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Books by Clifford A Pickover The Alien IQ Test Archimedes to Hawking A Beginner’s Guide to Immortality Black Holes: A Traveler’s Guide Calculus and Pizza Chaos and Fractals Chaos in Wonderland Computers, Pattern, Chaos, and Beauty Computers and the Imagination Cryptorunes: Codes and Secret Writing Dreaming the Future Egg Drop Soup Fractal Horizons: The Future Use of Fractals Frontiers of Scientific Visualization Future Health The Girl Who Gave Birth to Rabbits The Heaven Virus Jews in Hyperspace Keys to Infinity Liquid Earth The Lobotomy Club The Loom of God The Math Book The Mathematics of Oz Mazes for the Mind: Computers and the Unexpected Mind-Bending Visual Puzzles (calendars and card sets) The Möbius Strip The Paradox of God and the Science of Omniscience A Passion for Mathematics The Pattern Book: Fractals, Art, and Nature The Physics Book The Science of Aliens Sex, Drugs, Einstein, and Elves Spider Legs (with Piers Anthony) Spiral Symmetry (with Istvan Hargittai) The Stars of Heaven Strange Brains and Genius Sushi Never Sleeps Surfing through Hyperspace Time: A Traveler’s Guide Visions of the Future Visualizing Biological Information Wonders of Numbers The Zen of Magic Squares, Circles, and Stars THE MEDICAL BOOK FROM WITCH DOCTORS TO ROBOT SURGEONS, 250 MILESTONES IN THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE Clifford A Pickover Author of The Math Book and The Physics Book STERLING and the distinctive Sterling logo are registered trademarks of Sterling Publishing Co., Inc © 2012 by Clifford A Pickover All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher ISBN 978-1-4027-8585-6 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-4027-9233-5 (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pickover, Clifford A The medical book : from witch doctors to robot surgeons : 250 milestones in the history of medicine / Clifford A Pickover p ; cm From witch doctors to robot surgeons : 250 milestones in the history of medicine ISBN 978-1-4027-8585-6 (hardcover) — ISBN 978-1-4027-9233-5 (ebook) I Title II Title: From witch doctors to robot surgeons : 250 milestones in the history of medicine [DNLM: 1 History of Medicine—Chronology WZ 30] 610.9—dc23 2011050376 For information about custom editions, special sales, and premium and corporate purchases, please contact Sterling Special Sales at 800-805-5489 or specialsales@sterlingpublishing.com 10 www.sterlingpublishing.com “Truly the gods have not from the beginning revealed all things to mortals, but by long seeking, mortals make progress in discovery.” —Xenophanes of Colophon, c 500 B.C “Wherever the art of medicine is loved, there also is love of humanity.” —Hippocrates, c 400 B.C Contents Introduction 10,000 B.C Witch Doctor 6500 B.C Trepanation 4000 B.C Urinalysis 3000 B.C Sutures 2800 B.C Glass Eye 2400 B.C Circumcision 2000 B.C Ayurvedic Medicine 1600 B.C Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus 1500 B.C Bloodletting 1000 B.C Greville Chester Great Toe 600 B.C Eye Surgery 600 B.C Sewage Systems 400 B.C Hippocratic Oath 300 B.C Huangdi Neijing 100 B.C Mithridatium and Theriac 70 Abortion 70 Dioscorides’s De Materia Medica 190 Galenic Writings 900 Al-Razi’s Comprehensive Book 1025 Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine 1161 Persecution of Jewish Physicians 1210 Barber Pole 1242 Al-Nafis’s Pulmonary Circulation 1284 Eyeglasses 1346 Biological Weapons 1510 Leonardo’s Anatomical Drawings 1522 Burning of Dr Wertt 1527 Paracelsus Burns Medical Books 1543 De Humani Corporis Fabrica 1545 Paré’s “Rational Surgery” 1552 Eustachi’s Rescued Masterpieces 1563 De Praestigiis Daemonum 1564 Condom 1580 Obstetrical Forceps 1597 Tissue Grafting 1601 Acupuncture Compendium 1618 Drawings of Pietro da Cortona 1628 Circulatory System 1642 Murder and Wirsung’s Duct 1652 Lymphatic System 1664 Cranial Nerves Classified 1665 Micrographia 1678 Discovery of Sperm 1679 Brunner’s Glands 1683 Zoo Within Us 1687 Discovery of Sarcoptes Scabiei 1689 Separation of Conjoined Twins 1707 