Coulson richardsons chemical engineering volume 3

Coulson & Richardson's CHEMICAL ENGINEERING VOLUME THIRD EDITION Chemical & Biochemical Reactors & Process Control EDITORS OF VOLUME THREE J F RICHARDSON Department of Chemical Engineering University of Wales Swansea and D G PEACOCK The School of Pharmacy, London I E I N E M A N N Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, M A 01803, USA First edition 197 Reprinted 1975 Second edition I979 Reprinted with corrections 1982, 1987, I99 I Third edition 1994 Reprinted 2001, 2003,2005, 2006, 2007 Copyright 1991, J M Coulson, J F Richardson, J R Backhurst and J H Harker Published by Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved The right of J M Coulson, J F Richardson, J R Backhurst and J H Harker to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science &Technology Rights Department in Oxford UK: phone: (+a) (0) I865 843830; fax: (+44) (0) 1865 853333: email: permissions@elsevier.com Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-08-04 1003-6 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at books.elsevier.com Transferred to digital printing 2009 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elscvier.com I www.bookaid.org I www.sahre.org Preface to the First Edition Chemical engineering, as we know it today, developed as a major engineering discipline in the United Kingdom in the interwar years and has grown rapidly since that time The unique contribution of the subject to the industrial scale development of processes in the chemical and allied industries was initially attributable to the improved understanding it gave to the transport processes-fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer-and to the development of design principles for the unit operations, nearly all of which are concerned with the physical separation of complex mixtures, both homogeneous and heterogeneous, into their components In this context the chemical engineer was concerned much more closely with the separation and purification of the products from a chemical reactor than with the design of the reactor itself The situation is now completely changed With a fair degree of success achieved in the physical separation processes, interest has moved very much towards the design of the reactor, and here too the processes of fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer can be just as important Furthermore, many difficult separation problems can be obviated by correct choice of conditions in the reactor Chemical manufacture has become more demanding with a high proportion of the economic rewards to be obtained in the production of sophisticated chemicals, pharmaceuticals, antibiotics and polymers, to name a few, which only a few years earlier were unknown even in the laboratory Profit margins have narrowed too, giving a far greater economic incentive to obtain the highest possible yield from raw materials Reactor design has therefore become a vital ingredient of the work of the chemical engineer Volumes and 2, though no less relevant now, reflected the main areas of interest of the chemical engineer in the early 1950s In Volume the coverage of chemical engineering is brought up to date with an emphasis on the design of systems in which chemical and even biochemical reactions occur It includes chapters on adsorption, on the general principles of the design of reactors, on the design and operation of reactors employing heterogeneous catalysts, and on the special features of systems exploiting biochemical and microbiological processes Many of the materials which are processed in chemical and bio-chemical reactors are complex in physical structure and the flow properties of non-Newtonian materials are therefore considered worthy of special treatment With the widespread use of computers, many of the design problems which are too complex to solve analytically or graphically are now capable of numerical solution, and their application to chemical xvi PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xvii engineering problems forms the subject of a chapter Parallel with the growth in complexity of chemical plants