TỔNG HỢP TẤT CẢ BÀI NGHIÊN CỨU LỊCH SỬ HAY NHẤT

TINH HINH RUONG OAT CUA HUYEN BAO LAC, TINH CAO BANG QUA Tl/LIEU DIA BA CIA LONG (1805) DAM THI VYtK CHU THU HUONG" Khai q u i t ve h u y e n Bao L a c Huyen Bao Lac nam d phia Tiy cua tinh Cao Bang, cich Thi xa Cao Bing khoang 100km ve htidng Tay Bic Phia Bic giip huyen Na Po cua tinh Quang Tay (Trung Qudc) vdi dudng bien gidi dai 54,5km Phia Ddng giap vdi huydn Thong Nong v i huyen Nguygn Binh Phfa Tay giap cic huyen: Meo Vac, Yen Minh, Bic Me tinh Ha Giang, phia Nam giip huyen Ba Be (Bac Kan) v i huyen Na Hang (Tuyen Quang) Trong tie'n trinh lich sti dan tdc, Bao Lac da nhieu l i n thay ddi dia gidi h i n h chinh Theo ghi chep Dgi Nam nhdt thd'ng chi: "Chiu Bao Lac, xtia la huyen Bao Lac, thudc chiu Quang Nguyen Theo sti, nam Anh Vu Chieu T h i n g Ly Nhan Tong (1076 - 1084), Quach Quy n h i To'ng dem quan sang xam Itipe nudc ta, chidm li'y dat chau Quang Nguyen N i m thti chin (1108), Ly Nhan Tong sai Thi lang Le Van Thinh sang To'ng hpi d i m vd ctidng gidi, vua To'ng nhan thi'y r i n g Van Thinh bie't kinh t h u i n , n h i n di'y ngoii t i m da tra, tra lai thdm ca huyen Bao Lac va s i u dpng Tuc Tang Nhti the' thi huyen Bao Lac la hai huyen Vinh Didn v i De Dinh bay gid, cdn Quang Nguydn ttic la Quang Uyen thudc Cao Bang xet s\i chdp " N i m Thidu Binh thti 1, PGS.TS Dai hoc Thai Nguygn " Dai hoc Thai Nguyen Nguyin Khai - ngtidi chau Mdng An tri'n Tuyen Quang sai de'n d i u hing" Tra etiu sd' sach cua ban trieu, thi trtidc chau Bao Lac co tong Mdng An huyen Vinh Dien cd xa Mong An thuoc tong Yen Vinh, chtia ro chau ddi lam tong, tdng dii l i m xa tti thdi dai nao" (1), Qua nhting ghi chep cua cie sti gia nha Nguydn cho thi'y vao thdi Ly, Bao Lac la mdt p h i n da't ctia chau Quang Nguyen thupc Cao Bang Thdi Le, Bao Lac la mpt chau thupc tri'n Tuyen Quang Trong Lich triiu him chUdng logi chi, Phan Huy Chu chep: Tuyen Quang "ddi co la ntidc Lac Long, Tin l i q u i n Nam Hai, thupc Han gpi l i quin Giao Chi, Dtidng l i Chau Thang, thdi Trin thupc 16 Qudc Oai D i u thdi Le la tri'n Tuyen Quang, gitia nam Quang Thuin (1466) d i t huygn Phuc Yen (Him Yen); chau: Thu Vat, Luc Yen, Dai Man, Vi Xuyen, Bao Lac" (2) Dong Khdnh Du dia chi cung chdp: "Ddi Le chau Bao Lac thupc phu An Binh Cac trieu dai sau deu nhti the N i m Minh Menh thti 14 (1833) sau dep cudc phan bien ctia Nung V i n Van, trieu Minh Mdnh tach chau Bao Lac hai huyen Vinh DienviDiDinh"(3) Tinh hinh mong d6i ctia huygn B6o Iiae Bao Lac dtidi thdi Nguyin thudc xti Tuyen Quang Dd'i chieu vdi cic tti lieu dia ba thdi Nguyen n i m Gia Long (1805) dia danh Bao Lac dtidc ghi l i chau Bao Lac, thudc Ydn Binh phu, Tuyen Quang xti (tinh) cho de'n nam Minh Menh thti 21 (1840) thi dia danh chau Bao Lac khong cdn ntia v i thay vao l i D i Dinh, Vinh Didn huydn, thudc phu Ydn Ninh, Tuydn Quang xti (tinh) Sach Ddng Khdnh Du dia chi ghi eh6p eu the ve dia gidi huydn Vinh Dien v i De Dinh nhti sau: "Dia hat hai huy^n