Pulse Watch 1726 Mary Toft’s Rabbits 1733 Cheselden’s Osteographia 1747 Albinus’s Tables of the Human Body 1753 A Treatise on Scurvy 1761 Autopsy 1761 Causes of Cancer 1761 Morgagni’s “Cries of Suffering Organs” 1764 Cerebrospinal Fluid 1772 Exploring the Labyrinth 1774 Hunter’s Gravid Uterus 1784 Hospitals 1784 Lavoisier’s Respiration 1785 Digitalis 1792 Ambulance 1793 Unchaining the Lunatics 1796 Alternative Medicine 1796 Phrenology 1798 Smallpox Vaccination 1809 Cerebellum Function 1811 Bell-Magendie Law 1812 Snow Anesthesia 1812 Women Medical Students 1813 Hysterectomy 1816 Stethoscope 1817 Ligation of the Abdominal Aorta 1825 Leech Therapy 1829 Blood Transfusion 1830 Medical Specialization 1832 Anatomy Act of 1832 1832 Intravenous Saline Solutions 1833 Observations of St Martin’s Stomach 1842 General Anesthesia 1842 The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain 1846 Panum’s “Measles on the Faroe Islands” 1846 Spirometry 1847 American Medical Association 1847 Semmelweis’s Hand Washing 1848 Appendectomy 1850 Ophthalmoscope 1851 Plaster of Paris Casts 1853 Hypodermic Syringe 1854 Broad Street Pump Handle 1854 Nursing 1855 Cell Division 1857 Treatment of Epilepsy 1858 Gray’s Anatomy 1861 Cerebral Localization 1862 Germ Theory of Disease 1863 Red Cross 1864 Dental Drill 1865 Antiseptics 1865 Mendel’s Genetics 1866 Medical Thermometer 1872 Thyroid Surgery 1873 Cause of Leprosy 1879 Modern Brain Surgery 1881 Sphygmomanometer 1882 Cesarean Section 1882 Koch’s Tuberculosis Lecture 1882 Phagocytosis Theory 1883 Health Insurance 1883 Salpingectomy 1884 Cocaine as Local Anesthetic 1890 Antitoxins 1890 Latex Surgical Gloves 1891 Neuron Doctrine 1892 Discovery of Viruses 1892 Osteopathy 1893 Discovery of Adrenaline 1894 Cause of Bubonic Plague 1895 D.D Palmer and Chiropractic 1895 X-rays 1897 Cause of Malaria 1899 Aspirin important component of membranes and is also used for creating hormones HDL carries cholesterol back to the liver Endo reasoned that fungi probably produced inhibitors for cholesterolproducing enzymes as a way to defend themselves against bacteria, which had cholesterol in their cell walls Interestingly, atherosclerotic plaques can still form even in individuals who do not have high blood cholesterol levels Landers, P., tinyurl.com/4drujob Oncogenes, 1976 Usually, cancer involves a multistep process in which cells acquire several mutations that together lead to increased proto-oncogene function and/or decreased TS gene function Cochlear Implants, 1977 CIs do not restore normal hearing, and after CI implantation, patients must undergo therapy to help them adapt to the new sounds W House also played a key role in the history of CIs Today, CIs are often fitted to both ears Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), 1977 NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) was first described in 1937 by physicist I Rabi In 1945, physicists F Bloch and E Purcell refined the technique In 1966, R Ernst developed Fourier transform (FT) spectroscopy and showed how RF pulses could be used to create a spectrum of NMR signals as a function of frequency P Lauterbur and P Mansfield received the Nobel Prize for their role in producing images from magnetic resonance scans Patients with pacemakers and certain metal implants often should not be scanned because of the effect of the magnet First Test-Tube Baby, 1978 TIME, tinyurl.com/ye3zju7 Fetal Surgery, 1981 Camosy, P., quoted in The Making of the Unborn Patient, Caspar, M., Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998 Laparoscopic Surgery, 1981 The term thorascopy is sometimes used to refer to keyhole surgery performed in the chest C Nezhat was also important in the development of video laparoscopy Spaner S., Warnock, G., J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A., 7:369; 1997 Prions, 1982 Gajdusek was able to transmit kuru to primates and show that kuru had an incubation period of several years In the 1980s, the “mad cows” had eaten pieces of sheep that had scrapie Scrapie causes sheep to rub the wool off their