has developed the need for much closer control of their operation, and a chapter on process control is therefore included Each chapter of Volume is the work of a specialist in the particular field, and the authors are present or past members of the staff of the Chemical Engineering Department of the University College of Swansea W.J Thomas is now at the Bath University of Technology and J M Smith is at the Technische Hogeschool Delft J M.C J F R D G P Preface to Second Edition Apart from general updating and correction, the main alterations in the second edition of Volume are additions to Chapter I on Reactor Design and the inclusion of a Table of Error Functions in the Appendix In Chapter two new sections have been added In the first of these is a discussion of non-ideal flow conditions in reactors and their effect on residence time distribution and reactor performance In the second section an important class of chemical reactions-that in which a solid and a gas react non-catalytically-is treated Together, these two additions to the chapter considerably increase the value of the book in this area All quantities are expressed in SI units, as in the second impression, and references to earlier volumes of the series take account of the modifications which have recently been made in the presentation of material in the third editions of these volumes xv Preface to Third Edition The publication of the Third Edition of Chemical Engineering Volume marks the completion of the re-orientation of the basic material contained in the first three volumes of the series Volume now covers the fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume deals with Particle Technology and Separation Processes, and Volume is devoted to Reaction Engineering (both chemical and biochemical), together with Measurement and Process Control Volume has now lost both Non-Newtonian Technology, which appears in abridged form in Volume 1, and the Chapter on Sorption Processes, which is now more logically located with the other Separation Processes in Volume The Chapter on Computation has been removed When Volume was first published in 1972 computers were, by today’s standards, little more than in their infancy and students entering chemical engineering courses were not well versed in computational techniques This situation has now completely changed and there is no longer a strong case for the inclusion of this topic in an engineering text book With some reluctance the material on numerical solution of equations has also been dropped as it is more appropriate to a mathematics text In the new edition, the material on Chemical Reactor Design has been re-arranged into four chapters The first covers General Principles (as in the earlier editions) and the second deals with Flow Characteristics and Modelling in Reactors Chapter now includes material on Catalytic Reactions (from the former Chapter 2) together with non-catalytic gas-solids reactions, and Chapter covers other multiphase reactor systems Dr J C Lee has contributed the material in Chapters 1, and and that on non-catalytic reactions in Chapter 3, and Professor W J Thomas has covered catalytic reactions in that Chapter Chapter , on Biochemical Engineering, has been completely rewritten in two sections by Dr R L Lovitt and D r M G Jones with guidance from the previous author, Professor B Atkinson The earlier part deals with the nature of reaction processes controlled by micro-organisms and enzymes and is prefaced by background material on the relevant microbiology and biochemistry In the latter part, the process engineering principles of biochemical reactors are discussed, and emphasis is given to those features which differentiate them from the chemical reactors described previously The concluding two chapters by Dr A P Wardle deal, respectively, with Measurement, and Process Control The former is a completely new chapter describing the xiii xiv PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION various in-line techniques for measurement of the process variables which constitute the essential inputs to the control system of the plant The last chapter