phia Dong giap dia gidi c h i u Bach Thdng tinh Thai Nguyen v i huydn Thach Lam tinh Cao Bing, phia Tay giap huypn Vi Xuyen, phia Nam giap c h i u Chiem Hda, phia Bic giap hai phti Khai Hoa, Tri'n An ntidc Thanh Hai huydn dong t i y each ngiy dtidng, nam bic cich dtidng" (4), Sach Dgi Nam nhat thong chi chep cu th^ vd dia gidi cua mdi huydn nhti sau: "Huyen Vinh Didn dong tay each 93 dam, nam b i c each 140 d i m , phia Dong dd'n dia gidi chau Chiem Hoa 33 dam, phia Tiy de'n dia gidi huydn Vi Xuyen dam, phia Nam dd'n dia gidi huydn Vi Xuyen v i chau Chiem Hda 96 dam, phia Bic den dia gidi huyen D i Dinh 18 d i m " (5) Nguydn thupc Cao Bang N i m Quang T h u i n thti ID (1469) dd'i l i m huyen Dinh Chiu, sau lai doi t h i n h chiu Bao Lac D i u thdi Nguyen v i n gifl nguyen, nhting trtic thudc xti Tuyen Quang gdm tdng 21 x i (tdng Van Quang co x i , tong Dong Quang cd xa, td'ng Mdng An cd xa, td'ng Yen Phu cd xa,,,), N i m Minh Menh thti 14 (1833), Ndng V i n Van khdi nghia chdng lai triiu dinh Sau dep dUdc Ndng Van Van, nam 1835, Minh Menh bd chau Bao Lac, chia di't t h i n h huydn Vinh Dipn va De Dinh De'n cudi the ky XIX, chiu Bao Lac dupe lap lai thudc tinh H i Giang De'n nhting n i m d i u the ky XX huyen mdi dtipc tich ve dia p h i n tinh Cao Bang" (7) Ngay nay, Bao Lac nam d phia Tiy ciia tinh Cao Bang, each phd" Cao Bing khoang 100 km v i htidng Tiy Bic, vdi tpa dp dia ly dtidc xac dinh: VI dp b i c tti 22''38'07" dd'n 23"7'12" (Tti Ban Ving - Yen Thd dd'n N i Luong - Dtic Hanh), Kinh dp dong tti 105°16'15" den 105°52'52" (tti ntii Lung Gia - Quang Lim dd'n Thdng Tien - Hdng An) Trong lich sti dan tdc, Bao Lac ludn l i vting di't hiem yd'u, ndi dia d i u phfa Bac cua Td Qudc "Huydn D i Dinh d each phu 58 d i m v l phia Bic, ddng tay cich 146 dim, nam bic each 121 d i m , ddng tay cich dia gidi td'ng Bach Kham ntidc Thanh 80 dim, phia Tay dd'n dia gidi huydn Vi Xuydn 65 dim, phia Nam de'n dia gidi huyen Vinh Didn 40 d i m , phia B i c de'n dia gidi huyen Tri'n Yen ntidc Thanh 81 dim " (6) Cung nhti cic dia phtidng khac, giai doan niia d i u the ky XIX, Bao Lac da nhieu lan dtidc cac vua nha Nguyen cho l i p dia ba Cic dia ba cua huyen m i chting tdi stiu t i p dupe l i p vao dau trid^u Nguyin chii ye'u d cac nidn dai: Gia Long (1805) va Minh Mang 21(1840) vdi td'ng so" 20 dia ba dd 13 dia ba cd nien dai n i m 1805 v i dia ba cd nien dai 1840 Cudn Dia chi Cao Bdng cung chep k h i i quat ve lich sii h i n h chinh cua huydn Bao Lac qua cac thdi ky: " C h i u Bao Lac, tti thdi Ly la huyen Bao Lac thudc chau Quang Huydn Bao Lac d i u thdi Nguyin gdm tong: Ddng Quang, Yen Phti, Van Quang, Mdng An va 13 xa: Bach Dich, An Dinh, M i u Dud, Htiu Vinh, Yen Phti, Phti Nam, Rghien ctiu Lieh sJr stf 1.2015 Bang 1: Thong k€ cac loai rudng dai cua huy£n Bao Lac Dan VI link (DVT): Mdusdo tkudc.tdc (m.s.ih.l) Ten thoD, xA Tong Ddng Quang B^ch Dfch Tong diet! tich bi dien Thuc canh Hoang ph£ 26 6.L4 52.6.1.4 26.0 An Dinh Mau