building Factor o f safety Limit-state derign Design process thal involver identification of all potential modes olfailure (limit rtnter) and mainlnining an nccepxable level of safety ogvinst their occurrence Thc safely level is usually erlubiished on n probabilistic bnsir .* , i o a d end resistance factor design Design method i n which, a1 n chosen l i m i t swte, loo* effeels and resistances are sepnntcly multipiicd by factors ihal uccount for h c inherent uncenainlies i n the determinudon o f these quuntilier Meandering shear wall semblage o f wnlli.) L i l t r n l displaccmcnt due to laterill force Drift ir urunlly rcluted to there typcs of limit slntc), and (2) rrn~iceobilir) l i m i t slotcr, related to the criteria governing normal use of h e structure M e a n recurrence interval IMRII A v c n g r time betu,rcn occurrences o f n random rvriablc thnt exceed its M R I value The probability ihat h e MRI value w i l l be exceeded i n any occurrence is l/MRI A c ~ u i i weight l o f rlrucluml clumcna (This is a gmrity lodd.1 Dead load Differential 397 Rulio o f ,Ire u l ~ i m a l rrrrrngxh (or yield point) a i malcriol to ihc working alrers i l i u m e d i n derign (stress foctor orrarcty): or ratio ofthc ultimntc loud, momcnl or slrcvr o f a structur;,l mrmbcr to thc ss'orking loild moment, or shcar, respectively, assumed in design (load fuccor o f rarely) Mullion Horizontill or vcnicul membcr of n window-wall orcunnin-wall system hrl is normally attached l o h e floor slab or benmr nnd ruppons thc glusr and/or elements o f a window widll Failure Condition where o limit itute is reached This mzy or may not i n ~ o i r ecollupsc ar other cvtvrtraphic occurrences Neoprene Synthetic rubber boring physical prapenier closely resembling those o f n a r u n l rubbcr bur not requiring sulfur for vulcmizution I t is made by polymerizing chloroprcncs and the Intter is produced f i o m vcctylene and hydrogen chloride Fin Node Plate projecting from u member Flange m o m e n t connection o f the column hlonlent connection in which the bcdm is connected to thc flange Floor area ratio IFARI Spccilicd ratio o f permissible floor space l o lot arc* in which the inducemenl l o reduce lot coverage is sn impoiiant componml Thc bidsic ratio is frequently inodilicd by providing "bonus" or "prcn~ium" floor npiacc for rucl, aspects as ilrcadcs \rlb;icks und plrziiq Also called ldor mr;,~ Framed tube Pciimetcr ccluiwlent tube consisling o f closcly rpacrd columns ilnd rpiindrclr Fundamental period i ' r r m l i > i i l ~ ufir\t 111c,.lu8ll%#hr:ll#.ln i.l tl~l8l.ln; .Tlw 1111,: n ~ ~ l d ~l.) s T L I BJ IJcnil IIIIII! Kim: lnJ SI~:.nph~l, ~pl~ 14S-Ij5 hlrlbouinc \V H and Niabet R D 1985 AEROPLASTICMODEL TESTS AND THEIR AI'PLICATION FOR THE OUB CENTRE SINGAPORE Piocecdingr ufthc lnlcrnntiunvl Confrrrncc an Testinz and lnstrun~enrillion in Building nnd Conrtructioo Singupore Melbourns W H nnd Palmer T R 1992 ACCELERATIONS AND COMFORT CRITERIA FOR BLIILDINOS UNDERGOIN0 COMPLEX MOTIONS, Journnl of lVind Engineering and lndustriol Arrodynamics, vol 41, pp 105-1 16 Mitn A, and Fuchimoro M 1993 SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION EFFECTS ON THE 121-STORY SSH BUILDING Proceedings of lhc Inlernntionnl Conference on Tail Buildings Rio dc Jnneiro Brazil May 17-19 O'Mcaghrr A I Bmnelts I D Stmcnr L K 2nd llulchinron G L 1993 BEHAVIOR OFCO'VIPOSITE COLU\INS IN FIRE BHP Mclbuumc Research Lahorolunes Aunrdllo Rcpon BllPNPPAiW93.001lSG3C Plntten D A 1986 POSTMODERN ENGINEERING Civil Engineering June Plauen D A 1988 MOMENTUM PLACE: STEEL SOLVES COMPLEX GEOMETRIES, hiadern Sfeel Connruclion Fcb No Pcuerrron Mngnurron S E nnd Thor 1976 FIRE ENGINEERING DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES Publicndon no 50 Swedish Inrtilute of Steel Consmction Reed W 1971 WIND INDUCED MOTION AND HUMAN COh