gives an updated treatment of the principles and applications of process control and concludes with a discussion of computer control of process plant January 1994 J F RICHARDSON Department of Chemical Engineering University of Wales Swansea Swansea SA2 P P UK D G PEACOCK School of Pharmacy London WCl N A X UK Contents PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION xiii PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION xv PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION xvi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xviii LISTOF CONTRIBUTORS xix Reactor Design-General 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 I Principles Basic objectives in design of a reactor 1.1.1 Byproducts and their economic importance 1.1.2 Preliminary appraisal of a reactor project Classification of reactors and choice of reactor type 1.2.1 Homogeneous and heterogeneous reactors I 2.2 Batch reactors and continuous reactors 1.2.3 Variations in contacting pattern-semi-batch operation 1.2.4 Influence of heat of reaction on reactor type Choice of process conditions 1.3.1 Chemical equilibria and chemical kinetics I 3.2 Calculation of equilibrium conversion 1.3.3 Ultimate choice of reactor conditions Chemical kinetics and rate equations 1.4.1 Definition of reaction rate, order of reaction and rate constant 1.4.2 Influence of temperature Activation energy I 4.3 Rate equations and reaction mechanism 1.4.4 Reversible reactions 1.4.5 Rate equations for constant-volume batch reactors 1.4.6 Experimental determination of kinetic constants General material and thermal balances Batch reactors 1.6.1 Calculation of reaction time; basic design equation 1.6.2 Reaction time-isothermal operation I 6.3 Maximum production rate 1.6.4 Reaction time-non-isothermal operation 1.6.5 Adiabatic operation Tubular-flow reactors 1.7.1 Basic design equations for a tubular reactor 1.7.2 Tubular reactors-non-isothermal operation 1.7.3 Pressure drop in tubular reactors 1.7.4 Kinetic data from tubular reactors V 1 2 3 10 10 11 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 24 24 27 27 28 30 31 32 34 36 40 41 42 vi CONTENTS 1.8 Continuous stirred-tank reactors 1.8.1 Assumption of ideal mixing Residence time 1.8.2 Design equations for continuous stirred-tank reactors 1.8.3 Graphical methods 1.8.4 Autothermal operation 1.8.5 Kinetic data from continuous stirred-tank reactors 1.9 Comparison of batch, tubular and stirred-tank reactors for a single reaction Reactor output 1.9.1 Batch reactor and tubular plug-flow reactor 1.9.2 Continuous stirred-tank reactor 1.9.3 Comparison of reactors 1.10 Comparison of batch, tubular and stirred-tank reactors for multiple reactions Reactor yield 1.10.1 Types of multiple reactions 1.10.2 Yield and selectivity 1.10.3 Reactor type and backmixing 1.10.4 Reactions in parallel 1.10.5 Reactions in parallel-two reactants 1.10.6 Reactions in series 1.10.7 Reactions in series-two reactants 1.1 Further reading I 12 References 1.13 Nomenclature Flow Characteristics of Reactors-Flow 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Modelling Non-ideal flow and mixing in chemical reactors 2.1.1 Types of non-ideal flow patterns 2.1.2 Experimental tracer methods 2.1.3 Age distribution of a stream leaving a vessel-E-curves 2.1.4 Application of tracer information to reactors Tanks-in-series model Dispersed plug-flow model 2.3.1 Axial dispersion and model development 2.3.2 Basic differential equation 2.3.3 Response to an ideal pulse input of tracer 2.3.4 Experimental determination of dispersion coefficient from a pulse input 2.3.5 Further development of tracer injection theory 2.3.6 Values of dispersion coefficients from theory and experiment 2.3.7 Dispersed plug-flow model with first-order chemical reaction 2.3.8 Applications and limitations of the dispersed plug-flow model Models involving combinations of the basic flow elements Further reading References Nomenclature Gas-Solid Reactions and Reactors 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Mass transfer within porous solids 3.2.1 The effective diffusivity 3.3 Chemical reaction in porous catalyst pellets 3.3.1 Isothermal