bodies Note that in some cases, the dangerous PrP-Sc seems to arise simply by a chance natural event in the body Telomerase, 1984 Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase that creates single-stranded DNA from single-stranded RNA as a template J Szostak was also involved in the discovery of telomerase Shortened telomeres have been associated with Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, childhood trauma, and prolonged depression Greider, C., Blackburn, E., Scien Amer 274:92; 1996 Do Not Resuscitate, 1991 Woodruff, W., The Army Lawyer, 4: 6; 1989 RNA Interference, 1998 RNAi also plays a role in protecting cells against transposons, jumping pieces of genetic material that can damage a cell’s DNA One challenge for therapeutic use of RNAi includes unwanted “offtarget” effects in which siRNAs inhibit nontargeted mRNAs RNAi may also involve the alteration of chromatin structure and promotion of DNA methylation RNAi can be passed on for several generations in worms Arney, K., in Defining Moments in Science, Steer, M., Birch, H., Impney, A., eds., NY: Sterling, 2008 Robotic Surgery, 2000 Other uses of robotic surgery involve the computer-directed milling of artificial parts (e.g., hip joints) Drehle, D., tinyurl.com/2ee7njs Telesurgery, 2001 With telediagnosis, MRI scans in the United States may be sent electronically to a radiologist overseas and findings quickly returned Augmented reality allows images to be superimposed atop a surgeon’s view of an operating field, for example, to make inner structures “visible” on the surface of an organ Human Genome Project, 2003 Donovan, A., Green, R., The Human Genome Project in College Curriculum, Lebanon, NH: Dartmouth, 2008 Face Transplant, 2005 Face transplants are not only cosmetic; they can allow a person to eat and drink through the mouth, which may not have been possible before the transplant Antirejection drugs increase a recipient’s chances of cancer Growing New Organs, 2006 Scaffolds may be constructed of more than one material, some of which may eventually biodegrade and dissolve away Engineered urethras are successfully created by adding muscle cells to the inside of a tube-mesh and endothelial cells to the outside The cells come from the patients’ bladders Andrews, W., tinyurl.com/37z4wf Human Cloning, 2008 In reproductive cloning, the clone is not truly identical since the somatic (body) cell may contain mutations in the DNA, as well as specific methylation patterns Also, the mitochondrial DNA comes from the donor egg Note also that the environments in the uterus and in the egg play a role in the development of an embryo and shape some of its characteristics In plants, clones can be made simply by cuttings of plants Some variety of grapes used today for making wine are clones of grapes that first appeared 2,000 years ago For research purposes, cloning can be used to create animals with the same genetic blueprint and thus eliminate many variables during experiments Areas for possible use include the treatment of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and other degenerative diseases Researchers have made iPS cells from blood and skin and then induced these iPS cells into becoming heart muscles and brain and spinal-cord neurons Such cells might be used to replace damaged heart tissue Perhaps by cloning healthy heart cells and injecting them into damaged regions of the heart, certain kinds of heart disease can be ameliorated After SCNT, the nucleus-egg combination is stimulated with electricity to trigger cell division Bailey, R., foreword to Gralla, J., Gralla, P., Complete Idiot’s Guide to Understanding Cloning, NY: Alpha, 2004 Index Abdominal aorta, ligation of Abortion Acupuncture Adrenaline, discovery of AIDS Albinus, Bernhard Siegfried Allergies Alternative medicine See also Acupuncture; Ayurvedic medicine; Chiropractic; Osteopathy Alzheimer’s disease Ambulances American Medical Association (AMA) Amniocentesis Anatomy Act of 1832 Anatomy, artwork and texts See also De Humani Corporis Fabrica: of da Cortona; of da Vinci; of