Due 7IB.0.3.2 36 3.3.2 681 207.1.2.4 72.0 135 1,2 4 HSu Vinh 18L9.12.4 IILO 70,9.12,4 T^ng Yen Phu van Phu 308 1.4 14.4 294.0,14 Phii Nam 7, Dudng Am 209.9.3.8 40.0 169.9 65.3.8.5 15.4.6 49 9,2,5 8, Lac N6ng 185 4 30,0 15544 Tong Vdn Quang 9, Gian Lac 455 7.6 251,2 204.5 10 YfinDu'c 391.3,10,9 149 11.3 24 L7.14.6 TSng Mdng An IL MOng Van 200.9.0.2 145 55,1,0,2 12 MOng An 285,2.3.9 152,8,1 132.4.2.9 13.LircmgTTi6 Tong cong 214 115,2 99.7,2,6 3477.0.3.7 1159.7.9.S 2317,2,9,2 Nguon: Thtfng kS 13 dja ba Gia Long (1805) Dtidng Am, Lac Ndng, Gian Lac, Yen Dtic, Mdng Yen, Mdng An, Ltidng Thd rudng di't Cd tdi 93,6 % didn tich rudng li eong dien, cdn lai 6,4% la rupng tin ngtidng, Bii vie't niy, dtia tren cd sd tti lieu cua 13 dia ba dtidc l i p vio n i m Gia Long thti (1805), chting tdi gidi thi$u vd tinh hinh rupng di't cua huyen Bao Lac, tinh Cao Bang Tinh h i n h r u o n g d a t Thii hai, toan bp dien tich rudng di't cua huyen deu l i didn, khdng ed loai di't tho trach, vien tri hay t h i n tti, p h i t tti Rudng di't cua huygn Bao Lac qua tti lieu dia ba Gia Long eo t h i thi'y: Thii nhdt, toan bp didn tfch di't dai cua huyen Bao Lac d thdi diem n i m Gia Long (1805) l i tti die'n Bao Lac khong eo rudng di't cdng Day cung l i xu hudng chung didn phd' bien ca ntidc luc bi'y gid {Xem bdng 1) Ngoai trti mdt vai trtidng hpp dae biet cac xa d ddng bang chi cd dien tich rudng cdng nhti xa Tra Lfl (Nam Dinh) T r i Lfl khdng cd sd hflu tti nhan ket ci'u Thii ba, dien tfch rudng da't ltiu hoang kha ldn Trong td'ng so 3477"'0'3"'7' thi rupng di't thtic canh la 1159"7'9'''5' (chiem 33,3%) cdn p h i n ltiu hoang ldn tdi: 2317"'2^9*''2' (chid'm 66,7 %) gi'p l i n so vdi phan thtic canh (Xem bdng vd bieu dd 1) Ly giai cho vi'n dd cd the nhieu nguyen nhan khac nhau, ben canh nhting nguyen n h i n cua hoan canh lich sv( cd anh htidng tdi ti't ca cac dia phtidng ca ntidc thdi ky n i y l i h i u qua ciia cac cupc chidn tranh keo d i i , n h i ntidc khdng du stic dd quan tam den kinh td' ndng nghiep v i ddi sd'ng ciia n h i n dan, cdng vdi Tinh hinh ruflng dat eiia huyen BAO Xtae Bang 2: Su p h d n bo rupng diit cua 13 xi thon chau Bao Lac diiu the ky XIX DVT: Miu.sdo.thudc Loai ruAng Tudiin Thuc canh Hoang ph£ T6nB Dign ttch(m.s.t.t.p) 3477,0.3.7 1159.7.9.5 2317.2 9.2 3477 fr J - idc Tvlfi% 100% 33.3% 66,7% 100,00% Ngudn: Thtfng kS 13 dia ba Gia Long (1805) Bl£u i : Tinh hinh so hDu ruOng da't a Bao Lac ndm 1: • Thilt taih mi't mtia, thien tai, dich bdnh da d i y nhan d i n phai bd l i n g phieu tan k h i p ndi, d i n dd'n ddng rudng bi bd hoang Dtidi thdi Quang Trung, sau len ngdi hoang dd' n i m 1789, chieu khuyen ndng, vua Quang Trung da vid't: "Tti luc trai qua loan lac de'n nay, binh lt(a lien mien, b i n rdn, lai them ddi kem, n h a n k h i u luu t i n , ddng rudng bd hoang, s6' dinh didn thtic trting mtidi p h i n khdng dtidc bdn, n i m " (8) Ngoii ly ndu tren, nguydn n h i n quan trpng anh htidng trtic tiep de'n vide rudng