reactions in porous catalyst pellets 3.3.2 Effect of intraparticle diffusion on experimental parameters 3.3.3 Non-isothermal reactions in Dorous catalvst < Dellets 3.3.4 Criteria for diffusion control' 43 43 44 47 49 50 51 52 52 54 55 56 57 57 58 61 63 67 68 68 68 71 71 71 71 73 75 78 80 80 83 84 88 93 96 98 102 104 105 105 106 108 108 111 112 115 116 122 124 I28 Index Terms Links T TACUCHI, H 402 TAIRD, C K 518 TAKAHASHI, T 618 TAMARU, K 147 Tank reactors 43 Tanks in series model 103 TATTERSON, G B 205 524 208 Taylor–Aris dispersion 82 TAYLOR, G 82 95 Taylor's series 582 561 TCHOBANOGLOUS, G 351 Temperature distribution in reactors effect on reaction rate reactor yield measurement 17 60 36 rise in batch reactors 32 Tensile strength Terminal falling velocity, particle 467 VI II TETER, P O 723 THALLER, L 144 Thermal boundary layer 65 466 profile in reactors scale 238 724 I characteristics, packed catalytic reactors 172 conductivities, common gases 518 conductivity detector, process chromatograph 513 gas composition analyser 516 hot wire pressure sensor 465 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Thermal boundary layer (Cont.) prediction of diffusion VI I flowmeter 440 Thermal–radiation detector (TRD) measurement 473 475 sensitivity, countercurrent cooled tubular catalytic reactors 172 volumetric flowmeter 449 Thermistor 473 Thermocouple 468 automatic reference junction compensation 470 contact potential 468 different types and characteristics 471 Thermocouple Instruments Ltd 471 Thermocouple, law of intermediate metals 469 temperatures 469 Thermodynamic equilibrium 10 selectivity factor 129 temperature scale 468 Thermodynamics of gas compression I Thermoelectric sensors 468 Thermojunction 470 Thermophiles 351 Thermopile 472 Thermowell 470 Thévenin circuit, equivalent 545 Thévenin’s theorem 544 472 Thickeners II VI Thickening II VI This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links THIELE, E W 116 Thiele modulus II generalised 118 121 361 122 modified for non-isothermal catalytic reaction 127 relationship to effectiveness factor 121 Thiophene, hydro-desulphurisation in trickle bed reactors 246 THODOS, G 144 THOMAS, W J 137 138 139 149 THORNTON, J M 125 126 127 180 Three phase fluidised bed reactors 239 example beds reactors 240 232 229 Threshold, instrument 535 Time constant 581 apparent 636 of reaction for batch reactors 27 isothermal operation 28 non-isothermal operation 31 Time-dependent behaviour 232 31 I TINKLER, J D 124 Toluene chlorination, example 213 TOPIWALA, H H 351 TOPS∅E, H 230 TOPS∅E, N.-Y 230 Torr 465 TORRANCE, K 504 505 II 112 Tortuosity calculation of 510 113 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Total internal reflection 501 radiation pyrometers 475 Tower packings II Tracer flow in stirred tanks 78 ideal pulse input 84 injection theory, further development 93 measurements with two sampling points 95 methods in reactors 71 response curves, types of Trajectories of particles VI 75 103 II Transcription of DNA 425 Transcriptional control 336 Transducer, force balance 551 Transduction 319 Transfer coefficients, absorption II distillation II liquid–liquid extraction II functions 575 capacity systems 579 closed loop, fixed parameter feedback control 608 dead time 593 distillation process 585 first order system 580 systems in series, interacting 587 non-interacting 584 581 fixed parameter feedback controller 593 industrial PID controller 594 interacting tanks in series 587 liquid flowing through a tank 581 583 non-interacting tanks in series 584 586 583 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Transduction (Cont.) open loop 609 poles 579 proportional controller 593 plus derivative (PD) controller 594 integral (PI) controller 594 plus derivative (PID) controller 594 pulse 675 second order system 589 stripping column 586 thermocouple junction with sheath U-tube manometer zeros line reactors units relation to HETP Transformation Transforms, Laplace Transient operation of chemical reactors 580 581 588 589 579 187 I II VI 576 726 II 319 I 26 Transition flow rcgion 114 Translation 425 theorem 593 Transmittance 591 498 502 