Eustachi; Gravid Uterus (Hunter) and; Gray’s Anatomy (Gray); Osteographia (Cheselden); Tables of the Human Body (Albinus) Anemia, pernicious See also Sickle-cell anemia Anesthesia: general; hypodermic syringes and; local, cocaine for; snow and ice for Aneurysms Angioplasty Antibodies, structure of Antihistamines Antipsychotics Antiseptics and antiseptic surgery Antitoxins Appendectomies Aristotle Aspirin Autistic disturbances Autoimmune diseases Autopsy Avicenna (Abu ‘Ali al-Husayn ibn ‘Abd-Allah Ibn Sina) Ayurvedic medicine Babies See Pregnancy and birth Band-Aid bandages Barber pole Barton, Clara Bell-Magendie Law Bell, Sir Charles Beta-blockers Birth See Pregnancy and birth Birth control See Pregnancy prevention Blackwell, Elizabeth Blalock-Taussig shunt Blood: anticoagulant heparin; bloodletting; intravenous saline solutions and; leech therapy; pressure, instrument for checking; sickle-cell anemia; sugar, insulin and; transfusions; types Bone marrow transplants Book overview Bosch, Hieronymus Brain See Nervous system Broad Street pump handle Brunner’s glands Bubonic plague Buck, Carrie, sterilization of Bunker, Chang and Eng Burning: of Dr Wertt; of medical books Caduceus Cancer: causes of; chemotherapy; discovery of viruses and; early discussion of surgery; HeLa cells and; hysterectomies and; lymphatic system and; mammography; oncogenes and; Pap smear test; radiation therapy and; Telomerase and; tobacco smoking and Canon of Medicine (Avicenna) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Casts, plaster of Paris CAT (CT) scans Cells: division of; phagocytosis theory Cerebellum function Cerebral localization Cerebrospinal fluid Cesarean section Chain reactions, polymerase Chemotherapy Cheselden, William Chiropractic Chlorination, of water Cholera Cholesterol, statins and Chromosomes See Genetics Chronology/purpose of book Circulatory system See also Blood; angioplasty; artificial heart valves; artificial pacemakers and; Blalock-Taussig shunt and; CPR and; defibrillators and; electrocardiograph and; fetal monitoring and; heart-lung machine and; heart transplants; ligation of abdominal aorta; origins of understanding; pulmonary circulation; statins and Circumcision Cloning, human Cocaine, as anesthetic Cochlear implants Cognitive behavioral therapy Cold, common Comprehensive Book of Medicine (al-Razi) Condoms Consent, informed Cortisone CPR “Cries of suffering organs,” Cryonics Crystal invaders Cyclosporine Da Cortona, Pietro Da Vinci, Leonardo Defibrillators De Humani Corporis Fabrica (Vesalius) De Materia Medica (Dioscorides) Dental drills De Praestigiis Daemonum (Weyer) Dialysis Digestive system: stomach observations; zoo within us and Digitalis Dioscorides, Pedanius DNA structure See also Genetics Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders Drawings, anatomical See Anatomy, artwork and texts Drills, dental Ears: cochlear implants; hearing aids; labyrinths of Ears, labyrinths of ECG (or EKG) ECT Education, medical EEG Ehrlich, Paul Electrocardiograph (ECG or EKG) Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Electroencephalogram (EEG) Endoscopes Epigenetics Epilepsy and epileptics Eustachi, Bartolomeo Eye(s): corneal transplant; eyeglasses; glass; ophthalmoscope for; surgery Face transplants Fetal monitoring Fetal surgery Flexner report, medical education and Fluoridation and fluoridated toothpaste Forceps, obstetrical Freud, Sigmund Galenic writings Galen of Pergamon Gene therapy Genetics: amniocentesis and; cancer causes and; chromosomal theory of inheritance; DNA structure and; epigenetics and; gene therapy; human cloning and; Human Genome Project; inborn metabolism errors and; of Mendel; mitochondrial diseases and; oncogenes and; polymerase chain reactions and; RNA interference and; sex determination and; sperm discovery and Germ theory Glands See also Hormones: Brunner’s; thymus Glass eyes Gloves, latex Grafting tissue Gravid Uterus (Hunter) Gray’s Anatomy (Gray) Greville Chester Great Toe Halsted, William Hand transplants Hand washing Hardy, James D Harvey, William Health