di't bi bd hoang nhidu d Bao Lac l i dieu kidn tti nhien k h i c nghidt giy khd khan cho viec canh tac Theo tti lieu dia ba, da p h i n rupng dat d huydn deu l i da't loai 3, loai di't xi'u, khdng t h u i n lpi cho vide canh tic Dieu n i y phan anh tinh chi't dia hinh, h i u cua mpt huydn midn ntii vdi loai hinh rupng phu thudc nhidu v i o thien nhien nhti sach Dong Khdnh DU dia chi da chdp: "Di't giap ntidc Thanh, nhieu stidng nui khf ddc, de'n gid Thin, gid Ty mdi hiing n i n g Dd'n cuoi mtia xuan cdn rdt Mua he nhieu mtia lu, dtidng thuy dtidng bd deu khd di Mtia ddng stidng doe nhti mtia, den gid Ngp mdi tan, rdt budt" (9) Trong dd sd' lupng dan cU thtia thdt, khdng du stic ngudi viec giai quye't dien tieh hoang phd', khien dien tfch rudng di't ltiu hoang qua ldn Quy tno sd hijiu r u o n g d a t Mdc sd hau cua mgt chd Theo tfnh t o i n cua chung toi dtia tren cac sd lieu ghi dia ba thi sd htiu binh quan ehu d Bao Lac l i 4"6'll"'4' Day dtipc eoi l i mtic sd htiu tUdng doi cao d vung mien ntii Mic dti gitia cic xa mtic sd hiiu binh quan khdng ddu Xa ed mtic binh quan sd htiu cao nhi't l i xa Gian Lac (tdng Van Quang) vdi 10"'4^9"'4* dd xa eo mtic binh q u i n sd hflu thi'p nhi't l i Yen Phu vdi mtic I'S"* Mtic dp sd hflu eung khong ddng deu gitia cac chu sd htiu v i gifla cac xa Didu dd phan anh sti p h i n hda sau sac gifla cac tang ldp sd hflu d ndi day {Xem bdng 3) Toan b6 dien tfch rupng di't tti htiu cua huydn Bao Lac thupc ve 248 chu vdi 1158.7.9.5 Quy mo tu htiu rudng di't d Bao Lac ve ed ban cd loai nhti thdng ke bang Trong dd nhieu nhi't l i sd hflu tti - m i u (85/248 chti) (chie'm 34,3% sd chu) Mtic sd htiu ldn nhi't d day l i tti 10 - 20 m i u cd 19 ngtidi (chie'm 7,7 % so" chu) va 18,5 % dien tich rudng da't Ngtidi cd mtic sd htiu cao nhi't la dng Ndng Khic Tam xa Gian Lac tong Van Quang vdi didn tich l i 13"'7^ Ngtidi cd mtic sd htiu thi'p nhi't l i ong Nguyin Van Do • Nhin ehung sd htiu rupng di't cua cac chu d thdi diem n i y phd' bid'n la loai vtia v i nhd, tti m i u trd xuShg Mdt diem khac bidt nfla ve sd htiu rupng di't d huy^n Bao Lac n i m Gia Long (1805) la khdng cd chu rudng phu canh, Phai chang tinh trang dan cti thtia thdt 40 R g h i ^ ctiu U c h six stf 1.2Q15 Bang 3: MiJtc sd hihi ruong d&'t cua mdt chu 13 x6 thon huyen Bao Lac DVT Mdu.sdo thui'ic.tHc Xa, thAo TSng Ddng Difn tfch cd th^ tfnh scr hOii So chu Binh qudn chu 52.6.1,4 718.0.3.2 207.1.2.4 18L9.12,4 26.0.0.0 36.3.3.2 72.0.0.0 111000 28 18 35 3.7.2 1 14 400 3-2 4-2 308.4.1.4 209.9.3.8 65.3.8.5 185.4.4 14,4 0 40 0 15.4.6.0 30,0,0 11 1.6.0 5,0.0 2.20.8 2.7 4.0 455.7.6 391 251 0 149,5.11.3 24 23 10,4,94 6.5 0.4 200.9.0 285.2,3.9 2149 3477.0J.7 145,8.0,0 152.8.1 115.2.3.0 1159,7.9.5 32 27 19 248 4.5,8,4 5.6.8,9 6.0.9 4.6.H.4 Ruong (u ghi dia ba Quang 1, Bdch Dfch An Dinh MauDu* Hdu VTnh T6ng Yin Phii Yen Phii 6, Riii Nam DufmeAm a.LacNftnK T6ng Vdn piuinjif 9, Gian Lac 10 YenOiic TSng Mdng An ll.MftnfiVen 12 Mftnfi An 13, Luong Th