Transport of gases I VI liquids I VI solids II VI 196 197 I 448 Tray reactors Triangular notch Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle 311 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Trickle bed reactors Links 233 combination of steps 242 example 246 steady state treatment 245 Triple point 468 TRUXAL, J G 664 TSUCHIYA, H M 397 399 400 Tubular flow reactors see also Packed tubular catalytic packed catalytic reactors, design calculations reactors 61 151 configurations 35 consecutive reactions 64 design 36 heat transfer 35 kinetic data 42 material balances 36 non-isothermal operation 40 output 52 pressure drop 35 TUFFS, P S 692 Tuning discrete time controllers 686 Turbidimeter, nephelometric (nephelometer) 502 Turbidity 502 Turbidostat 368 Turbine flowmeter 440 Turbines I Turbulent boundary layer I eddies I flow I 34 162 163 37 41 445 449 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 164 Index Terms Links Turbulent boundary layer (Cont.) axial dispersion 82 values of dispersion coefficients 97 Turndown 724 instrument 529 JRNER, J C R 36 Turnover number 279 Twisted pairs 703 Two position control 564 reactants, reactions in series substrate enzyme kinetics 67 291 Alberty equation 293 double displacement reactions 293 kinetic constant determination 293 single displacement reactions 292 Two-film theory absorption with chemical reaction of diffusion, Whitman Two-phase flow, pressure drop, frictional heat transfer coefficient I II I II I II I II I II VI U Ultimate periodic response 601 Ultra high vacuum 465 Ultra-low flow measurement 448 Ultrasonic agglomeration 449 II flowmeter 442 gas analyser 524 time-of-flight flowmeter 440 450 443 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Uncertainty, instrument reading 532 Underdamped response 599 Under-specified system 575 Unit display 707 output of reactors Units 51 I and dimensions Universal velocity profile I I Unreacted core models of reactors 183 Unstable (unbounded) system 614 V V-notch Vacuum, levels and measurement measurement pumps I 465 465 I relief VI vessels VI Valve body 719 control 719 flow coefficient 723 positioner 719 electropneumatic 551 trays, design trim types 448 VI 722 722 VI 719 723 I VI VAN DER BENT, H 448 VAN HEERDEN, C 165 VAN KREVELEN, D W 200 VAN SWAAIJ, W, P M 50 198 224 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links VAN, RIET, K 208 Vapour–liquid equilibrium Vapour-liquid equilibrium data Vapour pressure at convex surface prediction of Variable area flowmeters II VI II VI I 440 controlled 560 manipulated 560 563 VEERMAN, T 400 401 VEGA CONTROLS LTD 485 Velocities, settling II Velocity defect law I profile I propagation of a pressure wave I settling sonic terminal falling Vena contracta II I II I Vent piping design VI VENTRAS, J S 225 Venturi flowmeter flume I 198 Very high vacuum 465 Vibrating element pressure transducer Viscoelastic fluids Viscometer, Cannon–Fenske capillary 440 448 VERSTEEG, G F Vessel supports 402 VI 462 I 490 cone and plate 491 Couette type 491 falling sphere 490 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Viscometer, Cannon (Cont.) in-line vibrating element 495 on-line capillary 493 Couette 494 Ostwald U-tube capillary 489 vibrating element 492 Viscometers, ranges of operation Viscosity 492 I apparent I measurement 489 on-line 493 prediction of VI shear-dependent I Viscous drag I Visual display unit (VDU) loading of screen (display density) 567 698 Volume of batch reactors 27 von Karman vortex street 439 Vortex flowmeter 439 forced I free I Votator I 440 II W WALSH, T M 495 WALTER, G 507 WALTERS, K 491 492 WARDLE, A P 651 712 WARNOCK, I G 710 Washout of biomass in CSTFs 370 in series 493 373 381 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Index Terms Links Washout of biomass in CSTFs (Cont.) with recycle WASSON, R 376 446 Waste incinerators VI water treatment 351 VI WASUNGU, K M 349 350 Water cooling towers construction for height detection WATSON, K M Waves, shock I I I 519 149 I WEHNER, J F 92 Weight of vessels VI Weir I WEISS, M.D 497 Weissenberg rheogoniometer 492 WEISZ, P B 125 Welded joint design VI WEN, C Y 95 WENNER, R.R 