insurance Hearing aids Heart See Circulatory system HeLa cells Helminthic therapy Heparin Herophilus of Chalcedon Hill, Austin Bradford Hippocrates of Cos Hippocratic Oath Hip replacement Hormones: adrenaline discovery; beta-blockers; birth-control pills and; Brunner’s glands and; cortisone; dialysis and; first test-tube baby and; genes, sex determination and; HGH; insulin commercialization; IUDs and; mammography and; pancreas transplants and; pineal body and; rickets and; stomach observations and; thyroid surgery and Hospice Hospitals Huangdi Neijing Human Genome Project Human growth hormone (HGH) Humans, cloning Hunter, William Hypodermic syringes Hysterectomies Infectious diseases See also Vaccinations; specific diseases: antibody structures and; antitoxins and; Broad Street pump handle and; Ehrlich’s magic bullets for; germ theory of disease and; hand washing and; penicillin and; sulfa drugs and Informed consent Insulin, commercialization of Insurance, health Intravenous saline solutions Iron lungs IUDs Jewish physicians, persecution of Jung, Carl Gustav Kidneys: dialysis; transplants Koch, Robert Labyrinths, of ears Laparoscopic surgery Larrey, Dominique Lasers Lavoisier, Antoine Leech therapy Leprosy, cause of Levodopa Ligation, of abdominal aorta Lister, Joseph Liver therapy Liver transplants Lobotomies, transorbital Lunatics, unchaining Lungs See also Circulatory system: CPR and; heart-lung machine and; iron; measuring capacity of; pulmonary circulation; transplants Lymphatic system Magendie See Bell-Magendie Law Maggot therapy Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Malaria Malpighi, Marcello Mammography Mary, Typhoid “Measles on the Faroe Islands” (Panum) Meat Inspection Act of 1906 Medical self-experimentation Medicine: scope of; specializations Medicines, patent Mendel, genetics of Metabolism, inborn errors Microbes, zoo within us Micrographia (Hooke) Midwifery Mithridatium and Theriac Mitochondrial diseases Morgagni, Giovanni Battista Moxibustion MRI Murder, Wirsung’s duct and al-Nafis, Ibn Nanomedicine Natural Magick (della Porta) Near-death experiences Nerve growth factor (NGF) Nervous system: Alzheimer’s disease and; Bell-Magendie Law; brain surgery; cerebellum function; cerebral localization; cerebrospinal fluid; cranial nerves classified; EEG and; levodopa, Parkinson’s disease and; nerve growth factor and; Neuron Doctrine and; neurotransmitters and; searches for the soul and; trepanation and Neuron Doctrine Neurotransmitters Nursing Oncogenes Ophthalmoscope Organs, growing new Osteographia (Cheselden) Osteopathy Pacemakers, artificial Pain relief Palmer, Daniel David Pancreas transplants Panum’s “Measles on the Faroe Islands,” Papanikolaou, Georgios Nicholas Pap smear test Papyrus, surgical Paracelsus Paré, Ambroise Parkinson’s disease, levodopa for Pasteurization Pasteur, Louis Patent medicines Penicillin PET scans Phagocytosis theory Phrenology Pineal body Placebo effect Plaster of Paris casts Polio vaccine Polymerase chain reactions Positron emission tomography (PET) scans Pregnancy and birth: amniocentesis and; Cesarean section and; fetal monitoring and; fetal surgery and; first test-tube baby; male participation in birth; midwifery and; obstetrical forceps; pregnancy tests, dead rabbits and; salpingectomy and; sperm discovery and; thalidomide disaster and; ultrasound and Pregnancy prevention: abortion and; birth-control pills; condoms and; IUDs and Prions Prosopagnosia Prosthesis: glass eyes; Greville Chester Great Toe Psychoanalysis Psychology: antipsychotics and; asylum reforms; autistic disturbances and; cognitive behavioral therapy and; De Praestigiis Daemonum (Weyer) and; electroconvulsive therapy and; hospice and; Jung’s analytical; lobotomies and; near-death experiences and; phrenology; psychoanalysis; searches for the soul and Pulmonary circulation See also Circulatory system; Lungs Pulse watch Purpose/chronology of book Rabbits: of Mary Toft; pregnancy tests and Radiation therapy Radioimmunoassay Ramazzini, Bernadino Randomized controlled trials (RCT) al-Razi, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya Red Cross Respiration Reverse transcriptase, AIDS and Rhazes See al-Razi, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya Rheumatoid arthritis Rickets, banishing RNA interference See also Genetics Robotic surgery Rocky Mountain spotted fever Röntgen, Wilhelm See X-rays Saline solutions, intravenous Salpingectomy The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (Chadwick) Sarcoptes scabiei, discovery Scope of medicine Scurvy Self-experimentation, medical Self-surgery Semmelweis, Ignaz Sewage systems Sex, determination of Sickle-cell anemia Sleeping sickness, cause Small bowel transplant Smallpox vaccination Smoking tobacco, cancer and “Snake oil,” Snow anesthesia Soul, searches for Specialization, medical Spectacles Sperm, discovery of Sphygmomanometer Spirometry Stanley, crystal invaders of Statins Stem cells: bone marrow transplants and; human cloning and; levodopa, Parkinson’s disease and Sterilization, of Carrie Buck Stethoscopes Stomach, observation of Sulfa drugs Surgery See also Transplants; specific surgeries: antiseptics and; barber-surgeons and; DNR orders and; fetal; Halstedian; hand washing and; laparoscopic; lasers and; latex gloves and; “rational,” of Paré; robotic; self-surgery; telesurgery; trepanation; vascular suturing Surgical papyrus Sutures Swedenborg, Emanuel Syphilis Syringes, hypodermic Tables of the Human Body (Albinus) Teeth: barber-surgeons and; dental drills; fluoride and Telesurgery Telomerase Test-tube baby, first Thalidomide disaster Theriac and Mithridatium Thermometer, medical Thymus gland Thyroid surgery Tissue, grafting Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) Tobacco, smoking and cancer Toe, Great (Greville Chester) Toft, Mary Transfusions, blood Transplants: bone marrow; corneal; cyclosporine and; face; growing new organs and; hand; heart; human cloning and; kidney; liver; lung; pancreas; small bowel; tissue grafting; vascular suturing and A Treatise on Scurvy (Lind) Trepanation Trials, randomized controlled (RCT) Truth serum Tuberculosis Twins (conjoined), separation Typhoid Mary Ulcers (peptic), bacteria and Ultrasound, medical Urinalysis Vaccinations: hypodermic syringes and; smallpox Van Leeuwenhoek, Anton Philips Vascular suturing Vesalius, Andreas Virchow, Rudolf Viruses See also AIDS: biological weapons and; cancer causes and; common cold; discovery of; HeLa cells and; HPV and Pap smear test; oncogenes and; tobacco mosaic virus (TMV, crystal invaders) Vitamins: chemotherapy and; discovery of; heparin and; kidney transplants and; liver therapy and; nanomedicine and; rickets and; scurvy and; zoo within us and Waldeyer-Hartz, Wilhelm von Water, chlorination of Weapons, biological Wertt, Dr., burning of Weyer, Johann Wirsung’s duct, Johann Wirsung and Witch doctors Witches and witchcraft Women: hysterectomies; medical students; nursing profession and; pregnancy issues See Pregnancy and birth; thalidomide disaster and X-rays Yellow fever, cause of Zoo within us Photo Credits Because several of the old and rare illustrations shown in this book were difficult to acquire in a clean and legible form, I have sometimes taken the liberty of applying imageprocessing techniques to remove dirt and scratches, enhance faded portions, and occasionally add a slight coloration to a black-and-white figure in order to highlight details or to make an image more compelling I hope that historical purists will forgive these slight artistic touches and understand that my goal was to create an attractive book that is aesthetically interesting and alluring to a wide audience My love for the incredible depth and diversity of topics in medicine and history should be 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Wikimedia/User: Mattis; p 121 Wikimedia; p 131 Wikimedia/User: Kaldari; p 133 Wikimedia/ User: Benh Lieu Song; p 135 Wikimedia; p 139 Wikimedia/Queensland Museum; p 141 Wikimedia/User: Daderot; p 145 Wikimedia; p 153 Wikimedia; p 155 Wikimedia/HWS ARCHIVES; p 167 Wikimedia; p 173 Wikimedia; p 191 Wikimedia/D45-416-78B (MAMAS)/Otis Historical Archives Nat’l Museum of Health & Medicine; p 197 U.S Navy; p 209 Wikimedia/U.S Army; p 213 Wikimedia/Avenue; p 222 Teja Krašek; p 229 Wikimedia/CDC/Elizabeth “Libby” White (PHIL #8433); p 231 Wikimedia/PLoS/Volker Brinkmann; p 233 Wikimedia/Studio Lévy and Sons; p 235 Wikimedia/Ed Uthman, MD; p 237 Wikimedia/H Zell; p 242 Wikimedia; p 257 CDC/James Gathany; p 259 Wikimedia/Kurt Stueber; p 263 Wikimedia/ Carl Gunnar Rosborn; p 265 Wikimedia/Konstantin Binder; p 271 Wikimedia/Colin M L Burnett; p 273 CDC/Blaine Mathison; p 281 Class album Manuscripts & Archives, Yale University; p 289 Dartmouth Electron Microscope Facility; p 299 Otis Historical Archives Nat’l Museum of Health & Medicine; p 303 Wikimedia/Orientalist; p 307 Wikimedia/Jeffrey M Vinocur; p 315 Wikimedia/ User: Benjah-bmm27; p 319 ©iStockphoto.com/Martin McCarthy; p 321 Wikimedia/Michael L Richardson, M.D.; p 323 Wikimedia/User: Benjahbmm27; p 329 Wikimedia/User: Dauster; p 331 Wikimedia/User: Benjah-bmm27; p 333 Wikimedia/ User: Fastfission; p 335 Wikimedia/User: Kyd; p 337 Wikimedia/FDA; p 339 Wikimedia/User: Nephron; p 343 Wikimedia; p 345 Wikimedia/ User: Calibas; p 347 Wikimedia/Patrick J Lynch, medical illustrator, C Carl Jaffe, MD, cardiologist; p 351 Wikimedia/BARC/USDA; p 359 Ernest Hemingway Photograph Collection, John F Kennedy Presidential Library; p 365 Wikimedia/ Frank Gaillard; p 367 Wikimedia/Ulhaspa; p 369 Wikimedia; p 375 Wikimedia/Ben Mills; p 377 Wikimedia/Damir Parisa; p 385 Wikimedia; p 393 Wikimedia/Mirko Junge; p 397 © Nina Recko, London Science Museum; p 407 Wikimedia/ fvasconcellos/PDB DGI; p 409 Wikimedia/Bernd Brägelmann; p 411 Wikimedia/Bobigalindo; p 425 Wikimedia/David Ludwig; p 433 The Air Force Research Laboratory’s Directed Energy Directorate; p 434 (upper) Wikimedia/V Rogozov; p 434 (lower) Wikimedia/Irina Solovyanova; p 435 Wikimedia/ Chris Danals, National Science Foundation; p 439 Photo courtesy of Alcor Life Extension Foundation; p 463 Wikimedia; p 465 Wikimedia/CDC/C Goldsmith, P Feorino, E.L Palmer, W.R McManus; p 467 Wikimedia/Fvasconcellos/PDB 1CWA; p 469 Wikimedia/Jens Langner; p 473 Wikimedia; p 477 Wikimedia/Zipfer; p 482 Wikimedia/Francois I Luks, M.D.; p 483 Wikimedia/User: Nandesuka; p 495 ©iStockphoto.com/Christian Riedel; p 499 Wikimedia; p 503 Chin-Sang Lab, Queen’s University; p 505 Intuitive Surgical, Inc.; p 509 Wikimedia/Stefan Scheer (photographer)/Stefanie Krull, Neanderthal Museum About the Author Clifford Pickover is a prolific author, having published more than forty books, translated into over a dozen languages, on topics ranging from science and mathematics to religion, art, and history He received his PhD from Yale University’s Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, holds over eighty U.S patents, and is an associate editor for several scientific journals His research has received considerable attention from media outlets ranging from CNN and WIRED to The New York Times, and his Web site, www.pickover.com, has received millions of visits [...]... (1688–1752), Bernhard Siegfried Albinus (1697–1770), William Hunter (1718–1783), and Henry Gray (1827–1861) In order to become seasoned dissectors and anatomists, surgeons of the past often were able to suppress normal emotional responses for their human brethren For example, English physician William Harvey (1578–1657), famous for his elucidation of blood circulation, participated in dissections of both his sister and his father In the early 1800s, the appetite for corpses was so great in England that anatomists... the authorship of the content of the papyrus, but the papyrus was likely written and edited by more than one individual Edwin Smith, an American collector of antiquities, purchased the manuscript from a dealer in 1862 while in Egypt However, the papyrus was not fully translated until 1930 The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus stands in contrast with the more magic-laden Ebers Papyrus (c 1550 B.C.)—another famous Egyptian document, purchased by German Egyptologist