150 WEST, D M 531 WESTERTERP, K R Wet bulb temperature humidity determination Wetted sphere cantactor wall contactor Wetted-wall columns in absorption distillation 150 167 448 126 128 184 50 224 I II I 519 226 226 II II Wetting of solid 235 rates, packing II VI This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 129 Index Terms Links WHEELER, A 130 134 WHERRY, T C 723 724 Whirling of shafts VI WHITAKER, A 269 WHITE, B A 725 WHITEHEAD, D G 547 WHORLOW, R W 492 WILHELM, R H 271 92 167 WILKE, C R 223 345 WILLARD, H H 515 WILLIAMS, F M 399 WILLIAMS, T J 585 WILSON, J 549 WILSON, J H 272 Wind loads VI WINDOW, A L 458 WITTENMARK, B 689 WOOD, R M 138 WOOD, W B 272 WORSHAM, R E 723 WRIGHT, C 552 WYLIE, C R 600 651 724 602 628 681 X Xylene, oxidation of o-, example 209 Y Yeasts 265 elemental composition 271 nucleic acid cantent 273 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation 664 Index Terms Links Yeasts (Cont.) protein content Yield and output of reactors selectivity coefficient 273 60 57 339 for biomass formation 340 product fonnation 340 overall 341 high 60 overall 59 reactor comparisons 65 stress I true growth 341 YOUNG, R E 686 YOUNG, R M 723 Young's modulus 455 724 Z z-transform 673 Zero order hold element 679 shift, instrument 726 535 Zeros of transfer function 579 Zeroth law of thermodynamics 466 ZIEGLER, J G 634 Zirconia cell 510 ØSTERGAARD, K 134 ǺSTRÖM, K J 689 This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation Conversion Factors for Some Common Sl Units An asterisk (*) denotes an exact relationship Length Time Area Volme Mass Force in : ft Yd : : : : mile * I A (angstrom) * I *I h *1 day I year I in.’ ft’ I yd2 I mile’ I acre : : : : : : : : Pdl : I tonf *1 dyn Caloriftc value (volumetric) : : : : : : in.’ ftJ I yd’ UK gal US gal I 02 * I lb cwt I ton Ibf ‘1 kgf Temperature difference Energy (work, heat) : : : : * I deg F (deg R) I ft Ibf ft pdl *1 cal (international table) * I erg Btu hp h *I kWh therm I thermie I Btu/ft’ 760 25.4 mm 0.304 m 0.914 m 1.6093km IO-”’m 60s 3.6 ks 86.4 ks 31.5 Ms 645.16 nun’ 0.092903m’ 0.83613 m’ 2.590 km’ 4046.9 m’ 16.387 cm’ 0.028 32 m’ 0.764 53 m’ 4546.1 cm’ 3185.4 cm’ 28.352 g 0.453 592 37 kg 50.802 kg 1016.06 kg 0.138 N 4.4482N 9.806 65 N 9.9640 kN : : : : 1W’N : 5/9 deg C (deg K) : 1.355 J : 0.042 14 J : 4.1868 J : : : : : : W’J 1.055 06 kJ 2.684 MJ 3.6 MJ 105.51 MJ 4.185 MJ : 37.259 kl/m’ CONVERSION FACTORS I ft/s mile/h Mass flow Mass per unit area Density Pressure ft3/s ft’/h UK gal/h US gal/h : : : : 1 I I 1 1 Ib/h ton/h : : Iblin.’ Ib/ft’ ton/sq mile : : : Ib/in3 Ib/ft’ lb/UK gal I Ib/US gal : : : : lbf/in.’ : : : : : : : : : : I 1 Moment um Angular momentum Viscosity, dynamic Viscosity, kinematic Surface energy (surface tension) Mass flux density Heat flux density tonf/in.’ Ibflft’ standard atm atm (1 kgf/cm’) bar ft water in water io Hg mm Hg (1 torr) I hp (British) : hp (metric) : *I I I Moment of inertia : 1 I I I *I *I *I Power (heat flow) 751 : 0.3048 mls erg/s ft lbfls Btu/h ton of refrigeration I Ib ft* Ib ft/s Ib ft’ls *1 P (poise) I Ib/R h I Ib/ft s * I S (stokes) I ft’lh * I crglcm’ *(I dyn/cm) Ib/h ft’ Btu/h ft’ *1 kcal/h m’ I Btu/h ft’ OF : : : : : : : : : : : : 0.44704m/s 0.028 316 m’/s 7.865 cm3/s 1.262 cm3/s 1.0515 cm3/s 0.126 OOg/s 0.282 24 kg/s 703.07 kg/m’ 4.882 kg/m’ 392.30 kglkm’ 27.680 g/cm’ 16.019 kg/m3 99.776 kg/m’ 119.83 kg/rn3 6.8948 kN/m’ 15.444 MN/m’ 47.880 N/m’ 101.325 kN/m’ 98.0665 kN/m’ 10’ Nlm’ 2.989 kN/m’ 249.09 N/m’ 3.386 kN/m’ 133.32 N/m* 745.70 W 735.50 W 10-7w 1.355 W 0.293 07 W 3516.9 W 0.042 140 kg m’ 0.138 26 kg m/s 0.042 140 kg m’/s 0.1 N slm’ 0.413 38 mN s/m2 1.488 N slm’ ~@‘m’/s 0.258 06 cm’ls : 10-3~1mz : (10-’N/m) 1.356 g/s m’ : 3.1546W/m1 : 1.163 Wlm’ : 5.678 W/m’K Heat transfer cocfIicient Btu/lb : 2.326 kJ/kg Specific enthalpy (latent heat, etc.) Specific heat capacity Btu/lb O F : 4.186 kJ/kg K Thermal conductivity I Btu/h ft O F : 1.730 WImK : 1.163 W/mK *I kcal/h m “C Taken from MULLIN,J W.: 77te Chemical Engineer No 21 I (Sept 1967), 176 SI units in chemical engineering : [...]... 5.11 .3 Continuous culture of micro-organisms 5.12 Estimation of kinetic parameters 5.12.1 Use of batch culture experiments 5.12.2 Use of continuous culture experiments 5 .3 27 I 27 1 2 73 275 277 277 27 8 278 278 278 279 279 279 28 1 282 285 286 28 7 289 29 I 294 29 5 298 298 298 30 2 30 4 30 4 30 9 31 5 31 5 31 6 31 8 32 0 32 0 32 5 32 6 32 6 32 7 33 4 33 7 33 9 34 2 34 2 34 5 35 2 35 4 35 6 36 0 36 4 36 4 36 5 36 7 38 6 38 6 39 3 CONTENTS... analysers 6.8 .3 The chromatograph as an on-line process analyser 6.8.4 The mass spectrometer 6.8.5 Thermal conductivity sensors for gases ix 39 6 39 6 39 8 402 405 405 409 410 410 416 418 419 42 1 42 5 43 1 43 1 43 3 437 437 438 438 439 445 448 448 449 452 452 454 454 4 63 465 466 468 4 73 478 479 480 48 1 482 484 484 484 488 489 489 4 93 495 497 5 03 51 1 515 516 CONTENTS X 6.9 6.10 6 I 1 6.12 6. 13 6.14 6.15... reactions Design calculations 3. 6.1 Packed tubular reactors 3. 6.2 Thermal characteristics of packed reactors 3. 6 .3 Fluidised bed reactors Gas-solid non-catalytic reactors 3. 7.1 Modelling and design of gas-solid reactors 3. 7.2 Single particle unreacted core models 3. 7 .3 Types of equipment and contacting patterns Further reading References Nomenclature vii 3. 3.5 3. 4 3. 5 3. 6 3. 7 3. 8 3. 9 3. 10 4 Gas-Liquid and... 129 139 1 43 144 146 148 148 148 150 151 151 172 180 181 182 1 83 186 190 190 192 196 196 196 196 197 202 204 205 216 218 2 23 229 229 230 23 1 235 248 248 249 252 252 254 255 256 257 259 260 262 265 269 270 viti CONTENTS Chemical composition of cells 5 .3. 1 Elemental composition 5 .3. 2 Proteins 5 .3. 3 Physical properties of proteins 5 .3. 4 Protein purification and separation 5 .3. 5 Stability of proteins 5 .3. 6... Programmable controller design 7.21.2 Programming the PLC 7.9.2 7.9 .3 7.9.4 7.10 7.1 1 7.12 7. 13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.2 1 xi 609 609 61 1 612 6 13 614 617 619 625 632 632 634 635 638 638 638 640 645 646 646 65 1 6 53 6 53 654 658 660 66 1 664 672 672 675 677 679 68 1 684 686 686 688 689 690 69 1 692 692 694 696 696 698 698 698 700 7 03 7 03 708 708 709 709 71 1 xii CONTENTS 7.22 Regulators and actuators... 7.8 .3 Initial and final value theorems 7.8.4 Response to sinusoidal function 7.8.5 Response to pulse function 7.8.6 Response of more complex systems to forcing functions Transfer functions of feedback control systems 7.9.1 Closed-loop transfer function between C and R 519 5 23 5 23 5 23 528 528 528 535 536 536 537 539 539 542 546 547 547 549 549 552 552 5 53 555 560 560 560 562 564 566 570 57 1 5 73 575... transfer effects 3. 3.6 Catalyst de-activation and poisoning Mass transfer from a fluid stream to a solid surface Chemical kinetics of heterogeneous catalytic reactions 3. 5.1 Adsorption of a reactant as the rate determining step 3. 5.2 Surface reaction as the rate determining step 3. 5 .3 Desorption of a product as the rate determining step 3. 5.4 Rate determining steps for other mechanisms 3. 5.5 Examples... fundamental physico -chemical principles 1 .3. 1 Chemical Equilibria and Chemical Kinetics The two basic principles involved in choosing conditions for carrying out a reaction are thermodynamics, under the heading of chemical equilibrium, and chemical kinetics Strictly speaking, every chemical reaction is reversible and, no matter how fast a reaction takes place, it cannot proceed beyond the point of chemical equilibrium... CA (1 3 ) is measured in units of kmol/m3 s and the concentration If the rate of reaction C, in kmol/m3, then k , has the units s-I On the other hand, if the reaction above behaved as a second-order reaction with a rate equation: = k2CA2 (1.6) the units of this rate constant, with 3, in kmol/m3s and C, in kmol/m3, are m'(kmol)-' s-' A possible source of confusion is that in some instances in the chemical. .. References Nomenclature 4.2 I 4.2.2 4.2 .3 4.2.4 4 .3 4.4 4.5 5 Biochemical Reaction Engineering 5.1 5.2 Introduction 5 I 1 Cells as reactors 5.1.2 The biological world and ecology 5 I 3 Biological products and production systems 5.1.4 Scales of operation Cellular diversity and the classification of living systems 5.2.1 Classification 5.2.2 Prokaryotic organisms 5.2 .3 Eukaryotic organisms 5.2.4 General